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LEA 4 - LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS AND PLANNING WITH CRIME MAPPING

CRIME TRIAD
Opportunity
Desire

CAPABILITY

CRIME
will not exist if lack of either opportunity or capability and desire but there is exception
when desire was eliminated and still having opportunity so as crime will exist.
ONCE the three (3) are present and interact at the breeding grounds of crime (like for
instance poverty, ignorance of the law, injustice abuses, lose family values and fear) this
already concern of the government.

MODULE 1 - HISTORY OF POLICE ORGANIZATION

POLICE
-refers to a body of civil authority, which is tasked to maintain peace and order, enforce
the law, protect lives and properties and ensure public safety.
-a public official with an extraordinary power to make an arrest and performing direct
police functions.

Article XVI, sec 6, 1987 constitution

“The state shall establish and maintain one police force which shall be national in
scope and civilian in character, to be administered and controlled by a National Police
Commission. The authority of local executives over the police units in their jurisdiction shall be
provided for by law”. (Aquino Administration)

ORIGIN OF THE WORD “POLICE”

POLITEIA – Greek word which means government of the city
POLITIA – Roman word which means condition of the state or government
POLICE – French word which was later adopted by the English language

ORGANIZATION
a group of persons working together for a common goal or objectives a form of human
association for the attainment of a goal or objective the process of identifying and grouping the
work to be performed, defining and delegating responsibility and authority, establishing
relationships for the purpose of enabling people work effectively

POLICE ORGANIZATION
a group of trained personnel in the field of public safety administration engaged in the
achievement of goals and objectives that promotes the maintenance of peace and order,
protection of life and property, enforcement of the laws and the prevention of crimes.

SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP
According to Robert Peel “The police is the community and the community is the police.”
Peace keeping
Peace making
Team policing

LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCY - pertains to an organization responsible for enforcing the

laws
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LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS WITH CRIME MAPPING

ADMINISTRATION
an organizational process concerned with the implementation of objectives and plans
and internal operating efficiency connotes bureaucratic structure and behavior, relatively
routine decision-making and maintenance of the internal order

POLICE/LAW ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION

the process involved in ensuring strict compliance, proper obedience of laws and
related statutes focuses on the policing process or how law enforcement agencies are
organized and managed in order to achieve the goals of law enforcement most effectively,
efficiently and productively

PERSONNEL
Personnel are the people who are working for a specific company or on a specific
project.
People employed in an organization or engaged in an organized undertaking such as military
service

PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT
Personnel Management is that part of management process which is primary
concerned with the human constituents of an organization. It also refers to that specialized
branch of management which is concerned with solving the human problems of an
organization intelligently and equitably in a manner that not only the employee potentials are
developed but maximum satisfaction is also achieved by the individual, the group and the
executives or managers and the goals of the organization are accomplished to the fullest
possible extend.

POLICE PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT

the art of preparing, organizing and directing the efforts of members of a police force in
order that they may achieve the accomplishment of the police purpose. The primary objective
of an effective police personnel management is the establishment and maintenance for the
public service of a competent and well-trained police force.

THREE (3) GENERAL CATEGORIES OF POLICE ACTIVITIES

ADMINISTRATIVE, SECONDARY, PRIMARY

Primary, Line or Operation Police Functions. Refer to activities such as patrol work, traffic
control/management, criminal investigation, juvenile and vice control. Sometimes intelligence
is classified as line function. The Accomplishment of these primary tasks should achieve the
police objectives.

Secondary, Auxiliary or Service Functions. It takes charge of transportation,

communication, property supply, records, laboratory, jail or custody maintenance and
identification. These tasks shall assist and effectively support the primary tasks in the
accomplishment of the police objectives.

Administrative or Managerial Functions. It includes personnel, intelligence, inspection,

planning activities, budgeting, training and public relations. These tasks should assist and
effectively support the primary and secondary police tasks in the attainment of the police
objectives.

THE LINE ORGANIZATION Is the simplest perhaps the oldest type. The channels of authority
and responsibility extend in a direct line from top to bottom within the structure. Authority is
definite and absolute.

THE FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION

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Unlike the line type of structure, establishments organized on the functional basis
VIOLATE the prime rule that men perform best when they have but one supervisor (they have
2 or more supervisor).

BRIEF HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINE POLICING SYSTEM

Historical Background of the Philippine Police System

The Barangay Period

Prior to Spanish colonization, the Philippines was divided into political units called the
Barangay. Each barangay was headed or ruled by a Datu whose responsibility, aside from
exercising all the powers – executive, legislative and judicial was to maintain peace and order
within his jurisdiction. The Datu designated from among his warriors a chief warrior who,
together with some subordinates were charged with the duty to enforce the decrees, customs
and traditions as well as practices and usages. The chief warrior was then in effect the chief of
police.

American Period
ACT NO 175 – entitled “An Act Providing for the Organization and Government of an Insular
Constabulary” enacted on July 18, 1901

CAPT. HENRY ALLEN - The first chief of the Philippine Constabulary in 1901
ACT NO 183 – created the Manila Police Department (WPD), enacted on July 31, 1901 CAPT
GEORGE CURRY. The first chief of police of the Manila Police Department in 1901

ACT NO 255 – the act that renamed the Insular Constabulary into Philippine Constabulary,
enacted on October 3, 1901

Post – American Period

RA 4864 – otherwise known as the Police Professionalization Act of 1966, enacted on
September 8, 1966; created the Police Commission (POLCOM) as a supervisory agency to
oversee the training and professionalization of the local police forces under the Office of the
President; later POLCOM was renamed into National Police Commission (NAPOLCOM)

Martial Law Period

PD 765 – otherwise known as the Integration Act of 1975, enacted on August 8, 1975;
established the Integrated National Police (INP) composed of the Philippine Constabulary (PC)
as the nucleus and the Integrated local police forces as components, under the Ministry of
National Defense Transferred the NAPOLCOM from the Office of the President to the Ministry
of National Defense

Post Martial Law Regime

Executive Order No 1040 – transferred the administrative control and supervision of the INP
from the Ministry of National Defense to the National Police Commission

RA 6975 – otherwise known as the Department of the Interior and Local Government Act of
1990, enacted on December 13, 1990; reorganized the DILG and established the Philippine
National Police, Bureau of Fire Protection, Bureau of Jail Management and Penology and the
Philippine Public Safety College. The principal authors of the Republic Act 6975 were Senators
Ernesto Maceda and Aquilino Pimentel, Congressmen Jose Cojuanco Jr. and Rodrigo Gutang.
They moved for the PNP’s creation to professionalize the police force and make it susceptible
to the plight of the general public.

