CHAPTER 3

KINETICS OF A PARTICLE:
WORK AND ENERGY

MOHAMAD HAFIZ BIN HARUN

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CHAPTER OUTLINE

The Work of a Force

Principle of Work and Energy
Principle of Work and Energy for a System of
Particles
Power and Efficiency
Conservative Forces and Potential Energy
Conservation of Energy

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INTRODUCTION
• Previously, problems dealing with the motion of particles
 were

solved through the fundamental equation of motion, F  ma.
Current chapter introduces two additional methods of analysis.

• Method of work and energy: directly relates force, mass,

velocity and displacement.

• Method of impulse and momentum: directly relates force,

mass, velocity, and time.

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WORK OF A FORCE

• Differential vector dr is the particle displacement.

• Work of the force is

 
dU  F  dr
 F ds cos 
 Fx dx  Fy dy  Fz dz

• Work is a scalar quantity, i.e., it has magnitude and

sign but not direction.

• Dimensions of work are length  force. Units are

1 J  joule   1 N 1 m  1ft  lb  1.356 J

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WORK OF A FORCE
• Work of a force during a finite displacement,
A2 

U12   F  d r
A1
s2 s2
  F cos ds   Ft ds
s1 s1
A2
  Fx dx  Fy dy  Fz dz 
A1

• Work is represented by the area under the

curve of Ft plotted against s.

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WORK OF A FORCE
• Work of a constant force in rectilinear motion,
U12  F cos  x

• Work of the force of gravity,

dU  Fx dx  Fy dy  Fz dz
 W dy
y2
U12    W dy
y1
 W  y 2  y1   W y

• Work of the weight is equal to product of

weight W and vertical displacement y.

• Work of the weight is positive when y < 0,

i.e., when the weight moves down. 13 -
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• Magnitude of the force exerted by a spring is
proportional to deflection,
F  kx
k  spring constant N/m or lb/in.
• Work of the force exerted by spring,
dU   F dx  kx dx
x2
U12    kx dx  12 kx12  12 kx22
x1

• Work of the force exerted by spring is positive

when x2 < x1, i.e., when the spring is returning to
its undeformed position.

• Work of the force exerted by the spring is equal to

negative of area under curve of F plotted against x,
U12   12 F1  F2  x 13 -
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 CONSERVATIVE FORCES

A force F acting on a particle is said to be conservative if its work is

independent of the path followed by the particle A as it moves from A1 to13A-2.
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WORK OF A FORCE

Forces which do not do work (ds = 0 or cos   0:

• reaction at frictionless pin supporting rotating body,

• reaction at frictionless surface when body in contact

moves along surface,

• reaction at a roller moving along its track, and

• weight of a body when its center of gravity moves

horizontally.

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 EXAMPLE
The 10 kg block rests on the smooth incline. If the spring is originally
stretched 0.5 m, determine the total work done by all the forces acting
on the block when a horizontal force P = 400 N pushes the block up the
plane x = 2 m.

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FBD

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Horizontal Force, P
UP = 400cos30o(2) = 692.8 J

Spring Force, FS
x1 = 0.5 m, x2 = 2 + 0.5 = 2.5 m
1 1 1 1
US  k ( x1 ) 2  k ( x2 ) 2  (30)(0.5) 2  (30)(2.5) 2
2 2 2 2
US  90 J

Weight, W
UW = -(10)(9.81)(2sin30o) = -98.1 J

Normal Force, NB
This force does no work since it is always perpendicular to the displacement

Total work, U1-2 = UP+US+UW = 692.8 + (–90) + (–98.1) = 505 J

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PARTICLE KINETIC ENERGY: PRINCIPLE OF
WORK & ENERGY 
• Consider a particle of mass m acted upon by force F
dv
Ft  mat  m
dt
dv ds dv
m  mv
ds dt ds
F t ds  mv dv
• Integrating from A1 to A2 ,
s2 v2
 Ft ds  m  v dv  12 mv2  12 mv1
2 2
s1 v1

U12  T2  T1 T  12 mv 2  kinetic energy


• The work of the force F is equal to the change in
kinetic energy of the particle.
• Units of work and kinetic energy are the same:
2
 m   m
T  12 mv  kg    kg 2 m  N  m  J
2
s  s 
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APPLICATIONS OF THE PRINCIPLE OF WORK
AND ENERGY
• Wish to determine velocity of pendulum bob
at A2. Consider work & kinetic energy.

