realization

hazard risk
risk reduction application of appropriate techniques
: a threat that has the : probability of a hazard to reduce the likelihood of risk
potential to cause harm to event causing harmful occurrence and its consequences
others consequences
: danger is innate : something we have risk transfer involves shifting of the burden of risk
ex. hammer on a table control over to another party
ex. using the hammer
the sendai framework
disasters ● substantial reduction of disaster risk and losses in
● major hazard event that causes widespread lives, livelihoods and health and in the economic,
disruption physical, social, cultural and environmental assets
● cannot be handled by those affected without of persons, businesses, communities and countries
outside assistance ● recognizes that the state has the primary role to
● caused by natural or manmade events reduce disaster risk but that the responsibility
should be shared with other stakeholders
disaster risk
● likelihood of loss of life, injury, or destruction and
damage from a disaster
● recognized as the consequence of the interaction
between a hazard and the characteristics that make
people and places vulnerable and exposed

exposure vulnerability

: stock of property and : susceptibility to damage

infrastructure exposed to a of the assets exposed to
hazard and it can include the forces generated by the
socioeconomic factors hazard

climate and disaster risks

● arise due to compounding and cascading hazards hazards do not have to turn into disasters
and impacts leading to complex and interconnected ● if a country invests in disaster risk reduction it can
adverse consequences for various ecological and reduce the potential losses it faces – this will free
human systems up critical resources for development

risk an informed decision to accept the economic impacts

acceptance possible consequences and likelihood ● always higher in absolute terms in high income
of a particular risk countries