RA 8551 – otherwise as the Philippine National Police Reform and Reorganization Act of
1988, enacted on February 25, 1988; this law amended certain provisions of RA 6975

RA 9708 – law amending the provisions of RA 6975 and RA 8551 on the minimum educational
qualification for appointment to the PNP and adjusting the promotion system; approved on 12
August 2009
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“AN ACT EXTENDING FOR FIVE (5) YERS THE REGLEMENTARY PERIOD FOR
COMPLAYING WITH THE MINUMUM EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION FOR
APPOINTMENT TO THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE (PNP) AND ADJUSTING THE
PROMOTION SYSTEM THEREOF, AMENDING FOR THE PURPOSE PERTINENT
PROVISIONS OF REPULIC ACT NO 6975 AND REPUBLIC ACT NO 8551 AND FOR OTHER
PURPOSES”

Spanish Regime
Police functions during the Spanish Regime consist mainly of the following: (a) the
suppression of brigandage by patrolling unpacified areas; (b) the detection of local or petty
uprisings by spying upon the work and movements of the people; and (c) the enforcement of
tax collection including church revenues.

Carabineros de Seguridad Publica (1712). Armed with carbines, this police body was
organized for the purpose of carrying out the regulations of the department of State. It became
police-like when reorganized and named Cuerpo de SeguridadPublica (Corps of Carrabineros
for Public Security). Its specific duties were watching and guarding the custom houses, rivers,
seacoasts, tobacco warehouses and the prevention of entry of contraband. It developed into a
more special kind of police for land and sea.

The Cuadrilleros (1836). It was a body of police organized in each town during the Spanish
Regime. The Royal Decree which established it provided that five percent of the able-bodied
male inhabitants of each province was to be enlisted in this organization for three years. The
duties consisted of maintaining peace and order in the towns, patrolling, guarding the tribunal
and prison cells, and other odd duties in the town. Each member of the organization in each
town were formed into company. Administered like a military unit, having officers of different
ranks and enlisted men of different grades.

The Guardia Civil (1852). This police institution was created to partially relieve the colonial
army troops of their work in policing the towns. But since those duties were not wholly police in
nature, it did not advance the development of the local police. On the contrary, being a part of
the army in fact, it strengthened the old doctrine of military control in civil affairs. It was very
military in organization and control in the same way that the Philippine Constabulary is built
and administered.

As national police body the Guardia Civil was instrumental in checking highway robbery to a
certain extent. Its utility, however, was impaired for it was misused in apprehending political
offenders, in detecting the enemies of the church, and in framing up cases to compromise
persons who were persona-non-grata to the ruling power or to the henchman of the church
authorities. So, it was hated and feared by all: rightly feared by the outlaws and hated by the
peaceful citizens.

The Revolutionary Government Period

When the Filipinos revolted against the Spanish rule, the Insurrections emerged to
exercise police authority over the areas within their jurisdiction. With their de facto government
they imposed taxation, military conscription and was responsible for the peace and order
situation in general.

PDG CEZAR NAZARENO - Who the first Filipino chief of the Philippine National Police?

IMPORTANT FILIPINO PERSONALITIES IN THE EVOLUTION OF PHILIPPINE POLICING

BRIG GEN RAFAEL CRAME - the first Filipino chief of the Philippine Constabulary in 1917
COL ANTONIO TORRES - the first Filipino chief of police of the Manila Police Department in
1935
COL LAMBERTO JAVALERA - the first chief of police of the Manila Police Department after
the Philippine Independence from the United States of America in 1946
P/DIR GEN CESAR NAZARENO - the first chief of the Philippine National Police
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HIGHLIGHTS OF RA 6975 – THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR AND LOCAL

GOVERNMENT ACT OF 1990, RA 8551 – THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE REFORM
AND REORGANIZATION ACT OF 1998 and RA 9708

THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT (DILG) formerly

Department of Local Government (DLG) reorganized under RA 6975 the PPSC, PNP, BFP
and BJMP were created under RA 6975 headed by the Secretary to be appointed by the
President and who shall serve at the pleasure of the President.

Secretary shall be assisted by two (2) Undersecretaries and three (3) Assistant Secretaries
Undersecretary for Local Government
Undersecretary for Peace and Order
No retired or resigned military officer or police official may be appointed as Secretary within
one (1) year from date of retirement or resignation
Secretary is also the ex officio chairman of the National Police Commission refer to the
organizational chart of DILG

RELATIONSHIP OF THE DILG WITH THE DEPARTMENT OF NATIONAL DEFENSE (DND)

under RA 6975, the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) was in charge with external
security while the DILG was in charge with internal security under RA 8551, the Armed Forces
of the Philippines is now in charge with both internal and external security with the PNP as
support through information gathering and performance of ordinary police functions
NATIONAL POLICE COMMISSION
an agency attached to the DILG for policy coordination shall exercise administrative
control and operational supervision over the PNP

COMPOSITION:
1. consist of a chairperson, four (4) regular Commissioners and the Chief of PNP as ex
officio member
2. shall serve a term of office of six (6) years without reappointment or extension
3. three of the four regular commissioners shall come from civilian sector and not
former members of the police or military
4. the fourth regular commissioner shall come from the law enforcement sector either
active or retired
5. at least one (1) of the four regular commissioners shall be a woman
6. from among the three regular commissioners from the civilian sector, the Vice
Chairperson shall be chosen
7. the Vice Chairperson shall act as the Executive Officer of the Commission

QUALIFICATIONS OF THE REGULAR COMMISSIONERS

1. citizens of the Philippines
2. lawyers with at least five (5) years’ experience in handling criminal or human rights
cases; or
3. holders of a master’s degree in public administration, sociology, criminology, criminal
justice, law enforcement and other related disciplines

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

Commission Proper
Staff Services
Planning and Research
Legal Affairs
Crime Prevention and Coordination
Personnel and Administrative Service
Inspection, Monitoring and Investigation
Installations and Logistics
Financial Service
Disciplinary Appellate Boards
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PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE

-organized pursuant to RA 6975, as amended by RA 8551
-a law enforcement agency under the operational control of the Department of the
Interior and Local Government and administrative supervision of the National Police
Commission
-it is an organization that is national in scope and civilian in character, as provided by
Article XVI, Section 6 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution:
“The state shall establish and maintain one police force which shall be national in
scope and civilian in character…”
-headed by the Chief, PNP, with the rank of Director General, appointed by the
President and who shall serve a term of office of four (4) years

NATIONAL IN SCOPE
-means that the PNP is a nationwide government organization whose jurisdiction
covers the entire breadth of the Philippine archipelago all uniformed and non-uniformed
personnel of the PNP are national government employees

CIVILIAN IN CHARACTER
-means that that the PNP is not a part of the military, although it retains some military
attributes such as discipline.

POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE PNP

1. Enforce all laws and ordinances relative to the protection of lives and properties;
2. Maintain peace and order and take all necessary steps to ensure public safety;
3. Investigate and prevent crimes, effect the arrest of criminal offenders, bring
offenders to justice and assist in their prosecution;
4. Exercise the general powers to make arrest, search and seizure in accordance with
the Constitution and pertinent laws;
5. Detain an arrested person for a period not beyond what is prescribed by law,
informing the person so detained of all his rights under the Constitution;
6. Issue licenses for the possession of firearms and explosives in accordance with law;
Supervise and control the training and operations of security agencies and issue licenses to
operate security agencies and to security guards and private detectives, for the purpose of
their professions.

MODULE 2 - POLICE PATROL OPERATIONS

POLICE PATROL OPERATION

ORIGIN OF THE WORD
POLITEIA = Greek word, origin of the word “POLICE”.
= The Romans changed it to POLITIA and the French to POLICE and applied it to those
persons who actually enforce the law.

PATROUILLER = origin of the word “PATROL”, meaning rough by, to travel on foot.

PART I

POLICE PATROL OPERATION

OVERVIEW OF PATROL
Patrol is the only unit working round the clock.
Patrol is the working horse of the Police Department.
Patrol is the Backbone of Police Department.
Patrol is the Operational Heart of Police Organization in crime prevention.
Patrol is the Show Window of Police Department
Patrol is the center or focal point of all police activities.
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Patrol is very vital to police organization because society cannot exist without people
who will help maintain law and order.

BRIEF HISTORY OF PATROL

The history of patrol is as old as organized society. Men have always needed
protection, first from animals, and then his own kind. His first attempt is to protect himself and
his family which involves barricading the entrance to his cave.
The word police originated from the Greek word “Politeia” meaning government of the
city. It is applied to civil officers necessarily policemen. The Romans changed it slightly to
“Politia” The France changed it to Police and applied it to those persons who actually enforce
the law.

DEFINITION OF PATROL
The essence of police function
Backbone of the police department
Refers to the regular tour by a guard in a place to maintain order
Persons to carry out tour of certain place to provide protection

PATROL
P – olicemen
A – ssigned
T–o
R – estored
O – order In the
L - ocality

Patrol as the Backbone of The Police Department

This statement is often made that the Patrol Division is the "backbone of the police
department and this statement is very true for the following reason:

It is the only division that cannot be eliminated.

Almost all police function had been vested to the patrol division
The patrol division is often the only one to work on a twenty-four-hour basis

FUNDAMENTAL OBJECTIVES OF POLICE PATROL

Preventive Enforcement
Preventive enforcement falls under the heading of protection, and involves the
prevention of crime through the noticeable presence of police vehicles and personnel. Sir
Robert Peel first presented preventive enforcement as a criminological philosophy. And this
had been regarded as the soundest of all criminological theories. It is much easier to patch a
crack in the dike than to repair the wall after it has broken. An ounce of prevention being worth
a pound of cure.

Selective Enforcement
Even though our present patrol division is extremely mobile, it cannot completely cover
all of the area or beat assigned to its patrol units. The only logical solution to the problem is
selective enforcement. In other words, go to either where the trouble is, or where the trouble
likely to occur.
Selective enforcement has proven to be a very effective technique in the patrol
procedure. If a certain area is subject to a high crime rate, the patrol cars spend a greater part
of their patrolling time in that area.

Traffic Enforcement
Large police departments have traffic divisions, but the majorities of the departments
are small, and have only patrol division to handle traffic enforcement.
Traffic enforcement is strongly dependent upon personal contact between the patrol
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officers and the violators. There is much argument about the effectiveness of giving verbal
warning versus the issuing of citations, and there are good points to both sides of the
arguments, but department policy has always the last word. The important thing is that the
violator is stopped and the violation is brought to his attention.

Emergency call for Service

One of the duties and purposes of patrol is the handling of emergency calls for service.
The police vehicle had been equipped as an emergency vehicle, and special laws had been
passed exempting the police officer from the normal rules of the road when responding to an
emergency.

Routine Call for Service

Routine call account for the majority of services provided by the patrol division.
Because of this, officers have to guard against becoming callused and indifferent to calls of
this nature.

PATROL THEORIES
Theory of Police Omnipresence
 high police visibility, discourage criminals, this theory applies the principle of overt
operation.
 Low profile theory Low police visibility increase the opportunity to apprehend criminals,
this theory applies the principle of covert operation.

PATROL METHODS

Foot Patrol
Is restricted to small areas and used to deal with special situations while maintaining
radio contact with officers in patrol cars.

 fixed position
 Beat-smallest area

TYPES OF FOOT PATROL

Fixed post patrol

- Is usually for traffic, surveillance, parades, and special events.

Mobile foot patrol

There is considerable foot movement such as patrolling business and shopping
centers, high crime areas, and places where there are many multiple family dwellings

Automobile Patrol
Patrol car is the most extensively used and the most effective means of transportation
for police on patrol.
Has the greatest mobility and flexibility.
Most experts on patrol operation agreed that it is the most cost-effective method of
patrol.

Bicycle Patrol
Bicycle patrol has long been a part of the patrol services of most countries throughout
the world since the bicycle was first developed. First is economical. Secondly it is quiet and
can be used to patrol an area without alerting the criminals. With the development of the small
compact transistor radio, the bicycle can be radio equipped.