• Force P acts normal to path and does no
work.
T1  U12  T2
1W 2
0  Wl  v2
2 g
v2  2 gl
• Velocity found without determining
expression for acceleration and integrating.

• All quantities are scalars and can be added

directly.

• Forces which do no work are eliminated from

the problem. 13 -
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APPLICATIONS OF THE PRINCIPLE OF WORK
AND ENERGY
• Principle of work and energy cannot be
applied to directly determine the acceleration
of the pendulum bob.

• Calculating the tension in the cord requires

supplementing the method of work and energy
with an application of Newton’s second law.

• As the bob passes through A2 ,

 Fn  m an
W v22
P W 
g l
W 2 gl
P W   3W
v2  2 gl g l

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POWER AND EFFICIENCY
• Power  rate at which work is done.
 
dU F  dr
 
dt dt
 
 F v

• Dimensions of power are work/time or force*velocity.

Units for power are
J m ft  lb
1 W (watt)  1  1 N  or 1 hp  550  746 W
s s s

•   efficiency
output work

input work
power output

power input
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 SAMPLE PROBLEM 13.1
SOLUTION:
• Evaluate the change in kinetic energy.
• Determine the distance required for the
work to equal the kinetic energy change.

An automobile weighing 2000 kg is

driven down a 5o incline at a speed of
90 km/h when the brakes are applied
causing a constant total breaking force
of 7 kN.
Determine the distance traveled by the
automobile as it comes to a stop.
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SAMPLE PROBLEM 13.1
v1=90 km/h SOLUTION:
• Evaluate the change in kinetic energy.

v1  90 km/h  25 m/s
T1  12 mv12  1
2
2000252  625 kJ
v2  0 T2  0
19.62 kN • Determine the distance required for the work
to equal the kinetic energy change.
U12  7 x  19.62 sin 5x
 5.29x
7 kN
T1  U12  T2
625  5.29x  0
x  11813m-
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 SAMPLE PROBLEM 13.2
SOLUTION:
• Apply the principle of work and
energy separately to blocks A and B.

• When the two relations are combined,

the work of the cable forces cancel.
Solve for the velocity.
Two blocks are joined by an inextensible
cable as shown. If the system is released
from rest, determine the velocity of block
A after it has moved 2 m. Assume that the
coefficient of friction between block A
and the plane is mk = 0.25 and that the
pulley is weightless and frictionless.

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SAMPLE PROBLEM 13.2
SOLUTION:
• Apply the principle of work and energy separately
to blocks A and B.
 
W A  200 kg  9.81 m s 2  1962 N
FA  m k N A  m k W A  0.251962 N   490 N
T1  U12  T2 :
0  FC 2 m   FA 2 m   12 m Av 2

FC 2 m   490 N 2 m   12 200 kg v 2

 
WB  300 kg  9.81 m s 2  2940 N
T1  U12  T2 :
0  Fc 2 m   WB 2 m   12 m B v 2

 Fc 2 m   2940 N 2 m   12 300 kg v 2 13 -

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SAMPLE PROBLEM 13.2
• When the two relations are combined, the work of the
cable forces cancel. Solve for the velocity.
FC 2 m   490 N 2 m   12 200 kg v 2

