ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD

(Department of Commerce)

PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT (1427)

CHECKLIST

SEMESTER: SPRING, 2023

This packet comprises the following material: -

1. Textbook (one)
2. Assignment No. 1 & 2
3. Assignment forms (Two sets )
4. Schedule for submitting assignments and tutorial meetings

If you find anything missing in this packet, please contact at the address given below:

The Mailing Officer,

Allama Iqbal Open University
H-8, Islamabad
051-9057611- 12

ASIA BATOOL
Course Coordinator

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 ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD
(Department of Commerce)

WARNING
1. PLAGIARISM OR HIRING OF GHOST WRITER(S) FOR SOLVING
THE ASSIGNMENT(S) WILL DEBAR THE STUDENT FROM AWARD
OF DEGREE/CERTIFICATE, IF FOUND AT ANY STAGE.
1. SUBMITTING ASSIGNMENTS BORROWED OR STOLEN FROM
OTHER(S) AS ONE’S OWN WILL BE PENALIZED AS DEFINED IN
“AIOU PLAGIARISM POLICY”.
Assignment Submission Schedule
6 credit Hours Due Date 3 credit hours Due date
Assignment 1 14-07-2023
Assignment 1 09-08-2023
Assignment 2 09-08-2023
Assignment 3 04-09-2023
Assignment 2 29-09-2023
Assignment 4 29-09-2023
Note: Tutorial schedule (Rehnama-e-Tulba) will available on AIOU website: http://www.aiou.edu.pk
Course: Principles of Management (1427) Semester: Spring, 2023
Level: Associate Degree in Commerce BS(A&F)
Please read the following instructions for writing your assignments. (SSC, HSSC &
BA Programmes)

1. All questions are compulsory and carry equal marks but within a question the
marks are distributed according to its requirements.
2. Read the question carefully and then answer it according to the requirements of the
question.
3. Late submission of assignments will not be accepted.
4. Your own analysis and synthesis will be appreciated.
5. Avoid irrelevant discussion/information and reproducing from books, study guide
or allied material.

ASSIGNMENT No. 1
(Unit 01–04)
Total Marks: 100 Pass Marks (BA):50
Pass Marks (AD):40

Note: You are required to attempt all questions if you are unable to understand any
question of assignment, do seek help from your concerned tutor. But keep in
mind that tutors are not supposed to solve the assignment questions for you.

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 Q.1.Define management and describe its function. (20)

Q.2 Explain the concepts of Certainty, Risk, and Uncertainty for decision making (20)

a business
(20)
Q.
4 Define decision making and discuss its process. (20)

Q.5 Define planning. How does “informal planning” differ from “formal planning” (20)

ASSIGNMENT No. 2
(Unit 05–09)
Total Marks: 100 Pass Marks (BA):50
Pass Marks (AD):40

Q.1.Define organization and elaborate the structure of any company. (20)

Q.2. Explain the need for coordination of organization activities and discuss several coordination
techniques. (20)

Q. 3. Identify and describe the five basic skills required for effective management. (20)

performance? (20)

he control process.
(20)

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 PRICIPLES OF MANAGEMENT

Course outline (1427)

UNIT 1. INTRODUCTION
- Managers and Management
- Who are Managers?
- What is Management and What Do Managers Do?
- Defining Management
- Management Functions
- Management Roles
- Management Skills
- Entrepreneurship: Managers Versus Entrepreneurs
- Why Study Management?

UNIT 2. THE EVOLUTION OF MANAGEMENT

- Historical Background
- The Early years
- Scientific Management
- General Administrative Theorists
- The Human Resources Approach
- The Quantitative Approach
- Recent Years: Toward Integration
- The Process Approach
- The Systems Approach
- The Contingency Approach
- Current Trends and Issues
- Total Quality Management
- Re-Engineering
- The Bimodal Work Force
- Downsizing
- Contingent Workers

UNIT 3. ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT: THE

CONSTRAINTS
- The Organization’s Culture
- Defining Organizational Culture?
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 - The Source of Culture
- Strong Versus Weak Cultures
- Influence on Management Practices
- Entrepreneurship: Identifying Environmental Opportunities
- The Specific Environment
- The Changing Global Environment
- From Multinationals to Transnationals to Borderless
Organizations
- Regional Trading Alliances
- Eastern Europe and Capitalism
- How Organizations Go International
- Managing in a Foreign Environment
- The Legal-Political Environment
- The Economic Environment
- The Cultural Environment
- Social Responsibility and Managerial Ethics
- What is Social Responsibility?
- Arguments For and Against Social Responsibility
- Is Social Responsibility Just Profit-Maximizing Behavior?
- Managerial Ethics
- Four Different Views of Ethics
- Factors Affecting Managerial Ethics
- Ethics in an International Context
- Toward Improving Ethical Behavior