Horse Patrol
Next to walking patrol, the horse patrol is one of the oldest types of patrol The following
are some of the more common uses of the Horse patrol:
 Park Patrol
 Beach Patrol
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 Posse and Search

 Parade and Crowd Control

Dogs/K-9 Patrol
"Police Dogs should never be used to replace police officers. They are supplementary
forces that can aid the officer in better performing his duty.

A single K-9 team was able to complete building searches seven times faster than four
officers working together were to search the same building

And while the dog team found the hidden suspects 93 percent of the time, the human
officers found (hidden suspects) only 53 percent.

A dog is capable of recognizing an odor 10 million times better than a human can.

Air Patrol
Advantages of Helicopter Patrol
Improves response time to emergency calls for service.
Increase prevention of crime.
Improved efficiency of regular patrol units through air borne information
Increase ability in conducting roof searches for suspected felons
Easier location of both lost and escaped persons
A better system of floodlighting areas at night
Information can be broadcast to large areas through airborne loudspeakers

Boat patrol
Since man has usually founded and built his cities next to some river or body of water,
it is conceivable that the use of boats in the enforcement of the law has been a type of patrol
since the dawn of history. The recorded history of our earliest civilization indicates the use of
tariffs. Where there are tariffs there is smuggling, and the control of smuggling in any
community near water necessitates the use of water patrol.

Motorcycle Patrol
The use of the motorcycle as a means of police transportation is almost as old as that
of the automobile

Although the use of motorcycles has lost ground to the used of patrol cars in recent
years, their need of congested traffic will insure their continued use as a form of police patrol.
The two wheeled motorcycle is quite adaptable to traffic enforcement, parades, and escort
duty. It has the disadvantages of being used only, of causing a greater number of accidents
which are usually quite serious.

Strategic Objectives:
High visibility police presence
Feeling of security for law abiding
Feeling of fear for would be criminal
Feeling of confidence for the public that police are constantly available

The Traditional Foot Patrol Pattern

 Clockwise Patrol Pattern
 Short beats well for foot patrol.
 Rectangular/square size of beat.
 Counter-clockwise Patrol Pattern
 The reverse of clockwise pattern with the same characteristic of an area to be
patrolled.

Zigzag of Free-Wheeling Patrol Pattern

Done by patrolling the streets within the perimeter of the beat not at random but with
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definite target location where he knows his presence is necessary.

Straightway and Criss-cross Patrol Pattern

Hazard oriented patrol.

Team Policing: Cause and Effects

 Reduce the crime rate and increase crime
 Increase the community participation in crime clearance control 3: Reduce public fear
on crime
 Improve police community relation
 Increase police morale and their line of job satisfaction
 Facilitate career development

Core Components of Cops

There are three Core Components of COPS.
 Full-Service Policing
 Problem Solving
 Community Partnership

Elements of Cops
To complete and consolidate our grasp with COPS, the nine elements of COPS shall
be enumerated and concisely explained. They are also known as the nine P's, as all the
elements start with letter P.
Philosophy Personalized Patrols
Permanent Place Pro-active
Policing Problem-Solving Partnership

MODULE 3 - OPERATIONS OF LAW ENFORCEMENT ORGANIZATION

FIELD OPERATIONS

Patrol - The patrol force shall accomplish the primary responsibility of safeguarding the
community.

Investigation - The basic purpose of the investigation division unit shall be to investigate
certain designated crimes and clear them by the recovery of stolen property and the arrest and
conviction of the perpetrators.

Traffic Patrol - Police control of streets ort highways, vehicles, and people shall facilitate the
safe and rapid movement of ball vehicles and pedestrians.

Vice Control-it shall be the determinant of the PNP in the control of vices to treat vice
offenses as they shall do to any violation, and exert efforts to eliminate them, as there attempt
to eliminate robbery, theft, and public disturbance.

Juvenile Delinquency Control effective crime control necessitates preventing the

development of individuals as criminals.

SAMPLE OF POLICE PLANS and the PNP

Programs and Strategies

The acronym SMART describing the characteristics of a Plan:

S-IMPLE
M-EASURABLE
A-TTAINABLE
R-EALISTIC
T-IME BOUND
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STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES (SOPs)

The following are Police Security Service Package of the PNP with the following standard
operating procedures and guidelines:

SOP #01 – POLICE BEAT PATROL PROCEDURES – This SOP prescribes the basic
procedures to be observed by all PNP Units and mobile patrol elements in the conduct of
visibility patrols.

SOP #02 – BANTAY KALYE – This SOP prescribes the deployment of 85% of the PNP in the
field to increase police visibility and intensifies anti-crime campaign nationwide.

SOP #03 – SIYASAT – this SOP prescribes the guidelines in the conduct of inspections to
ensure police visibility.

SOP #05 – LIGTAS (ANTI-KIDNAPPING) – with the creation of the Presidential Anti-
organization Crime Task Force (PAOCTF), the PNP is now in support role in campaign against
kidnapping in terms of personal requirements. SOP #05 sets forth the PNP’s guidelines in its
fight against kidnapping activities.

SOP #06 – ANTI-CARNAPPING – This SOP prescribes the conduct of an all-out and
sustained anti car napping campaign to stop/minimize car napping activities, neutralize
syndicated car napping groups, identify/prosecute government personnel involved in car
napping activities, and to effectively address other criminal activities related to car napping.

SOP #07 – ANTI-TERRORISM –this prescribes the operational guidelines in the conduct of
operations against terrorists and other lawless elements involved in terrorist activities.

SOP #08 – JOINT ANTI-BANK ROBBERRY ACTION COMMITTEE (ANTI-BANK ROBBERY)

– this SOP
provides overall planning, integration, orchestration or coordination, and monitoring of all
efforts to ensure the successful implementation.

SOP #09 – ANTI-HIJAKING/HIGHWAY ROBBERY – this SOP sets forth the guidelines and
concepts of operations to be observed in the conduct of anti-highway robbery/hold-up/hijacking
operations.

SOP #10 – PAGLALANSAG/PAGAAYOS-HOPE – this SOP sets forth the concepts of

operations and tasks of all concerned units in the campaign against Partisan Armed Groups
and loose fire.

SOP #11 – MANHUNT BRAVO (NEUTRALIZATION OF WANTED PERSONS) – this SOP

sets forth the
objectives and concept of operation tasks of all concerned units in the neutralization of wanted
persons.