 Fc 2 m   2940 N 2 m   12 300 kg v 2

2940 N 2 m  490 N 2 m  12 200 kg  300 kg v 2

4900 J  12 500 kg v 2

v  4.43 m s

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 SAMPLE PROBLEM 13.3
SOLUTION:
• Apply the principle of work and energy
between the initial position and the
point at which the spring is fully
compressed and the velocity is zero.
A spring is used to stop a 60 kg package The only unknown in the relation is the
which is sliding on a horizontal surface. friction coefficient.
The spring has a constant k = 20 kN/m
and is held by cables so that it is initially • Apply the principle of work and energy
compressed 120 mm. The package has a for the rebound of the package. The
velocity of 2.5 m/s in the position shown only unknown in the relation is the
and the maximum deflection of the spring velocity at the final position.
is 40 mm.
Determine (a) the coefficient of kinetic
friction between the package and surface
and (b) the velocity of the package as it
passes again through the position shown. 13 -
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SAMPLE PROBLEM 13.3
SOLUTION:
• Apply principle of work and energy between initial
position and the point at which spring is fully compressed.
T1  12 mv12  12 60 kg 2.5 m s 2  187.5 J T2  0

U12  f   m kW x

 
  m k 60 kg  9.81m s 2 0.640 m   377 J m k

Pmin  kx0  20 kN m 0.120 m   2400 N

Pmax  k  x0  x   20 kN m 0.160 m   3200 N
U12 e   12 Pmin  Pmax x
  12 2400 N  3200 N 0.040 m   112.0 J

U12  U12  f  U12 e  377 J mk  112 J

T1  U12  T2 :
187.5 J - 377 J m k  112 J  0 m k  013.20
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SAMPLE PROBLEM 13.3
• Apply the principle of work and energy for the rebound
of the package.

T2  0 T 3 12 mv32  12 60kg v32

U 23  U 23  f  U 23 e  377 J m k  112 J

 36.5 J

T2  U 23  T3 :
0  36.5 J  12 60 kg v32
v3  1.103m s

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 SAMPLE PROBLEM 13.4
SOLUTION:
12 m • Apply principle of work and energy to
=6m
4.5 m determine velocity at point 2.
• Apply Newton’s second law to find
normal force by the track at point 2.
A 1000 kg car starts from rest at point
1 and moves without friction down the • Apply principle of work and energy to
track shown. determine velocity at point 3.
• Apply Newton’s second law to find
Determine:
minimum radius of curvature at point 3
a) the force exerted by the track on such that a positive normal force is
the car at point 2, and exerted by the track.
b) the minimum safe value of the
radius of curvature at point 3.

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 SAMPLE PROBLEM 13.4
SOLUTION:
• Apply principle of work and energy to determine
velocity at point 2.
12 m
T1  0 T2  12 mv22
=6m
U12  W 12   mg (12)
4.5 m

0  mg 12 
1
T1  U12  T2 : mv22
2
v22  212g  2129.81 v2  15.3 m/s

• Apply Newton’s second law to find normal force by

the track at point 2.
   Fn  m an :  W  N  m an
 mg  N  man
v2
m

24 g
m
6
N  5mg  5(1000)(9.81)  49.1 kN
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 SAMPLE PROBLEM 13.4
• Apply principle of work and energy to determine
velocity at point 3.
1
12 m
T1  U13  T3 0  mg (12  4.5)  mv32
=6m
4.5 m 2
v32  15 g  15(9.81) v32  12.1 m/s
• Apply Newton’s second law to find minimum radius of
curvature at point 3 such that a positive normal force is
exerted by the track.

   Fn  m an : W  m an
v32
mg  m

15 g
m


  15 m 13 -
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 SAMPLE PROBLEM 13.5
SOLUTION:
Force exerted by the motor
cable has same direction as
the dumbwaiter velocity.
Power delivered by motor is
equal to FvD, vD = 8 ft/s.

The dumbwaiter D and its load have a • In the first case, bodies are in uniform
combined weight of 600 lb, while the motion. Determine force exerted by
counterweight C weighs 800 lb. motor cable from conditions for static
equilibrium.
Determine the power delivered by the
electric motor M when the dumbwaiter • In the second case, both bodies are
(a) is moving up at a constant speed of accelerating. Apply Newton’s
8 ft/s and (b) has an instantaneous second law to each body to
velocity of 8 ft/s and an acceleration of determine the required motor cable
2.5 ft/s2, both directed upwards. force. 13 -
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SAMPLE PROBLEM 13.5
• In the first case, bodies are in uniform motion.
Determine force exerted by motor cable from
conditions for static equilibrium.

