Mechanics of Structures – II

(21AR2107)
Course Coordinator:
Dr. M. Achyutha Kumar Reddy
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
 Stress

▪ The force of resistance per unit area,

offered by a body against deformation
is known as stress.

2
 Stress (Cont...)

▪ Mathematically stress is written as

𝑃 𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
σ = =
𝐴 𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠−𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
• Units = N/mm2 or MPa

3
 Types of Stress

▪ Tensile Stress (σ)

▪ Compressive Stress (σ)
▪ Shear Stress (τ)

4
 Strain

▪ When a body is subjected to some

external force, there is some change
in dimension of the body.
▪ The ratio of change of dimension of
the body to the original dimension is
known as strain.
5
 Strain (Cont…)

▪ Stain is dimension less.

▪ Mathematically, stain is written as
δ𝑙 δ𝑣 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
е = = =
𝑙 𝑣 𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛

6
 Types of Strains

▪ Tensile Strain (е)

▪ Compressive Strain (е)
▪ Shear Strain (Φ)
▪ Volumetric Strain (е)

7
 Elasticity

▪ When an external force acts on a body,

the body tends to undergo some
deformation.
▪ If the external force is removed and the
body comes back to its original shape and
size, the body is known as elastic body,
the property is called as “Elasticity”
8
 Elastic Limit

▪ The body will regain its previous shape

and size only when the deformation
caused by the external force is within a
certain limit.
▪ The value of stress corresponding to that
limiting force is known as the “elastic
limit” of the material.
9
 Hooke’s Law and
Elastic Modulii

▪ Hooke’s law states that when a material

is loaded within elastic limit, the stress is
proportional to strain produced by the
stress.
▪ The ration of stress to the corresponding
strain is constant, it called as Modulus of
elasticity or Modulus of rigidity or Elastic
10 Modulii
 Modulus of
Elasticity (Young’s
Modulus)

▪ The ratio of tensile stress or compressive

stress to the corresponding strain within
the elastic limit is called as “Modulus of
Elasticity (E)” or “Young’s Modulus”.

σ 𝑻𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒍𝒆 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔

E= = =
е 𝑻𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒍𝒆 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏
11
 Modulus of Rigidity
(Shear Modulus)

▪ The ratio of shear stress to the

corresponding strain within the elastic
limit is called as “Modulus of Rigidity (C or
G or N)” or “Shear Modulus”

τ 𝑺𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔
▪ C or G or N = Φ
=
𝑺𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏
12
 Relationship b/w
Stress and Strain (1D)

▪ The ratio of unidirectional stress (normal

stress in one direction) to corresponding
strain is constant, is called as Young’s
modulus (E).
𝑵𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 σ
Constant = or E =
𝑪𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 е

13
 Longitudinal Strain

▪ The ratio of axial deformation to the

original length of the body is known
longitudinal strain (Linear strain).
δ𝑳
• Longitudinal strain = 𝑳
L = Length of the body
δL = Increase in the length in the
14
direction of Load application
 Lateral Strain

▪ The strain at right angles to the direction

of applied load is called as lateral strain.
δ𝒃
• Lateral strain = 𝒃
b = breadth of the body
δb = Decrease in the breadth
normal to Load application
15
 Poisson’s ratio

▪ The ratio of lateral strain to the

longitudinal strain is constant for any the
material within elastic limit, the ration is
called as Poisson's ratio.
𝑳𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏
▪ Poisson's ratio (μ) = 𝑳𝒐𝒏𝒈𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏
▪ Lateral strain = - μ x Longitudinal strain
16
 Relationship b/w
Stress and Strain
(2D)

▪ Total strain in x direction due to stress

σ1 and σ2
σ1 σ2
е1 = - μ
𝐸 𝐸
▪ Total strain in y direction due to stress σ
σ1 and σ2
σ2 σ1
е2 = - μ
𝐸 𝐸
17
 Relationship b/w
Stress and Strain
(3D)

▪ Total strain in x, y and z direction due to

stress σ1, σ2 and σ3
σ1 σ2 σ3
е1 = - μ - μ
𝐸 𝐸 𝐸
σ2 σ3 σ1
е2 = - μ - μ
𝐸 𝐸 𝐸
σ3 σ σ
е3 = - μ 1 - μ 2
𝐸 𝐸 𝐸

18
 Problems

▪ A rod 150 cm long and of diameter 2.0 cm

is subjected to an axial pull of 20 kN. If
modulus of elasticity of rod is 2 x 105
N/mm2, determine
i. The stress
ii. The strain and
iii. The elongation of the rod
19
 Problems