SOP #12 – ANTI-ILLEGAL GAMBLING – this SOP sets forth the operational thrusts to be
undertaken by the PNP that will spearhead the fight against all forms of illegal gambling
nationwide

SOP #13 – ANTI-SQUATTING – this SOP sets forth the concept of operation in the campaign
against professional squatters and squatting syndicates.

SOP #14 – JERICHO – This SOP prescribes the operational guidelines to be undertaken by
the National Headquarter (NHQ) of PNP in the establishment of a quick reaction group that
can be detailed with the office of the Secretary of Interior and Local Government (SILG), with
personnel and equipment requires of that reaction group supported by the PNP.

SOP #15 – NENA (ANTI-PROSTITUTION/VAGRANCY) – This SOP sets forth the operational
thrusts to be undertaken by the PNP that will spearheaded the fight against prostitution and
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vagrancy.

SOP #16 – ANTI-PORNOGRAPHY – This prescribes the guidelines to be followed by the

tasked PNP Units/Offices in enforcing the ban on pornographic pictures, videos and
magazines.

SOP #17 – GUIDELINES IN THE CONDUCT OF ARREST SEARCH, AND SEIZURE – This
SOP prescribes the
procedures and manner of conducting an arrest, raid, search and/or search of person, search
of any premises and the seizure of properties pursuant to the 1987 Philippine Constitution,
Rules of Court, as amended and updated decision of the Supreme Court.

SOP #18 – SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF SANDIGAN MASTER PLAN

SOP #19 – ANTI-ILLEGAL LOGGING

SOP #20 – ANTI-ILLEGAL FISHING

SOP #21 – ANTI-ILLEGAL DRUGS

The twelve (12) operational support units and their respective functions
The twelve (12) operational support units and their respective functions are as follows:

Maritime Group (MG). This group is responsible to perform all police functions over Philippine
Territorial waters, lakes, and rivers along coastal areas to include ports and harbors and small
islands for the security and the sustainability development of the maritime environment.

Intelligence Group (IG). This group serves as the intelligence and counter-intelligence
operating unit of the PNP.

Police Security and Protection Group (PSPG). This group provides security to government vital
installations, government officials, visiting dignitaries and private individuals authorized to be
given protection.

Criminal Investigation and Detection Group (CIDG). This group monitors, investigates,
prosecutes all crimes involving economic sabotage, and other crimes of such magnitude and
extent as to indicate their commission by highly placed or professional criminal syndicates and
organizations. It also conducts organized- crime –control, all major cases involving violations
of the revised penal Code, violators of SPECIAL LAWS assigned to them such as Anti-
hijacking, Anti-Carnapping and Cybercrimes among others and atrocities committed by
Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP)/New People’s Army (NPA)/National Democratic
Front (NDF).

Special Action Force (SAF). This group is a mobile strike force or a reaction unit to augment
regional, provincial, municipal and city police force for civil disturbance control, internal security
operations, hostage-taking rescue operations, search and rescue in times of natural
calamities, disasters and national emergencies and other special police operations such as
ant-hijacking, anti-terrorism, explosives and ordnance disposal. On a special note, the PNP Air
Unit is placed under the supervision of SAF.

Aviation Security Group (AVEGROUP). This group provides security to all airports throughout
the country.

Highway Patrol Group (HPG). This group enforces the traffic laws and regulations, promote
safety along the highways, enhances traffic safety consciousness through inter- agency
cooperation concerning Police Traffic Safety Engineering, Traffic Safety Education and Traffic
Law enforcement functions and develops reforms in the crime prevention aspect against all
forms of lawlessness committed along National Highway involving the use of motor vehicles.
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Police-Community Relations Group (PCRG). This group undertakes and orchestrates Police
Community Relations program and activities in partnership with concerned government
agencies, the community, and volunteer organizations in order to prevent crime and attain a
safe and peaceful environment.

Civil Security Group (CSG). This group regulates business operations and activities of all
organized private detectives, watchmen, security guards/agencies and company guard forces.
It also supervises the licensing and registration of firearms and explosives.

Crime Laboratory (CL). This group provides scientific and technical, investigative aide and
support to the PNP and other investigative agencies. It also provides crime laboratory
examination, evaluation and identification of physical evidence gathered at the crime scene
with primary emphasis on medical, biological and physical nature.

PNP Anti-Kidnapping Group (PNP-AKG). This Group serves as the primary unit of the PNP in
addressing kidnapping menace in the country and in handling hostage situations. And

PNP Anti-Cybercrime Group (PNP- ACG). This Group is responsible for the implementation of
pertinent laws on cybercrimes and anti-cybercrime campaigns of the PNP.

MODULE 4 - MAKING PLANS IN OPERATIONS OF LAW ENFORCEMENT

ORGANIZATIONS

What is a Plan?
A plan is an organize schedule or sequence by methodical activities intended to attain
a goal and objectives for the accomplishment of mission or assignment.
It is a method or way of doing something in order to attain objectives.

What is Planning?
Hudzik and Cordner defined planning as “thinking about the future, thinking about what
we want the future would be, and thinking about what we need to do now to achieve it.”

Planning is a management function concerned with:

 visualizing future situations
 making estimates concerning them
 identifying issues, needs and potential danger points
 analyzing and evaluating the alternative ways and means for reaching desired goals

What is a Police Planning?

It is the systematic and orderly determination of facts and events as basis for policy
formulation and decision affecting law enforcement management.

What is Police Operational Planning?

It is the preparation and development of procedures and techniques in accomplishing
of each of the primary tasks and functions of an organization.

It is the process of formulating coordinated sequence of methodical activities and

allocation of resources to the line units of the police organization for the attainment of the
mandated objectives or goals

Objectives are a specific commitment to achieve a measurable result within a specific

period of time.

Goals are broad statements of general and long-term organizational purposes

The process of police operational planning involves strategies or tactics, procedures,

policies or guidelines
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Strategies-a broad design or method; or a plan to attain a stated goal or objectives.

Tactics - are specific design, method or course of action to attain a particular objective in
consonance with strategy.

Procedures - are sequences of activities to reach a point or to attain what is desired.

Policies - a product of prudence or wisdom in the management of human affairs THE

GUIDELINES IN OPERATIONAL PLANNING

What are the guidelines in Planning?

The five (5) W’s and one (1) H:

1.What to do – mission/objective
2.Why to do – reason/philosophy
3.When to do – date/time
4.Where to do – place
5.Who will do – people involve
6.How to do – strategy

What are the responsibilities in Planning?