risk avoidance an informed decision to avoid

involvement in activities leading to risk
world risk index four main types of vulnerability
a. physical vulnerability
● determined by aspects such as population
density levels, remoteness of a settlement,
the site, design and materials used for
critical infrastructure and for housing
b. social vulnerability
● inability of people and societies to
withstand adverse impacts to hazards
c. economic vulnerability
● based on the interaction between exposure and ● level of vulnerability is highly dependent
vulnerability upon the economic status of individuals,
● countries with low economic capacity and income communities, and nations
tend to have higher vulnerability or lower d. environmental vulnerability
capabilities in averting disasters ● natural resource depletion and resource
degradation
exposure
● location and characteristics of risk factors
a. economic exposure: buildings, concepts, ● processes or conditions that influence the level of
crops, infrastructure, economic activity at disaster risk by increasing levels of exposure and
risk of interruption vulnerability or reducing capacity
b. human exposure: number and demographic ● risk is influenced by the decisions we make
of people
risk factors underlying disaster
vulnerability a. severity of exposure
● characteristics and circumstances of a community, ● measures those who experience disaster
system, or asset that make it susceptible to the first hand which has the highest risk of
damaging effects of a hazard developing future mental problems
● aspects of vulnerability ● the lowest risk are those most distant – like
a. poor design and construction of buildings those who have awareness of the disaster
b. inadequate protection of assets only through the news
c. lack of public information and awareness b. gender and family
d. limited official recognition of risks and ● female gender suffers more adverse effects
preparedness measures ● worsens when children are present at home
e. disregard for wise environmental ● marital relationships are placed under strain
management c. age
● adults in the age range of 40-60 are more
stressed after disasters
● children exhibit more stress after disasters
than adults do
d. economic status of the country
● severe mental problems resulting from
disasters are more prevalent in developing
countries
risk drivers
a. climate change
● alteration of the world climate that we
humans are causing
● can decrease crop production, increase
severe and extreme precipitation, change
the geographic distribution of
weather-related hazards, etc.
 b. environmental degradation c. predictability
● a driver and consequence of disasters ● hazards that hit with no warning are going
● process through which the natural to be more serious
environment is compromised in some way d. regularity
● reduces biological diversity and the general ● if hazards happen often and in quick
health of the environment succession then the severity is likely to be
c. globalized economic development greater
● increased polarization between the rich and e. frequency
poor on a global scale ● if the hazard is a less frequent strong event,
● increasing interdependence of world then it is going to have a bigger impact
economies as a result of the growing scale f. speed of onset
of cross-border trade of commodities and ● if the peak of the hazard arrives first or
services, flow of international capital and arrives quickly then the effects are likely to
wide and rapid spread of technologies be worse than one that arrives slowly
d. poverty and inequality g. spatial concentration
● a driver and consequence of disasters ● where hazards are located or centered
● the capacity of an individual, family or ● hazards that are located in known areas
community to prepare for, withstand and can be better prepared for and managed
respond to a hazard or crisis is enabled or better
constrained by social status, income and h. areal extent
ethnicity ● if a hazard covers a large area then the
e. poorly planned and managed urban development severity of the hazard is likely to be more
● can lead to creation of risk especially when severe
urbanization is rapid i. number of hazards
f. weak governance ● if a location is hit by multiple hazards that
● government failures lead to broader failures the effects can be more severe
in political, economic, and civic institutions
● future of effectively integrated disaster risk impacts of hazards
reduction in national policies and planning a. physical impact
will depend on governments and political ● physical injuries (bone fracture, wounds,
leaders becoming more successful at bruises)
combining the promotion of local and ● destruction and loss of vital infrastructure
national economic growth with effective like transportation systems, roads, bridges,
disaster risk management power lines and communication lines.
g. geographical location ● widespread destruction of housing and
● country's location makes it vulnerable – buildings
pacific ring of fire / lots of bodies of water b. psychological impact
surrounding ● grief and psychological illness
h. conflict ● marital conflict
● when conflict including political violence is ● depression due to loss
part of the local reality – traditional ● chronic anxiety
approaches to risk reduction are challenged c. socio-cultural impact
i. gender inequality ● displacement of population
● women and girls remain discriminate ● forced of adoption of new sets of culture
against in education, employment, health, ● ethnic conflicts
political representation, and much more d. economic impact
● loss of job due to displacement
what determines the severity of a hazard ● loss of harvest and livestock
a. duration ● loss of money and other valuables
● length of time that a hazard lasts for the e. environmental impact
longer the hazard the more severe it is ● loss of forest due to forest fires
likely to be ● loss of freshwater due to salinization
b. magnitude ● disturbance of biodiversity
● strength of the hazard
● the stronger the hazard the more severe
the hazard is
 f. biological impact glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF)
● epidemic to people, flora and fauna ● a phrase used to describe a sudden release of a
● chronic and permanent illness caused by significant amount of water retained in a glacial
biological agents lake, irrespective of the cause
● proliferation of different viral diseases
earthquake
epidemic ● he shaking of earth caused by waves moving on
● the occurrence in a community or region of cases of and below the earth's surface and causing: surface
an illness, specific health-related behavior, or other faulting, tremors vibration, liquefaction, landslides,
health-related events clearly in excess of normal aftershocks and/or tsunamis
expectancy
● occur when an agent and susceptible hosts are
tectonic one that occurs when the earth's crust
present in adequate numbers, and the agent can be earthquake breaks due to geological forces on rocks
effectively conveyed from a source to the and adjoining plates that cause physical
susceptible hosts and chemical changes
● may be the consequence of disasters of another
kind, such as tropical storms, floods, earthquakes, volcanic earthquake that results from tectonic
droughts, etc. earthquake forces which occur in conjunction with
volcanic activity
● may also attack animals, causing local economic
disasters collapse small earthquakes in underground caverns
earthquake and mines that are caused by seismic
harmful algal blooms (HABs) waves produced from the explosion of rock
● proliferations of certain noxious and/or toxic micro- on the surface
and macroalgae and cyanobacteria, regardless of
explosion earthquake that is the result of the
their concentration, with negative impacts on
earthquake detonation of a nuclear and/or chemical
aquatic ecosystems, and human health and device
wellbeing
● natural processes that occur in all aquatic systems
and cause worldwide problems with significant mass movements
economic, socio-cultural, and human health ● any type of downslope movement of earth
consequences materials, such as sediment, soil and rock material
● may be increasing and expanding globally due to a ● processes of erosion, transport and accumulation of
combination of natural and human-driven forcing, material that occur on both gentle and steep slopes
including climate change mainly owing to gravitational forces
● associated with other disasters such as
insect infestation earthquakes, floods, thunderstorms and heavy
● biological hazard and described as the pervasive rainstorm
influx, swarming and/or hatching of insects affecting
humans, animals, crops, and perishable goods tsunami
● a series of traveling waves of extremely long length
drought and period, generated when a large volume of
● consequence of a reduction over an extended ocean water is rapidly displaced by a sudden
period of time in the amount of precipitation that is displacement of the seabed
received, usually over a season or more in length. It ● generated by a displacement of massive amounts
is a temporary aberration, unlike aridity, which is a of water through underwater earthquakes, volcanic
permanent feature of the climate eruptions or landslide
● often predictable: periods of unusual dryness are
normal in all weather systems volcanic eruption
● a type of volcanic event near an opening/vent in the
wildfire Earth’s surface including volcanic eruptions of lava,
● any uncontrolled and non-prescribed combustion or ash, hot vapor, gas, and pyroclastic material
burning of plants in a natural setting
● can be incited by human actions
flood
storm the horizontal motion of air
● he overflow of water from a stream channel into
normally dry land in the floodplain (riverine extratropical low-pressure cyclonic system in the
flooding), higher-than–normal levels along the coast storm middle and high latitudes (also called
and in lakes or reservoirs (coastal flooding) as well mid-latitude cyclone) that primarily
as ponding of water at or near the point where the gets its energy from the horizontal
rain fell (flash floods) temperature contrasts (fronts) in the
atmosphere
● occurs most commonly from heavy rainfall when
natural watercourses lack the capacity to convey tropical storm tropical cyclone originates over
excess water tropical or subtropical waters