▪ Find the maximum diameter of a steel wire,

which is used to rise a load of 4000N if the
stress in the rod is not exceed 95 MN/m2.
▪ Find the young’s modulus of a brass rod of
diameter 25 mm and of length of 250 mm
which is subjected to a tensile load of 50 kN
when the extension of the rod is equals to
0.3 mm.
20
 Stress-Strain
diagram (Mild Steel)

21
 Stress-Strain
diagram (HYSD Bar)

22
 Stress-Strain
diagram (Concrete)

23
 Problems

A tensile was conducted on a mild steel bar. The following data

was obtained from the test:
(i)Diameter of the steel bar= 3 cm
(ii)Gauge length of the bar = 20 cm
(iii)Load at elastic limit = 250 kN
(iv)Extension at the load of 150 kN = 0.21 mm
(v)Maximum Load = 380 kN (vi)Total extension =60 mm
(vii)Diameter of the rod at the failure = 2.25 cm
Determine (a) The young’s modulus (b) the stress at elastic limit (c)
the percentage of elongation (d) the percentage decrease in area
24
Part-II
 Shear Force (S.F.)

▪ The algebraic sum of the vertical forces

at any section of a beam to the right or
left of the section is known as shear
force (S.F.).

26
 Bending Moment
(B.M.)

▪ The algebraic sum of the moments of all

the forces acting to the right or left of the
section is known as bending moment
(B.M.).

27
 Shear Force Diagram
(SFD)

▪ A shear force diagram is one which

shows the variation of shear force along
the length of the beam (SFD).

28
 Bending Moment
Diagram (BMD)

▪ A bending moment diagram is one which

shows the variation of bending moment
along the length of the beam (BMD).

29
 Types of beams

▪ Cantilever beam
▪ Simply supported beam
▪ Overhanging beam
▪ Fixed beam
▪ Continuous beam
30
 Types of beams

Cantilever beam Simply supported beam Overhanging beam

Continuous beam Fixed beam

31
 Types of loads

▪ Concentrated or Point load

▪ Uniformly distributed load
▪ Uniformly varying load

32
 Types of loads

Point load Uniformly distributed load Uniformly varying load

33
 Sign Convention for
Shear Force

▪ Shear force acting downward is

considered as positive(+).
▪ Shear force acting upward is considered
as negative(-).

34
 Sign Convention for
Bending Moment

▪ Bending moment at any section is

considered as positive(+) if the curvature
of the bend is Sagging.
▪ Bending moment at any section is
considered as negative(-) if the curvature
of the bend is Hogging.

35
 Slopes for various types of
loads

While plotting SFD &

BMD diagrams the
following slopes must
be used.
The slopes were
differentiated bsed on
the type of load.

36
 Plotting of SFD &
BMD

37
 Problem - 1

▪ A Cantilever beam of length 2 m carries

the point loads as shown in figure. Draw
the shear force and bending moment
diagrams for the cantilever beam.

38
 Problem - 2

▪ A Cantilever of length 2 m carries a

uniformly distributed load of 1 kN/m run
over a length of 1.5 m from the free end.
Draw the shear force and bending
moment diagrams for the cantilever.

39
 Problem - 3

▪ A Cantilever of length 2 m carries a

uniformly distributed load of 2 kN/m run
over the whole length and a point load of
3 kN at the free end. Draw the shear
force and bending moment diagrams for
the cantilever.

40
 Problem - 4

▪ A Cantilever of length 2 m carries a

uniformly distributed load of 1.5 kN/m
run over the whole length and a point
load of 2 kN at a distance of 0.5m free
end. Draw the S.F. and B.M. diagrams for
the cantilever.

41
 Problem - 5

▪ A simply supported beam of length 6m,

carries point load of 3 kN and 6 kN at a
distances of 2m and 4m from the left end.
Draw the S.F. and B.M. diagrams for the
beam.

42
 Problem - 6

▪ Draw the S.F. and B.M. diagrams for a

simply supported beam of length 9m
carrying a uniformly distributed load of
10kN/m for a distance of 6 m from the
left end. Also, calculate the maximum B.M.
on the section.

43
 Problem - 7

▪ A simply supported beam of length 10 m,

carries the uniformly distributed load
and two point loads as shown in figure.
Draw SFD and BMD also calculate
maximum BM for the beam.

