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Lesson 2 - Atomic Theory

1. Max Planck proposed that light travels as discrete packets of energy called photons, with higher frequency light having higher photon energy. This helped explain phenomena like the photoelectric effect and blackbody radiation. 2. Niels Bohr used atomic spectra evidence to develop his atomic model where electrons orbit the nucleus in discrete energy levels. Electron transitions between these levels emit or absorb photons of specific frequencies, explaining line spectra. 3. The Bohr model successfully explained hydrogen's emission spectra through formulas like the Balmer series that relate electron shell transitions to photon wavelengths. Other elements also have characteristic emission and absorption spectra determined by their electron configurations.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
24 views21 pages

Lesson 2 - Atomic Theory

1. Max Planck proposed that light travels as discrete packets of energy called photons, with higher frequency light having higher photon energy. This helped explain phenomena like the photoelectric effect and blackbody radiation. 2. Niels Bohr used atomic spectra evidence to develop his atomic model where electrons orbit the nucleus in discrete energy levels. Electron transitions between these levels emit or absorb photons of specific frequencies, explaining line spectra. 3. The Bohr model successfully explained hydrogen's emission spectra through formulas like the Balmer series that relate electron shell transitions to photon wavelengths. Other elements also have characteristic emission and absorption spectra determined by their electron configurations.

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Muhammad Khan
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LESSON 2: BOHR

ATOMIC
THEORIES

Unit #1 – Structure & Properties


Textbook Reference: 3.2-3.3
BLACKBODY RADIATION

• Max Plank studied Blackbody radiation.


• Blackbody: is a perfect black object that does not
reflect any light but emits light if you increase its
temperature.
• All objects emit some type of light when heated up.
• When heated, the molecules comprising a perfect
blackbody vibrate and emit light of the same
wavelength as their vibration
• When objects are heated up they emit red light. Ex.
A metal coil stove top.
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
• Classical Theory -- Scientists
believed that light is not a particle
but a type of energy wave →
electromagnetic wave
• All electromatic waves travel at the
same speed c= 3x108 m/s (nothing
in this universe can travel faster than
this according to Einstein’s theory of
relativity)
• Waves can be differentiated by
examining their wavelengths and
frequency
• These waves are produced from
magnetism & electricity.
VARIABLES & FORMULA
• frequency (f) - the number of cycles per time
(second)
• wavelength (λ) - the length of a wave
• Amplitude – height of a wave from rest to crest
• wave equation: f x λ = c

*inverse relationship exists between frequency and wavelength


PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
• Defined as the ejection of electrons from the surface of a metal when light shines on it.
• The electrons produced in this way are called photoelectrons.
• The problem? The assumption?
• The higher the brightness (intensity) of the incident light, the greater the energy of electrons that
are emitted from the surface.
Light Intensity
QUANTUM THEORY
• Photoelectric Effect → light energy can give electrons enough energy to leave a
substance
• Classical Theory predicted that the more intense (brighter) the light (means more
energy waves) the more electrons would have more energy to leave a substance
CLASSICAL THEORY WAS WRONG!
• A more intense light did not change the amount of liberated electrons.
• Max Plank proposed that light traveled as a quantum of energy waves → photons

• The shorter the wavelength, the higher the energy of the wave.
• Plank Equation: E = hf (energy of a photon) h = 6.63 x 10-34
• There is a minimum amount of energy needed (certain wavelength) to give enough electrons energy to leave a
substance.

• Einstein won noble prize for confirming Plank’s theory.


WHY DOES PLANCK’S
EQUATION RELATE TO LINE
SPECTRA?
• Line spectra (as you will see in the
following slides) allows us to take a
look at the inside of the atom
• Atoms emit photons of certain
energies which creates lines of
certain frequencies (as you will see)
• Electrons can only occupy certain orbits
• Energy levels can be thought of as a staircase

• Line spectrum is evidence for


quantization
ATOMIC White light is made up of
all the colors mixed in
SPECTRA
There are three types of
atomic spectra
• Continuous spectrum
• Emission Spectra (Bright Line
Spectra)
• Absorption Spectra (darkline
spectra)
CONTINUOUS SPECTRUM

• A prism can be used to split white light into all its colors
• How?
White light -----> prism/spectrophotometer -----> visible spectrum
EMISSION SPECTRUM (BRIGHT LINE SPECTRA)
• Each element when heated, emits only certain wavelengths of light
• How?
Heated element -----> prism/spectrophotometer -----> emission spectrum
Example – Hydrogen gas → when high voltage is applied to the gas, an emission spectrum is produced
ABSORPTION SPECTRUM (DARKLINE SPECTRA)
• Each element can absorb certain wavelengths of light
• This is done when a cold element gas is put in front of white light
• How?
White light -----> cold element -----> prism/spectrophotometer ----->
absorption spectrum
Example – Hydrogen cold gas
BOHR MODEL OF THE ATOM & LINE SPECTRUM
• From absorption spectra and bright line spectra for the
same element, Bohr concluded that an atom of an element
can only absorb and emit certain wavelengths of energy.
• The electrons in an atom tend to be arranged in such a
way that the energy of the atom is as low as possible.
• Bohr 1st Postulate: electrons do not emit energy but they
orbit the nucleus with constant energy called stationary
state.
• Bohr 2nd Postulate: each orbit around the nucleus is an
energy level. The farther away the orbit, the higher the
energy level. Electrons can absorb energy waves and jump
to a higher energy orbital. → Excited state
When an electron in excited state jumps back down to its normal orbital, it releases a
photon of a certain wavelength.
BALMER SERIES
Balmer calculated the amount of photon energy released when electrons jumped back to a certain ground state for
hydrogen.
• Remember: Each colour is a electromagnetic wave of a certain length and energy.
Balmer Series (400nm - 750nm)
• Violet → 6th shell to 2nd shell (400 nm)

• Blue → 5th shell to 2nd shell

• Blue-green → 4th shell to 2nd shell

• Red → 3rd shell to 2nd shell (750nm)


• Lyman Series
• 6th , 5th , 4th , 3rd, 2nd to 1st shell UV light

• Paschen Series
• 6th, 5th, 4th to 3rd shell Infrared light
EACH SUBSTANCE HAS A CERTAIN QUANTUM OF
ENERGY TO LIBERATE (RELEASE)
• The difference in energy between the orbits is the same as the
energy of light emitted when an electron moves from a higher
to a lower orbit.
• As ∆E = Efinal ‐ Einital (E = Ehigher shell – Elower shell )
then
• ∆E = ‐ RH (1/nf2 ‐ 1/ni2)
where RH = Rydberg constant = 2.18 x 10-18 J

For further reference:


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=au2HCVn9IJI&ab_channel=ProfessorDaveExplains
EXAMPLES

• Ex 1. An electron jumps from the 6th shell to a lower shell. Calculate the frequency of the quantum released if a
violet colour was observed. What spectral series of light emitted does this belong to?
EXAMPLES

• Ex 1. An electron jumps from the 6th shell to a lower shell. Calculate the frequency of the quantum released if a
violet colour was observed. What spectral series of light emitted does this belong to?
EXAMPLES

• #2. An electron jumped from the 4th energy level to a lower energy level. If bluegreen light was emitted,
calculate the wavelength of the light emitted by the atom.

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