Free-body C:
   Fy  0 : 2T  800 lb  0 T  400 lb

Free-body D:
   Fy  0 : F  T  600 lb  0
F  600 lb  T  600 lb  400 lb  200 lb

Power  FvD  200 lb 8 ft s 

 1600 ft  lb s
1 hp
Power  1600 ft  lb s   2.91 hp
550 ft  lb s 13 -
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SAMPLE PROBLEM 13.5
• In the second case, both bodies are accelerating. Apply
Newton’s second law to each body to determine the required
motor cable force.
a D  2.5 ft s 2  aC   12 a D  1.25 ft s 2 

Free-body C:
800
   Fy  mC aC : 800  2T  1.25 T  384.5 lb
32.2
Free-body D:
600
   Fy  m D a D : F  T  600  2.5
32.2
F  384.5  600  46.6 F  262.1 lb
Power  Fv D  262 .1 lb 8 ft s   2097 ft  lb s
1 hp
Power  2097 ft  lb s   3.81 hp
550 ft  lb s 13 -
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POTENTIAL ENERGY

• Work of the force of gravity W,
U12  W y1  W y2

• Work is independent of path followed; depends

only on the initial and final values of Wy.
Vg  Wy
 potential energy of the body with respect
to force of gravity.
 1  Vg 2
U12  V g

• Choice of datum from which the elevation y is

measured is arbitrary.

• Units of work and potential energy are the same:

Vg  Wy  N  m  J 13 -
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POTENTIAL ENERGY
• Work of the force exerted by a spring depends
only on the initial and final deflections of the
spring,
U12  12 kx12  12 kx 22

• The potential energy of the body with respect

to the elastic force,
Ve  12 kx 2
U12  Ve 1  Ve 2

• Note that the preceding expression for Ve is

valid only if the deflection of the spring is
measured from its undeformed position.

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13 -
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 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
• Work of a conservative force, • In the absence of non-conservative
U12  V1  V2 force
• Concept of work and energy,
T1  V1  T2  V2
U12  T2  T1

• Follows that
T1  V1  U12 noncons.  T2  V2

• Friction forces are not conservative. Total

mechanical energy of a system involving friction
decreases.

• Mechanical energy is dissipated by friction into

thermal energy. Total energy is constant. 13 -
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EXAMPLE

h is zero

T1  0 V1  W
T1  V1  W

1W
T2 1 mv 2
2 2  2 g   W V2  0
2g
T2  V2  W
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 SAMPLE PROBLEM 13.6
200 mm SOLUTION:
• Apply the principle of conservation of
energy between positions 1 and 2.
150 mm
• The elastic and gravitational potential
energies at 1 and 2 are evaluated from
the given information. The initial kinetic
energy is zero.
A 10 kg collar slides without friction • Solve for the kinetic energy and velocity
along a vertical rod as shown. The at 2.
spring attached to the collar has an
undeflected length of 100 mm and a
constant of 500 N/m.
If the collar is released from rest at
position 1, determine its velocity after
it has moved 150 mm to position 2. 13 -
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SAMPLE PROBLEM 13.6 (DATUM AT POSITION
1)
SOLUTION:
200 mm • Apply the principle of conservation of energy between
positions 1 and 2.
W
150 mm
Position 1: Ve  12 kx12  1
2
5000.2  0.12  2.5 J
250 mm Vg  0 ( Datum)
V1  Ve  Vg  2.5  0  2.5 J
W
T1  0
Position 2: Ve  12 kx22  500 0.25 - 0.12  5.6 J
1
2
Vg  Wy  98.1 0.15  14.7 J
V2  Ve  Vg  5.6  14.7  9.1 J
1
T2  12 mv22  (10)v22  5v22
2
Conservation of Energy:
T1  V1  T2  V2
0  2.5  5v22  9.1 v2  1.5 m/s13 -
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SAMPLE PROBLEM 13.6 (DATUM AT POSITION
2)
Position 1: Ve  12 kx1  12 500 0.2  0.1  2.5 J
200 mm 2 2

