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Experiment No.
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Contents
I. OBJECTIVES.................................................................................................................4

II. INTRODUCTION AND THEORY................................................................................5

III. APPARATUS.................................................................................................................6

IV. METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURE.......................................................................6

V. DATA AND CALCULATIONS....................................................................................7

VI. RESULTS AND GRAPHS.............................................................................................8

VII. SAMPLE OF CALCULATIONS.................................................................................10

VIII. DISCUSSION...........................................................................................................10

IX. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.......................................................11

X. REFERENCES..............................................................................................................12

XI. DATA APPENDIX/ DATA WORKSHEET................................................................13

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List of Figures
Figure 1 Dead weight tester and Bourdon pressure gauge.....................................................................5
Figure 2 Vertical and inclined manometers...........................................................................................5
Figure 3 Apparatus Schematic diagram.................................................................................................6
Figure 4 Gauge Pressure vs P1 & P2 for vertical manometer................................................................8
Figure 5 Vacuum Pressure vs P1 & P2 for vertical manometer.............................................................8
Figure 6 Adjusted Pressure for vertical & Inclined manometer as a function of Gauge Pressure..........9
Figure 7 Adjusted Pressure for vertical & Inclined manometer as a function of Gauge Pressure..........9

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I. OBJECTIVES

The experiment is aimed to measure gauge pressure and vacuum pressures using U shaped
manometer for vertical as well as inclined orientations.

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II. INTRODUCTION AND THEORY

This lab session covers concepts related to pressure application and devices that can be used
to applied pressure e.g., manometer, dead weight calibrator device. Most common types of
pressure sensors include Bourdon type pressure gauge, manometer and Semiconductor
pressure sensors. The response of a pressure sensor dictates its effectiveness, and the different
types of sensors use different ways to measure pressure. Generally, pressure is defined as the
force applied per unit area of a surface. in the case of the piston and fluid interaction as
shown in the figure below, the pressure applied is the ratio of force acting on the certain
cross-sectional area of the fluid.

Mat
hematicall y,
Figure 1 Dead weight tester and Bourdon pressure gauge
it is given as:

Fa
P a=
A

Where,

‘F’ represents the force

‘A’ represents the cross-sectional area.

This laboratory experiment is concerned to measure the gauge and vacuum pressure using
manometer which are based upon the measurement of pressure based upon the difference in
column heights thus subtracting smaller height value of column from higher one. The
pressure reading is different in inclined manometer which is set at an angle of 54o.

Figure 2 Vertical and inclined manometers

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III. APPARATUS

The following apparatus is used to perform experiment given as below

 Syringes
 U type manometer
 Pressure Gauges
 T pieces
 Spare Pipes etc.

The measured variables are pressure heads in both columns of manometer.

Figure 3 Apparatus Schematic diagram

IV. METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURE

The experiment procedure consists of following step by step procedure.

 The syringe is extended fully, and pressure is changed to an interval of 50 mmH2O.

 The gauge reading is noted down in both installed gauges and height of two
manometers is also noted down.
 Manometer levels are monitored so that water is not split. The left side pressure is
termed as P1, and right side is termed as P2.
 Adjusted readings are noted down for each manometer inclined and vertical. Both
vacuum and gauge pressures are recorded down.

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V. DATA AND CALCULATIONS

Gauge Vertical U Manometer Inclined U Manometer

Pressur P1 P2 Adjusted %Error P1 P2 P2*sin5 Adjusted %Error
e mmH2O mmH2O Pressure mmH2O mmH2O 4 Pressure
mmH2O mmH2O mmH2O mmH2O
0 130 130 0 0 180 220 105.17 2.01 0
50 160 100 60 25 140 250 80.9 62.25 24.5
100 180 75 105 5 105 280 60.67 121.52 21.52
150 210 45 65 10 75 305 36.4 171.75 14.5
200 235 15 220 10 45 330 12.13 221.97 10.98

Vacuum Vertical U Manometer Inclined U Manometer

Pressur P1 P2 Adjusted %Error P1 P2 P2*sin5 Adjusted %Error
e mmH2O mmH2O Pressure mmH2O mmH2O 4 Pressure
mmH2O mmH2O mmH2O mmH2O
0 130 130 0 0 180 200 177.98 -2.01 0
-50 110 150 -40 20 195 200 161.8 -33.19 22.62
-100 85 175 -90 10 220 175 141.57 -78.42 21.58
-150 60 195 -135 10 250 145 117.3 -132.69 11.54
-200 40 220 -180 10 270 120 97.08 -172.91 13.54
.

