MINISTRY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION GOVERNMENT TECHNOLOGICAL COLLEGE (HINTHADA) DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SOLAR ELECTRIC SYSTEM MG THIHA HTUN MG AUNG THU WIN MA TIN NILAR THEIN MG KYAW THU MG THAW ZIN TUN MG OKAR AUNG MG ZAW WIN HTUN MG THANT SIN OO MA THIN MARLAR MYINT. MG MYINT LWIN BE.Me: (NOVEMBER, 2006 ) SEMINAR BE (MECHANICAL )MINISTRY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION GOVERNMENT TECHNOLOGICAL COLLEGE (HINTHADA) DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SOLAR ELECTRIC SYSTEM MG THIHA HTUN MG AUNG THU WIN MA TIN NILAR THEIN, MG KYAW THU MG THAW ZIN TUN MG OKAR AUNG MG ZAW WIN HTUN MG THANT SIN OO . MA THIN MARLAR MYINT . MG MYINT LWIN (NOVEMBER, 2006 ) SEMINAR BE (MECHANICAL )TABLE OF CONTENTS Page i ABSTRACT ii INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER TITLE 1. SOLAR ELECTRIC SYSTEM FUNDAMENTAL 2 1.1. The Sun and Solar Electric Technology 2 1.2, Common Uses of Photovoltaic 2 1.3. The Parts of a Solar Electric Lighting System 3 1.4, The Solar Resource 3 1.4.1. Tracking the Sun 4 1.4.2. Peak Sun Hours 3 2, SOLAR CELL MODULES 6 2.1. Solar and Photo-Blectric Effect 6 2.2. Solar Cell 6 2.2.1, How Solar Cells Work 7 2.2.2. Characteristics of a Solar Cell 8 2.2.3. Different Cell Types 9 2.2.4. Solar Cell Modules and Arrays 9 2.2.5. Output of Solar Cell Modules to BATTERIES uN 3.1. Batteries 3.2. Energy Storage Theory 3.3. Battery Principles and Operation 3.4. Battery Wiring Schematics 3.4.1. Parallel Connection 3.4.2. Series Connection 14 3.4.3. Series — Parallel Connection 43.5. The Charge Controller 3.5.1, Choosing Charge Controller . LAMPS AND APPLIANCES 4.1. Lighting 4.2. Lighting Principle and Terms 4.2.1. Light Quantity 4.2.2. Energy Consumption 4.2.3. Light Quality 4.2.4. Light Uses 4.3. Lighting Types 4.4. Lighting Controls 4.5. Lamp and Ballast Replacement for energy Efficiency 4.6. Choosing the Type and Size of Lamp (Lighting Design) 4.7. Appliances . WIRING AND FITTINGS 5.1. Wiring Cable 5.2. Switch, Sockets and Fuses 5.2.1. Sizing Fuses 5.3. Making Connections 5.4. Earthing the System DESIGN CALCULATION 6.1. Designing the Site 6.2. Daily System Energy Requirement 6.3. Array Sizing Calculation 6.4. Battery Sizing Calculation 6.5. Controller Sizing Calculation 6.6. Calculation of Maximum Wire Size Between Control and Array 6.7. Geographical Location of the PV System CONCLUSION APPENDIXES REFERENCESACKNOWLEDGEMENT Initially, we would like to express our deepest gratitude to Minister H.E U Thaung, Ministry of Science and Technology, for giving us the opportunity to attend courses in Government Technological College. We are’ very thankful to Dr.Chaw Su, principal of Government Technological College, Hinthada for her encouragement and guidance. Firstly, the author wish to express theit deep gratitude to U Soe Moe Naing, Lecturer and Head of Mechanical Engineering Department, Government Technological College, Hinthada, for his kind advice and permission to carry out this seminar, The author would like to express the gratitude to Daw Cho Cho Yi, supervisor, Assistant Lecturer, Mechanical Engineering Department Government Technological College, Hinthada for her helpful suggestion and necessary assistance throughout the preparations of this seminar. The author's thanks go to G.T.C (Hinthada) the staff of library that willingly keeps to get the necessary books data. The authors are grateful to all friends for their help and advice in the preparation of this seminar as well as any other person who helped to print this seminar. Especially, thank are due to our parents who have been looking after since we were young.ABSTRACT The objective of this book is to write the solar electric system. The aim is to provide ample information concerning all forms and topics of solar energy and converting to electricity. Energy conversion systems will change drastically, due to lack of conventional fuels, the political uncertainties related to the supply of petroleum, a rising population and rapid technological advancement. Within this framework solar energy will play a prominent role. Sufficient solved calculations and design and illustrate the use of the equations. The book contain in the order-introductory information on solar energy