Broad External Policy Planning – is the responsibility of the legislative branch of the
government. The main concern of the police in this broad external policy planning is assisting
the legislature in their determining of police guideline through the passage of appropriate laws
or ordinances for the police to enforce.

Internal Policy Planning – is the responsibility of the C/PNP and other chiefs of the different
units or headquarters within their area of jurisdiction to achieve the objectives or mission of the
police organization. They are responsible for planning, organizing, staffing, directing,
coordinating, controlling, reporting and budgeting for the police organization within existing
policies and available resources. For maximum police effectiveness, they shall be responsible
for the technical operation of the police organization and management of its personnel.

TYPES OF PLANS in General

Reactive Plans are developed as a result of crisis. A particular problem may occur for which
the department has no plan and must quickly develop one, sometimes without careful
preparation.

Proactive Plans are developed in anticipation of problems. Although not all police problems are
predictable, many are, and it is possible for a police department to prepare a response in
advance.

Visionary Plans are essential statements that identify the role of the police in the community
and the future condition or state to which the department can aspire.

Strategic Plans are designed to meet the long-range, overall goals of the organization. Such
plans allow the department to adapt anticipated changes or develop a new philosophy or
model of policing (e.g. community policing).

Operational Plans are designed to meet the specific tasks requires to implement strategic
plans.

Factors affecting
Police Planning and types of Plans in General

Factors affecting Police Planning

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Condition – a consideration of political atmosphere, public opinion; ideological aspirations;

peace and order; national/community ethics, behavior and discipline in the area where the plan
will be implemented.

Time – It is the period available to establish plan before putting it into effort. Consider the time
of execution/implementation, the time interval and time allowed for the revisions and
modifications of plan.

Resources Available – Allocation of manpower, money and materials

Skills and Attitudes of Management – Refers to the level of experiences of the personnel
who are involved in the preparation of the plan and those who will execute the plan.
Applicability of good management principles shall be exploited.

Social and Political Environment – Refers to social and political practices, which will be
affected by the plan or plan affecting these practices, beliefs and norms of society.

Physical Facilities – Refers to machinery, instrument or tools in the attainment of the goals of
the plan. A certain system or structural designs in order to meet expected results.

Collection and Analysis of Data – Ready sources and basis of good decision-making by the
makers of the plan may be properly obtain through research and other means of information
gathering techniques.

MODULE 5 -INVESTIGATION

CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION

Crime = is the commission of an act which is prohibited or the omission of an act
required by the penal/criminal law of an organize state.

Criminal Investigation = It is an art which deals with the identity and location of
suspect and provides evidence of his/her guilt, in a criminal proceeding.

Investigator = the person in charge of carrying out the objectives of investigation.

Probe = a formal inquiry initiated by government agency in order to discover truth

concerning certain issue.

Prober = one who is in charge of conducting probe.

Purpose of Investigation

 To establish that, in fact, a crime was committed;

 To identify the law violator/suspect;
 To locate, trace and apprehend the suspect/perpetrator;
 To assist in the prosecution of the accused person /provide evidence of his guilt.

Primary Job of an Investigator

The primary job of the investigator is to discover whether or not an offense has been
committed under the law, after determining what specific offense has been committed, he must
discover how it was committed, by whom, where it was committed, when and why it was
committed (Cardinal points of Investigation 5W’s and lH).

Cardinal points of investigation:

 What –specific offense has been committed? (nature of crime)

 Where – crime was committed? (place, location/venue)
 When – crime was committed? (time and date)
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 Who - committed it? (person/s involved particularly the suspect)

 Why – it was committed? (Reason or motive of committing the crime)
 How – it was committed? (Manner/method or modus operandi)

QUALITIES OF GOOD INVESTIGATOR

What are the qualities of a good investigator?

 Perseverance
 Intelligence
 Honest, incorruptible & with personal integrity.
 Understanding of the people and environment
 Keen power of observation
 Resourceful and quick witted.

The National Forensic Science Training Institute (NFSTI) – under the PPSC, is an institution
that trains uniformed personnel of the PNP to become a certified investigator.

TOOLS OF INVESTIGATION or “3 I”s

(Information, Interview/interrogation, and Instrumentation or Criminalistics)

INFORMATION (RCG)
It is the knowledge/data which an investigator acquired from records and persons.
Regular source is acquired from open sources, records, files, cultivated source are information
furnished by informants/informers, Grapevine source are information given by the underworld
characters such as prisoners or criminals.

INTERVIEW/INTERROGATION
It’s a conversation with a purpose, motivated by a desire to obtain certain information
from the person being interviewed as to what was done, Seen, felt, heard, tasted, smell or
known.
This is the questioning of a person believed to possess knowledge that is in official
interest to the investigator.
Questioning maybe done in a simple approach or in a forceful or rigid one.

INSTRUMENTATION
It is the utilization of the various fields of criminalistics for purposes of examination and
identification of physical evidence.

Homicide Investigation
Is the official inquiry made by the police on the facts and circumstances surrounding
the death of the person which is expected to be criminal or unlawful

Crimes Against Person

Art 246 .Parricide
Art 247. Death/Serious Phy.Inj. Under Except. Cir. Art 248. Murder
Art 249. Homicide
Art 255. Infanticide
Art 256 Intentional Abortion Art 257. Unintentional Abortion
Art 258. Abortion practice by woman herself or her parents
Art . 259 Abortion practice by physician or mid-wife and dispensing of Abortives. Art
260 - 261. Duel
Art 266-A Rape

Primary job of the Investigator

 To discover whether an offense has been committed under the law. To discover how it
was committed.
 Who committed it and by whom it was committed.
 When it was committed
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 And under certain circumstances why it was committed.

It speaks of the basic Cardinals of Investigation (5W and 1H).

Module 6 – CHECKPOINT

CHECKPOINT - is a place where the police check vehicular/pedestrian traffic in order to

enforce circulation control measure and other laws, orders, and regulations.

How do you conduct a checkpoint?

Unit Commanders should inform Higher Headquarters (HHQs) Tactical Operations
Center (TOC) and coordinate with adjacent units, such as, MPS, CPS, NSUs, Public Safety
Management Forces and other friendly forces, personally or through an official representative,
before commencing with the checkpoint to avoid miss encounter and any untoward incident.
The Team Leader shall brief the PNP personnel, as well as the civilian components
present, including the media regarding the proper conduct of the checkpoint and their assigned
tasks prior to their deployment.