44
Part-III
 Static Indeterminacy

▪ Statically indeterminate structures are those

structures which cannot be analyzed with the
help of equations of static equilibrium alone.
▪ Additional equations, based on the
compatibility deformations, must be written in
order to obtain a sufficient number of
equations for determination of all the
46
unknowns.
 Theorem of three
moments

▪ This concept was developed by French

Engineer Clapeyron in 1857.
▪ This is a method is particularly helpful in
determining bending moments at the
supports of statically indeterminate
beams.
47
 Theorem of three
moments (Cont..)

▪ This is one of the force methods since

moments are unknowns.

48
 Derivation of three
moments equation

▪ Consider two adjoining spans AB and BC of

a continuous beam ABC as shown in
figure.
▪ Span AB and BC are L1 & L2 respectively.
▪ Moment of inertias are for AB and BC are I1
and I2 respectively.
49
 Derivation of three
moments equation (Cont..)

Upper part of BM is due to loads

where as lower part is due to
supports.
MA, MB, MC are assumed as
hogging negative.
Let A1 & A2 be area of BM due to
loads
X1 & X2 are distances of their
center of gravity from A & C.

50
 Derivation of three
moments equation
(Cont..)

▪ In order to solve unknow moments, we

need additional equation. The slope at B
weather left or right of it is same.
θ𝐵𝐴 = θ𝐵𝐶
▪ The slopes at B for span BA and BC are
same due to continuity at B. This is known
as compatibility condition.
51
 Derivation of three
moments equation
(Cont..)

▪ As slopes are very small, we can write.

𝑡𝐴𝐵 𝑡𝐶𝐵
θ𝐵𝐴 = ; θ𝐵𝐶 =
𝐿1 𝐿2
▪ Where
𝑡𝐴𝐵 vertical deviation of A w.r.t tangent at B
𝑡𝐶𝐵 vertical deviation of C w.r.t tangent at B

52
 Derivation of three
moments equation
(Cont..)

▪ 𝑡𝐴𝐵 and 𝑡𝐶𝐵 can be obtained from moment area

method.

▪ From the moment area theorem, 𝑡𝐴𝐵 is moment of

𝑀
area between A and B and 𝑡𝐵𝐶 is moment
𝐸𝐼
𝑀
of area between B and C.
𝐸𝐼
53
 Derivation of three
moments equation
(Cont..)

𝑀
▪ 𝑡𝐴𝐵 = Σ ((Area of 𝐸𝐼 between A and B) x 𝑋1 )

1 𝑀𝐴 𝐿1 𝑀 2𝐿
▪ 𝑡𝐴𝐵 = (𝐸𝐼 ) ((A1X1 +(𝐿1 )( )+(𝐿1 𝐵)( 1 ))
2 3 2 3
1
1 𝑀 𝐿 𝑀 2𝐿
▪ 𝑡𝐶𝐵 = ( ) ((A2X2 +(𝐿2 𝐵 )( 2 )+(𝐿2 𝐶 )( 2 ))
𝐸𝐼2 2 3 2 3

54
 Derivation of three
moments equation
(Cont..)

𝑡𝐴𝐵 𝑡𝐶𝐵
▪ For θ𝐵𝐴 = θ𝐵𝐶 , We have 𝐿1
=-
𝐿2

1 𝑀𝐴 𝐿21 𝑀𝐵 2𝐿21 1 𝑀𝐵 𝐿22 𝑀𝐶 2𝐿22

( ) ((A1X1 +( )( )+( )( )) = -( ) ((A2X2 + ( )( ) + ( )( ))
𝐸𝐼1 𝐿1 2 3 2 3 𝐸𝐼2 𝐿2 2 3 2 3

Upon Simplifying
𝑀𝐴 𝐿1 𝐿1 𝐿2 𝑀𝐶 𝐿2 6𝐴1 𝑋1 6𝐴2 𝑋2
( )+ 2𝑀𝐵 ( + ) + ( ) =- -
𝐼1 𝐼1 𝐼2 𝐼2 𝐿1 𝐼1 𝐿2 𝐼2

55
 Derivation of three
moments equation
(Cont..)

▪ If a beam has same cross section in all spans,

6𝐴1 𝑋1 6𝐴2 𝑋2
𝑀𝐴 𝐿1 + 2𝑀𝐵 (𝐿1 + 𝐿2 )+ 𝑀𝐶 𝐿2 = - -
𝐿1 𝐿2

56
 Problem-1

▪ Analyze continuous beam ABC given in figure.