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VI. RESULTS AND GRAPHS

Gauge Pressure vs P1 & P2 for vertical manometer

250

200
Pressure (mH2O)

150

100

50

0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Gauge Pressure (mmH2O)

Figure 4 Gauge Pressure vs P1 & P2 for vertical manometer

Vacuum Pressure vs P1 & P2 for vertical manometer

250

200
Pressure (mH2O)

150

100

50

0
-250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0
Vacuum Pressure (mmH2O)

Figure 5 Vacuum Pressure vs P1 & P2 for vertical manometer

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Adjusted Pressure for vertical & Inclined manometer

250
Adjusted Pressure (mH2O)
200

150

100

50

0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Gauge Pressure (mmH2O)

Figure 6 Adjusted Pressure for vertical & Inclined manometer as a function of Gauge
Pressure

Adjusted Pressure for vertical & Inclined manometer

0
-250 -200 -150 -100 -50 -200
Adjusted Pressure (mH2O)

-40
-60
-80
-100
-120
-140
-160
-180
-200
Vacuum Pressure (mmH2O)

Figure 7 Adjusted Pressure for vertical & Inclined manometer as a function of Gauge
Pressure

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VII. SAMPLE OF CALCULATIONS

Adjsuted Pressure=P 1−P 2=160−100=60 mm H 2 O

Adjusted Pressure −Gauge Pressure

Percentage Error= × 100
Gauge Pressure

60−50
Percentage Error= ×100=25 %
50

VIII. DISCUSSION

The apparatus was primed before starting the experiment so that experiment could be
performed smoothly and properly. All the dust particles and lubrication marks were removed
and pressure of the fluid inside the cylinder is maintained by removing any kind of air or gas
in the cylinder. Calibration of any instrument should be done by comparing its measurements
with a standard equipment. It allows to assess the accuracy of the instrument and to measure
the repeatability of the instrument.

Manometer readings are recorded down in the experiment and adjusted pressures are
calculated for both vertical and inclined manometers. Results are plotted graphically in which
measured pressures are plotted against gauge and vacuum pressures. Adjusted pressures for
both types of manometers are also plotted on same graph and only small variation is observed
in both gauge pressure and vacuum pressure cases. The percentage error in each case is
calculated as following and tabulated corresponding to each reading.

Adjusted Pressure −Gauge Pressure

Percentage Error= × 100
Gauge Pressure

60−50
Percentage Error= ×100=25 %
50

Accuracy of the measuring instruments could be improved by checking the repeatability of

the same instrument under similar environmental conditions again and again. An average
estimation should be considered final for the accuracy of the instrument. There are different
types of error could occur in the calibration instrument and these errors could be systematic,
human, or random error. Systematic error may occur in the standard instrument to be used for
calibration. So, accuracy of the standard equipment should be ensured before performing the
calibration.

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IX. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Pressure is the parameter that is integral for numerous calculations and measurements and its
values play a very important role in making numerous design decisions and its value also
dictates the normal operation of many industrial processes. There are several pressures
measuring techniques and equipment used for pressure measurement. some of the most
common apparatus used for the said purpose include Bellows manometer, piston type
pressure gauge, and Piezoelectric sensors. In this experiment, gauge and vacuum pressures
are measured using U shaped manometers in vertical and inclined orientations. The adjusted
pressure is calculated for both the cases and graphs are plotted. The percentage difference is
calculated in both the cases, and it is found to be in a range of 0% to 34 %. The main source
of errors are instrumental, human and random errors.

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X. REFERENCES

 Lipták, B. G., & WELCH, J. (2003). 5.9 Manometers. Process Measurement and
Analysis. BG Lipták. CRC PRESS, Boca Raton, 766-773.
 Dushman, S. (1932). Manometers for low pressures. Industrial & Engineering
Chemistry Analytical Edition, 4(1), 18-18.
 Brombacher, W. G. (1960). Mercury barometers and manometers (Vol. 8). US
Department of Commerce, Nat'l Bureau of Standards.

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XI. DATA APPENDIX/ DATA WORKSHEET

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