Vg  (98.1)(0.15)  14.7 J
W
150 mm
V1  Ve  Vg  2.5  14.7  17.2 J
250 mm
T1  0
Datum
W
Position 2:
Ve  12 kx22  1
2
500 0.25 - 0.12  5.6 J
Vg  0 ( Datum )
V2  Ve  Vg  5.6  0  5.6 J
1
T2  12 mv22  (10)v22  5v22
2
Conservation of Energy:
T1  V1  T2  V2
0  17.2  5v22  5.6 v2  1.5 m/s13 -
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 EXAMPLE: PROB. 13.61 PG. 770
A 500 g collar can slide without friction on
the curved rod BC in a horizontal plane.
Knowing that the undeformed length of the
spring is 80 mm and that k = 400 kN/m,
determine (a) the velocity that the collar
should be given at A to reach B with zero
velocity.

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 SOLUTION
Assume datumn at A

At point A At point B
VA  VgA  VeA VB  VgB  VeB
1 1
VA  0  (400000)(0.15  0.08) 2 VB  (0.5)(9.81)(0.2)  (400000)(0.2  0.08) 2
2 2
VA  980 J VB  2879 J
1
1
TA  (0.5)v A 2 TB  (0.5)vB 2  0
2 2

Principle of conservation of energy

TA  VA  TB  VB
0.25vA2  980  0  2879
vA  87.2 m/s
 EXAMPLE
The 0.9 kg collar is released from rest
at A and slides freely up the inclined rod,
striking the stop at B with a velocity v.
The spring of stiffness k = 24 N/m has an
unstretched length of 375 mm. Calculate v.

500 mm
K = 24 N/m

250 mm

450 mm
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Assume the datumn is at A
At A At B
VA  VgA  VeA VB  VgB  VeB
OA  0.752  0.452  0.875 m 1
VB  (0.9)(9.81)(0.25)  (24)(0.5  0.375) 2
1 2
VA  0  (24)(OA  0.375) 2
2 VB  2.39 J
VA  3 J 1
TB  (0.9)v 2
1 2
TA  (0.9)v A2  0
2

Principle of conservation of energy

TA  VA  TB  VB
0  3  0.45v 2  2.39
v  1.16 m/s
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 13.7
SOLUTION:
• Since the pellet must remain in contact
with the loop, the force exerted on the
pellet must be greater than or equal to
zero. Setting the force exerted by the
loop to zero, solve for the minimum
velocity at D.
• Apply the principle of conservation of
energy between points A and D. Solve
The 0.5 lb pellet is pushed against the for the spring deflection required to
spring and released from rest at A. produce the required velocity and
Neglecting friction, determine the kinetic energy at D.
smallest deflection of the spring for
which the pellet will travel around the
loop and remain in contact with the
loop at all times.
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SAMPLE PROBLEM 13.7
SOLUTION:
• Setting the force exerted by the loop to zero, solve for the
minimum velocity at D.
   Fn  man : W  man mg  m vD 2
r
2
vD  rg  2 ft 32.2 ft s   64.4 ft 2 s 2

• Apply the principle of conservation of energy between

points A and D.
V1  Ve  Vg  12 kx2  0  12 36 lb ft x 2  18x 2
T1  0

V2  Ve  Vg  0  Wy  0.5 lb4 ft   2 ft  lb

T2  12 mvD
2

1 0.5 lb
2 32.2 ft s 2

64.4 ft 2 2

s  0.5 ft  lb

T1  V1  T2  V2
0  18x 2  0.5  2 x  0.3727 ft  4.47
13 in.
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44