Find the reactions and draw SFD and BMD.

57
 Moment Distribution
Method

▪ This concept was developed by Prof. Hardy

cross, USA in 1857.
▪ This method is most suitable manual
method for analysis of continuous beams
and plane frames.

58
 Terms in Moment
Distribution Method

▪ Stiffness

▪ Relative Stiffness

▪ Carryover Factors

59
 Stiffness

▪ In figure, a fixed end member AB with span L

and flexural rigidity EI is shown. To rotate end
A by angle θ, the moment required at end A
will be
4𝐸𝐼θ
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = = 𝑘𝐴𝐴 θ
𝐿
▪ While moment induced at end B is
2𝐸𝐼θ
𝑀𝐵𝐴 = = 𝑘𝐵𝐴 θ
60 𝐿
 Stiffness

▪ Let us consider a beam CD with the same span

L and flexural rigidity El as shown in Figure
but opposite end D is hinged. Moment
required at end C for producing rotation θ at
the end C is
3𝐸𝐼θ
𝑀𝐶𝐷 = = 𝑘𝐶𝐶 θ
𝐿
▪ These terms are known as rotational
61 stiffnesses.
 Relative Stiffness

4𝐸𝐼 3𝐸𝐼
▪ Thus, 𝑘𝐴𝐴 = 𝐿
for far end fixed and 𝑘𝐴𝐴 =
𝐿
for
far end hinged.
4𝐸𝐼
▪ Instead of taking 𝑘𝐴𝐵 = for beam with both
𝐿
ends fixed, if k is considered proportional to I/L
for span AB correspondingly. and for the beam
CD with far end D as hinged the k is proportional
to 0.75 I/L.
62 ▪ This is termed as relative stiffness.
 Carryover Factor

In case of the above beam A B as shown in

Figure, the far end B is fixed, if Far end is either
fixed or continuous or rigidly connected with
2𝐸𝐼θ 𝑀𝐴𝐵
other members, far end moment 𝑀𝐵𝐴 = =
𝐿 2
𝑀𝐵𝐴 1
= is called as carryover factor.
𝑀𝐴𝐵 2

63
 Lateral Stiffness &
Modified Lateral
Stiffness Factors

In case of the above beam A B as shown in

Figure, the far end B is fixed, if Far end is either
fixed or continuous or rigidly connected with
2𝐸𝐼θ 𝑀𝐴𝐵
other members, far end moment 𝑀𝐵𝐴 = =
𝐿 2
𝑀𝐵𝐴 1
= is called as carryover factor.
𝑀𝐴𝐵 2

64
 Steps in Moment
Distribution Method

▪ Determine distribution factors ▪ Take half of the distributed

(DF) at each joint moment to the other end of the
▪ Find out fixed end moments member as carry over moment
due to loads or settlement ▪ Balance the joint
▪ Release those ends of the ▪ Sum up the moments to obtain
members which are actually final end moments
hinged and carry over its
effect to the far end.
▪ Balance the moments at each
joint
65
 Problem

▪ Analyze the continuous beam as shown in figure

using moment distribution method. Assume EI as
constant for both the spans AB and BC.

66
 Solution

▪ Step-1 calculation of distribution factors

At joint B
3𝐸𝐼
Member BA distribution factor = 1/2
𝐿
4𝐸𝐼
Member BC distribution factor = 1/2
𝐿

67
 Solution

▪ Step-2 Calculation of Fixed end moments

𝑤𝑙 2
𝐹𝑀𝐴𝐵 = = - 72 kNm 𝐹𝑀𝐵𝐴 = 72 kNm
12
𝐹𝑀𝐵𝐶 = -22.5-33.5 = - 56 kNm
𝐹𝑀𝐶𝐵 = 67.5+54.5 = 122 kNm

68
 Solution

▪ Step-2 Calculation of Fixed end moments

𝑤𝑙 2
𝐹𝑀𝐴𝐵 = = - 72 kNm 𝐹𝑀𝐵𝐴 = 72 kNm
12
𝐹𝑀𝐵𝐶 = -22.5-33.5 = - 56 kNm
𝐹𝑀𝐶𝐵 = 67.5+54.5 = 122 kNm

69
 Solution

▪ Step-3 Release the moments at exterior hinge

𝑤𝑙 2
𝐹′𝑀𝐴𝐵 = = 72 kNm
12
𝑤𝑙 2
𝐹′𝑀𝐵𝐴 = = 72/2 = 36 kNm
12
▪ Step-4 Distribute the unbalanced moment
▪ Step-5 The distributed moment at B will induce
the carryover moment at far end C
70
 Solution