application, fundamental of solar electric system and the nature of solar resource and storing solar energy and design calculation. Design is based on daily system energy requirement, array sizing calculation, basic battery sizing calculation, controller sizing, calculation of maximum wire size between control and array and according to geographical location (Hinthada) choose the PV array facing of degree.INTRODUCTION This is about solar electricity available to rural area. Solar electricity is generated directly form sunshine using devices called solar cell modules. When sunshine is incidents on solar cells, they generate DC electricity without the involvement of any mechanical generators, i.e. in this system of energy conversion there is direct conversion of solar radiation into electricity. The photo-voltaic effect is defined as the generation of an electromotive force as a result of the absorption of ionizing radiation Allover the world, people are taking up the technology to provide power for many remote and rural applications. Since 1984, small solar companies have installed hundreds of thousands of systems in developing countries form Kenya to the Dominican Republic, and from Srilanka to the South Pacific Islands. While the prices of petroleum products have been unstable over the last decade, prices of sglar electric equipment have been steadily declining. Today, more solar modules are being produced than ever before. Countries as diverse as Brazil, Germany, the United States, Japan, China, and India have solar cell production facilities. Installation and assembly of solar electric systems is fast becoming a village level technology. One of the most promising renewable energy technologies is photovoltaic. Photovoltaic (PV) is a truly elegant means of producing electricity on site, directly from the sun, without concern for energy supply or environmental harm. These solid-state devices simply make electricity out of sunlight, silently with no maintenance, no pollution, and no depletion of materials. There is a growing consensus that distributed photovoltaic systems that provide electricity at the point of use will be the first to reach widespread commercialization. Chief among these distributed applications are PV power systems for individual buildings. For the success of any solar electric system depends on how well it is designed, installed, managed and maintained. In order to design large systems, a full understanding of solar electric system the theory is necessary.CHAPTER 1 SOLAR ELECTRIC SYSTEM FUNDAMENTAL 1.1. The Sun and Solar Electric Technology The sun is the source of virtually all the energy we use each day, The energy we derive form wood-fuel, petroleum, paraffin, hydroelectricity and even our food originates indirectly form the sun. Solar energy is captured and stored by plants, We use this energy when we burn fire-wood or eat food. The sun also powers the rainfall cycles that fill rivers from which we extract hydroelectricity. Petroleum is made up of fossilized remains of plants and animals that collected energy from the sun thousands of years ago. It is also possible to collect energy from the sun directly for heating water, cooking, raising steam and generating clectricity. There are a number of types of equipment which can be used to collect solar energy these include collector panels, which harvest solar energy for heating water, and solar concentrators which focus the rays of the sun into high energy beams for raising heat. Solar electricity is electric power generated from sunlight using devices called solar cell modules. The technology is gaining popularity in Africa as prices of other electric energy sources rise. Solar electricity can replace small applications of petroleum- fueled generators, grid power and even dry cell batteries. The technology is spreading rapidly to rural areas where there is great interest in its applications. 1.2, Common Uses of Photovoltaics The most common application of solar electricity is providing power for household lighting and appliances. The list below describes some of the important applications for which solar electric power is being utilized - i. household lights, televisions, cassette players, radios and small appliance ii, small industries and institutions iii. telecommunications