UNIT 4. DECISION MAKING: THE ESSENCE OF THE MANAGER’S

JOB
- The Decision-Making Process
- Identifying a Problem
- Identifying Decision Criteria
- Allocating Weights to the Criteria
- Developing Alternatives
- Analyzing Alternatives
- Selecting an Alternative
- Implementing the Alternative
- Evaluating Decision Effectiveness
- The Pervasiveness of Decision Making
- The Rational Decision Maker
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 - Assumptions of Rationality
- Limits to Rationality
- Bounded Rationality
- Problems and Decisions: A Contingency Approach
- Decision-Making Styles
- Analyzing Decision Alternatives
- Certainty
- Risk
- Uncertainty
- Group Decision Making
- Effectiveness and Efficiency
- Techniques for Improving Group Decision Making

UNIT 5. PLANNING
- Foundations of Planning
- The Definition of Planning
- Purposes of Planning
- Planning and Performance
- Myths about Planning
- Types of Plans
- Strategic Versus Operational Plans
- Short-Term Versus Long-Term Plans
- Specific Versus Directional Plans
- Objectives: The Foundation of Planning
- Multiplicity of Objectives
- Real Versus Stated Objectives
- Traditional Objective Setting
- Management by Objectives
- Planning Tools and Techniques
- Techniques for Assessing the Environment
- Environmental Scanning
- Forecasting
- Benchmarking for TQM
- Budgets
- Types of Budgets
- Approaches to Budgeting
- Operational Planning Tools
- Scheduling
- Time Management: A Guide to Personal Planning
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 - Time as a Scarce Resource
- Focusing on Discretionary Time
- How Do You Use Your Time?
- How to Improve Time Management

UNIT 6. ORGANIZING
- Organizational Structure and Design
- Defining Organization Structure and Design
- Building the Vertical Dimension of Organizations
- Unity of Command
- Authority and Responsibility
- Span of Control
- Building the Horizontal Dimension of Organizations
- Division of Labor
- Departmentalization
- The Contingency Approach to Organization Design
- Mechanistic and Organic Organizations
- Strategy and Structure
- Size and Structure
- Technology and Structure
- Environment and Structure
- Applications of Organization Design
- Simple Structure
- Bureaucracy
- Team-Based Structures

UNIT 7. MOTIVATION
- What Is Motivation?
- Early Theories of Motivation
- Hierarchy of Needs Theory
- Theory X and Theory Y
- Motivation-Hygiene Theory
- Contemporary Approaches to Motivation
- Three-Needs Theory
- Goal-Setting Theory
- Reinforcement Theory
- Designing Motivating Jobs
- Equity Theory
- Expectancy Theory
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 - Integrating Contemporary Theories of Motivation
- Contemporary Issues in Motivation
- Pay for Performance
- Employee Stock Ownership Plans (ESOPs)
- Motivating Minimum-Wage Employees
- From Theory to Practice: Suggestions for Motivating
Employees

UNIT 8. LEADERSHIP AND INTERPERSONAL SKILLS

- Managers Versus Leaders
- Trait Theories
- Behavioral Theories
- Contingency Theories
- The Fiedler Model
- Path-Goal Theory
- Leader Participation Model
- Summary of Contingency Theories
- Emerging Approaches to Leadership
- Attribution Theory of Leadership
- Charismatic Leadership Theory
- Transactional Versus Transformational Leadership
- Contemporary Issues in Leadership
- Leaders and Power
- Leading Through Empowerment
- Gender and Leadership
- Leadership Styles and Different Cultures
- Sometimes Leadership Is Irrelevant!
- Communication and Interpersonal Skills
- Understanding Communication
- What is Communication?
- The Communication Process
- Methods of Communicating
- Barriers to Effective Communication
- Overcoming the Barriers

UNIT 9. CONTROLLING
- Defining Control?
- The Importance of Control
- The Control Process
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- Feed forward Control
- Concurrent Control
- Feedback Control
- Qualities of an Effective Control System
- Operations Management
- Operations Management and the Transformation Process
- Managing Productivity
- Information Controls
- Organizational Communication
- Information Systems
- Financial Controls
- Budgets Revisited
- Ratio Analysis
- Operations Controls
- TQM control Charts
- EOQ Model
- Behavioral Controls
- Direct Supervision
- Performance Appraisal
- Discipline
- Substitutes for Direct Control