▪ Step-6 The iterative procedure of distribution

and carryover is to be continued up to the
required accuracy
▪ Step-7 The summation of values of moments

71
Part-IV
 Theory of Simple
Bending

▪ If a length of beam is subjected to a constant

bending and no shear force, then the stresses
will set up in the length of the beam due to B.M.
only.
▪ That length of the beam is said to be in pure
bending or simple bending.
▪ The stresses set up in that length of the beam
73 are known as bending stresses.
 Assumptions in
theory of Simple
Bending

▪ The material of the beam is homogeneous and

isotropic.
▪ The values of modulus of elasticity is the same in
compression and tension.
▪ The transverse section which were plane before
bending, remain plane after bending.

74
 Assumptions in
theory of Simple
Bending (Cont…)

▪ The beam is initially straight and all longtail

filaments bend into circular arcs with a common
center of curvature.
▪ The radius of curvature is large compared with
the dimensions of the cross section.
▪ Each layer of beam is free to expand of contract,
independently of the layer, above or below it.
75
 Expression for
bending stress

▪ In above image, a small length δx of a beam

subjected to simple bending. Due to the action of
bending, the part of length δx will be deformed.
▪ Let 𝐴′ 𝐵′ and 𝐶 ′ 𝐷′ meet at O.
R = Radius of neutral layer 𝑁 ′ 𝑁 ′
θ = Angle subtended at O by 𝐴′ 𝐵′ and 𝐶 ′ 𝐷′
produced.
76
 Strain variation along
the depth of beam

▪ From the Image,

𝑁 ′ 𝑁 ′ = NN = δx = R x θ
𝐸 ′ 𝐹 ′ = (R + y) x θ
Increase in the length of the layer EF
𝐸 ′ 𝐹 ′ -EF = (R+y) θ – R x θ = y x θ
Strain in the layer EF
𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑦𝑥θ 𝑦𝑥θ 𝑦
= = =
𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝐸𝐹 𝑅𝑥θ 𝑅
77
 Stress variation along
the depth of beam

Let σ = Stress in the layer EF

E = Young’s modulus of the beam
Stress in the layer EF
E=
Strain in the layer EF
σ
E =
𝑦/𝑅
σ 𝐸
Upon rewrite, =
𝑦 𝑅

78
 Moment of resistance

𝐸
Force on layer = x y x dA
𝑅
Moment of this force about N.A.
= Force on layer x y
𝐸
= x y x dA x y
𝑅
𝐸
= x y2 x dA
𝑅

79
 Moment of resistance
Cont…

Total Moment of forces,

𝐸 𝐸
M= ‫𝑅׬‬ x y2 x dA = ‫ ׬‬y2 x dA
𝑅
But, the expression ‫ ׬‬y2 x dA represents the
moment of inertia.
𝑬 𝑀 𝐸
M= x I or =
𝑹 𝐼 𝑅
𝑴 σ 𝑬
= =
80
𝑰 𝒚 𝑹
 Problems

▪ A steel plate of width 120 mm and of thickness 20

mm is bent into a semicircular arch of radius
10m. Determine the maximum stress induced
and the bending moment which will produce the
maximum stress. Take E = 2x10^5 N/mm^2

81
 Problems

▪ Calculate the maximum stress induced in a cast

iron pipe of external diameter 40 mm of internal
diameter 20 mm and length of 4 meter when the
pipe supported at its ends carries a point load of
80 N at its center.

82
 Section Modulus

▪ Section modulus is defined as the ratio of

moment of inertia of a section about the neutral
axis. It is denoted by the symbol “Z”.

83
 Section Modulus

▪ Mathematically section modulus is given by

𝐼
Z=
𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥

Where, I = Moment of inertial about neutral axis

Ymax = Distance of the outermost layer
from the neutral axis
84
 Section Modulus
(Rectangular Section)

𝑏𝑑 3
MOI (I) =
12
𝑑
Ymax =
2
𝐼
Section Modulus (Z)=
𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥

𝑏𝑑 3 2 𝑏𝑑 2
= x =
12 𝑑 6
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 Problems

▪ A rectangular beam 300 mm deep is simply

supported over a span of 4 meters. Determine
the UDL per meter which the beam may carry, if
the bending stress should not exceed 120
N/mm^2. Take I = 8 x 10^6 mm^4

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 Thank You
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