The Team Leader shall initially account for the PNP personnel and check if they are in
the prescribed uniform. PNP personnel conducting the checkpoint shall display their
nameplates at all times.

The Spotter of the team will be pre-positioned in a place where he can best point/profile
suspected vehicles prior to their approach to the checkpoint.

Search/Arresting Sub-Team shall flag down suspected vehicles and conduct search,
seizure and arrest if necessary.

Arrested persons and seized items shall be turned-over to the investigation sub-team
for documentation and proper disposition

In the event that the checkpoint is ignored, and the occupant of the vehicle open fire on
the personnel manning the checkpoint, reasonable force to overcome the suspects’
aggression may be employed.
Inform Higher Headquarters before terminating the conduct of Checkpoint.

•The Team Leader shall conduct debriefing of personnel after termination of the Checkpoint.•

Unit Commander shall submit After Activity Report to Higher Headquarters.

What is the purpose of checkpoint?

Checkpoints are established to enforce circulation control measure, laws, orders and
regulations, and when there is a need to arrest a criminal or fugitive from justice.

What are the limitations in the conduct of search in the checkpoint? May search
be conducted by law enforcers without search warrant?
As a general rule, No. The Constitutional proscribes against warrantless searches and
seizures, however, it admits certain exceptions, such as:
1) warrantless searches incidental to a lawful arrest;
2) seizures of evidence in plain view;
3) searches of a moving vehicle;
4) consented warrantless searches;
5) customs searches;
6) stop and frisk searches; and
7) searches under exigent and emergency.

Can you compel the driver/passenger to get out from vehicle during checkpoint
inquiry?
In a checkpoint inquiry, the occupants cannot be compelled to step out of the vehicle.
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Can you compel the driver/occupant to open the door’s vehicle?

The search which is normally permissible is limited to visual search where the officer
simply looks into the vehicle and flashes a light therein without opening the car’s door.

Can you bodily search the driver/occupant?

The search which is normally permissible is limited to an instance where the occupants
are not subjected to a physical or body search

Can you compel the driver/occupant to open the vehicle’s trunk/compartment?

The personnel manning the checkpoint cannot compel the motorist to open the trunk or
glove compartment of the car or any package contained therein. Such extensive search
requires the existence of probable cause.

May the rights against unreasonable searches and seizures be waived?

Yes. The constitutional immunity against unreasonable searches and seizures is a

personal right which may be waived. Affirmative acts of volition without being forced or
intimidated to do so, shall properly be construed as a clear waiver of right.
When are extensive searches in checkpoint allowed?

Although the general rule is that motorists and their vehicles may be subjected to a
routine inspection or visual search, vehicles may be stopped and extensively searched when
there is probable cause which justifies a reasonable belief of the men at the checkpoints that
either the motorist is a law offender or the contents of vehicle are or have been instruments of
some offense.

What are the categories of police organization operations?

1.Public safety Operations
2.Law Enforcement Operations
3.Internal Security Operations
4.Special Police Operations
5.Intelligence Operations
6.Investigation Operations

Module 7 - CRIME MAPPING

What are the three main function of crime mapping?

Crime mapping serves three main functions within crime analysis:

It facilitates visual and statistical analyses of the spatial nature of crime and other types of
events.
It allows analysts to link unlike data sources together based off common geographic variables
(e.g., linking census information, school information, and crime data for a common area).
It provides maps that help to communicate analysis results.

In tactical crime analysis, crime mapping is used to identify immediate pattern for crimes such
as residential and commercial burglary, auto theft, and theft from vehicles. For example,
spatial analysis of auto theft incidents may reveal clusters of activity at specific locations that
might indicate a crime pattern.

In strategic crime analysis, crime mapping is utilized in long-term applications to analyze the
relationship between criminal activity and indicators of disorder, such as a high volume of
vacant property or disorder calls for service; to assist in geographic and temporal allocation of
resources, such as patrol officer a scheduling and determination of patrol areas; to examine
patterns of crime at or around specific locations, such as schools, bars, or drug treatment
centers; to calculate crime rate information, such as numbers of residential burglaries per
household, and to incorporate crime data with qualitative geographic information, such as
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information on teenage hangouts, student pathways to school, or drug and prostitution market

In administrative crime analysis, crime mapping is a valuable tool used by police, researchers,
and media organizations to convey criminal activity information to the public. Web sites
operated by police departments and news organization routinely post maps that depict areas
of crime, along with corresponding tables and definitions. For example, a police agency can
reduce citizen requests for neighborhood crime information by placing monthly or weekly crime
maps on a Web site that members of the public can access using computers in their homes or
at the local library.

HERE ARE SOME OF THE BEST CRIME MAPS

LexisNexis Community Crime Map
Neighborhood Scout.
Area Vibes.
Spot Crime.
Family Watchdog.

LexisNexis Community Crime Map is a free tool that gives users instant access to the latest
crime reports and data from local law enforcement agencies. With it, you can search a
convenient map of police reports, and filter the results based on location, date range, and the
type of offense. You can also sign up for free crime alerts and use the site to anonymously
report tips to police.

Neighborhood Stout This website helps user easily compare crime data for different
neighborhoods and measure the crime rates in your neighborhood against similar areas in
other cities and states. Users have the option of looking at the overall crime rate or viewing the
specific rates of violent crime and property crime.

Area Vibes, if you aren't interested in paying a subscription fee, Area Vibes may be a good,
free. Neighborhood Scout alternative. The website analyzes various aspects of different cities
and neighborhoods, including crime rates, the weather, school ratings, amenities, and the local
housing market.

Spot Crime is an app and website that pulls data from police reports, local news, and user
reports to create neighborhood specific crime lists and maps. Spot Crime shows incidents of
theft, shooting, burglary, assault, and arrest. Because it is an aggregate of local data, it offers
a real-time look at crime in any specific area, including suspicious activity that gets reported by
users.

Family Watching his site is a tool for those who are concerned about their proximity to
registered sex offenders. By entering your address, you can view a map that shows the name,
photo, and address of nearby sex offenders, as well as color coded markers that indicate the
type of crime they committed.