extreme temperatures
human caused hazards
a. heat waves
● result of human intent, error, or as a result of failed
● unusual hot weather (maximum, minimum
systems
and daily average temperature) over a
● can be caused by accidents in human built
region persisting at least three consecutive
infrastructures or technologies, or intentional human
days during the warm period of the year
actions that cause destruction or loss of life
based on local (station-based)
climatological conditions, with thermal active an individual actively engaged in killing
conditions recorded above given shooter or attempting to kill people in a confined
thresholds. Heat waves differ from warm and populated area
spells hazardous come in the form of explosives,
b. cold waves materials flammable and combustible substances,
● unusual cold weather characterized by a poisons and radioactive materials
sharp and significant drop of air
temperatures near the surface (maximum, public health situations where health or medical
minimum and daily average) over a large emergencies circumstances exists that can affect an
entire population usually through shared
area and persisting below certain
interactions, or community spaces
thresholds for at least two consecutive days
during the cold season terrorism use of force or violence against persons
or property in violation of the criminal
severe storms laws of the country for purposes of
- classified as a meteorological hazard, caused by intimidation, coercion or ransom
short-lived, micro- to meso-scale extreme weather
nuclear and characterized by their ability to release
and atmospheric conditions that last from minutes radiological ionizing radiation which, in sufficiently
to days hazards high doses, is hazardous to humans
and most other living organisms, and
convective/local generated by the heating of air and
has a devastating impact on the
storm the availability of moist and unstable
environment
air masses

sandstorm, strong winds carry particles of sand earthquake

dust storm aloft, but generally confined to less ● a weak to violent shaking of the ground produced
than 50 feet, especially common in
by the sudden movement of rock materials below
arid and semi-arid environments
the earth’s surface
tornado violently rotating column of air that ● originates in tectonic plate boundaries
reaches the ground or open water
hypocenter
lightning high-voltage, visible electrical ● focus is the point inside the earth where the
discharge produced by a
earthquake started
thunderstorm and followed by the
sound of thunder
epicenter
blizzard low pressure system in winter months ● the point on the surface of the earth directly above
with significant accumulations of the focus
snow, freezing rain, sleet or ice

orographic differences in air pressure resulting in

earthquake hazards intensity
● type of hazard depends on the strength of seismic ● measures strength of shaking produced by the
activity, along with such factors as local topographic earthquake at a certain location
and built features, subsurface geology and
groundwater
● large earthquake will always be followed by a
sequence of aftershocks

ground rupture
● deformation on the ground that marks, the
intersection of the fault with the earth’s surface
● effects: fissuring, displacement of the ground due to
movement of the fault

ground shaking
● disruptive up, down and sideways vibration of the
ground during an earthquake
● effects: ground shaking are damage or collapse of
magnitude
structure; may consequently cause hazards such as
● measures the energy released at the source of the
liquefaction and landslide
earthquake

earthquake-induced landslide
● landslide is a massive outward and downward
movement of slope-forming materials
● term landslide is restricted to movements of rocks
and soil masses – masses may range in size up
to entire mountainsides
● effects: erosion; burial and blockage of roads and factors that primarily determine what we feel in an
rivers earthquake
a. distance from the fault
liquefaction ● the shaking becomes less intense farther
● a phenomenon in which the strength and stiffness from the fault
of a soil is reduced by earthquake shaking or other b. local soil conditions
rapid loading ● loose soil will shake more intensely than
● occurs when vibrations from seismic waves hard rock at the same distance from the
increase water pressure between soil grains same earthquake
● more likely to occur in loose to moderately
saturated granular soils with poor drainage, such as seismometers
silty sands or sands and gravels ● allow us to detect and measure earthquakes by
● will have the effect of holding the particles apart and converting vibrations due to seismic waves into
of producing a condition that is practically electrical signals, which we can then display as
equivalent to that of quicksand seismograms on a computer screen
● seismologists study earthquakes and can use this
tsunamis data to determine where and how big a particular
● long wavelength oceanic waves generated by the earthquake is
sudden displacement of seawater by a shallow ● all seismometers are based on the principle of
earthquake, volcanic eruption or submarine inertia, that is, where a suspended mass tends to
landslide remain still when the ground moves
● can only occur when the earthquake is strong
enough (M7.0+) to displace the seabed, creating earthquakes
pressures in the water above it a. volcanic
● sources of tsunamis include submarine or coastal ● produced by movement of magma beneath
landslides, pyroclastic flow and large volume debris volcanoes or by eruptions
avalanches from oceanic and partly submerged b. tectonic
volcanoes, and caldera collapse ● produced by sudden movement of rocks
along faults and plate boundaries