IS CRIME MAPPING ACCURATE?

data is extracted on a regular basis from each department's records system so that the
information being viewed through a Web browser is the most current available. This data is
always verified for accuracy and all address information is generalized by block in order to help
ensure privacy is protected.

HOW DO I CHECK IF AN AREA IS SAFE?

Here are the ways to know if a potential neighborhood is safe.

Crime Reports. This map-based site shows you up-to-date data on crimes that have recently
occurred in your area. Area Vibes. Area Vibes provides a livability score for your ZIP code
which ranks your area on 7 factors that include housing, amenities, education and crime.

WHAT IS CRIME MAPPING?

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Crime mapping
• is a term used in policing to refer to the process of conducting spatial analysis within
crime analysis.

• process of using a geographic information system to conduct spatial analysis of crime

problems and other police-related issues.
• Mapping criminal incidents and other types of police data through Geographic
Information Systems (GIS) programs has proven to be an effective tool in analyzing and
preventing crime and allocating law enforcement resources more efficiently.

CRIME MAPPING SERVES THREE MAIN FUNCTIONS WITHIN CRIME ANALYSIS

1. It facilitates visual and statistical analyses of the spatial nature of crime and other types
of events.
2. It allows analysts to link unlike data sources together
based on common geographic variables
(e.g., linking census information, school information, and crime data for a common area).
3. It provides maps that help to communicate analysis results.

WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF CRIME MAPPING?

• Crime mapping is very important tool in managing and controlling crime in an area.

• Investigators are able to understand.

▪ the crime patterns and trend it also help in
▪ resource allocation and in geographic profiling of criminals and suspicious locations.

HISTORY OF CRIME MAPPING

1829 In France -Adriano Balbi and Andre-Michel Guerry created the first maps of crime.

Lambert-Adolphe Quetelet (1831 and 1832)-Belgian astronomer and statistician, he

independently published three maps dealing with the same themes but spreading across
larger areas.
he stated, "The greater the number of individuals observed, the more do individual
peculiarities, whether physical or moral, become.

Robert Park (1920s and 1930s)-looked to characteristics of the urban environment to explain
the crime problem in American cities.

Frederic Thrasher (1927)-He found that gangs were concentrated in areas of the city where
social control was weak and social disorganization pervasive.

CRIME MAPPING & PUBLIC SAFETY SOFTWARE

Maptitude
- essential tool for all types of crime and law enforcement mapping applications.
- It gives a low-cost way to visualize crime data,
- make informed decisions and
- evaluate law enforcement programs

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)

- a powerful software tool
- allows the user to create any kind of geographic representation, from a simple point
map to a three-dimensional visualization of spatial or temporal data.

THREE TYPES OF CRIME ANALYSIS

1. tactical crime analysis
2. strategic crime analysis
3. administrative crime analysis
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TACTICAL CRIME ANALYSIS

- crime mapping is used to identify immediate patterns for crimes.
- such as residential and commercial burglary, auto theft, and theft from vehicles.

For example, spatial analysis of auto theft incidents may reveal clusters of activity at specific
locations that might indicate a crime pattern.

STRATEGIC CRIME ANALYSIS

Crime mapping is utilized in long-term applications to analyze the relationship between
criminal activity and indicators of disorder, such as a high volume of vacant property or
disorder calls for service;

• To assist in geographic and temporal allocation of resources: such as patrol officer

scheduling and determination of patrol areas;
• To examine patterns of crime at or around specific locations, such as schools, bars, or
drug treatment centers;
• To calculate crime rate information, such as numbers of residential burglaries per
household;
• To incorporate crime data with qualitative geographic information, such as information
on teenage hangouts, student pathways to school, or drug and prostitution markets.

ADMINISTRATIVE CRIME ANALYSIS

• A valuable tool used by police, researchers, and media organizations
• to convey criminal activity information to the public.
• Web sites operated by police departments and news organization routinely post maps
that depict areas of crime, along with corresponding tables and definitions.

For example,
A police agency can reduce citizen requests for neighborhood crime information by placing
monthly or weekly crime maps on a Web site that members of the public can access using
computers in their homes or at the local library

GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES

POLYGON FEATURE
• Is a geographic area represented on a map by a multisided figure with a closed set of
lines.

• Polygons can represent areas as large as continents or as small as buildings;

IMAGE FEATURES
• An image feature on a GIS-generated map is a vertical photograph taken from a
satellite or an airplane that is digitized and placed within the appropriate coordinates.

• Such photos, which may appear in black and white or color, show the details of streets,
buildings, parking lots, and environmental features (landscaping).

TYPES OF CRIME MAPPING

1. Single-Symbol Mapping
2. Buffers
3. Chart mapping
a. PIE CHART MAPPING
b. Bar Chart mapping Interactive crime mapping

SINGLE-SYMBOL MAPPING
• In single-symbol maps, individual, uniform symbols represent features such as the
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locations of stores, roads, or states.

• single-symbol maps is that a GIS places all points on such a map that share the same
address directly on top of one another
• making it impossible for the map to show how many points there really are.

BUFFERS
• A buffer is a specified area around a feature on a map.
• Buffers can be set at small distances, such as 50 feet, or larger distances, such as 500
miles, depending on the purpose and scale of the map.
• Buffers help in crime analysis by illustrating the relative distances between features on
a map.

CHART MAPPING
allows the crime analyst to display several values within a particular variable at the same time .

(e.g., variable = crime, values = robbery, assault, and rape).

There are two types of chart mapping:

1. pie
2. bar

PIE CHART MAPPING

the relative percentages (represented by slices of a pie) of values within a variable are
displayed.

BAR CHART MAPPING,

the relative frequencies (represented by bars) of values within variables are displayed.

INTERACTIVE CRIME MAPPING

• refers to simplified geographic information systems made available to novice users
over the Internet.
• Many police departments have interactive Web sites where citizens and police officers
can conduct basic crime mapping themselves.

IMPORTANT FORMULAS IN CRIME MAPPING

Crime Rate

CR=CV x 100,000 TP

CV-Crime Volume TP- Total Population

Crime Volume

CV = Index Crimes + Non Index Crimes = Clearance rate

Index Rate / Cleared Rate = x 100 = Clearance Rate

Crime Trend

Current Crime Trend – Previous CT = / Previous CT= x100 = CRIME TREND

Crime Solution Efficiency

CSE= Solve Case x 100 Crime Volume