The University of Western Australia

Department of Mathematics and Statistics

MATH3023 Advanced Mathematics Applications

Formula Sheet

The quadratic formula

√
−b ± b2 − 4ac
ax2 + bx + c = 0 ⇒ x=
2a
Cylindrical polar coordinates
r = (x, y, z) = (r cos θ, r sin θ, z) dxdydz = rdrdθdz
∂r ∂r
× = (r cos θ, r sin θ, 0)
∂θ ∂z
Spherical polar coordinates
r = (x, y, z) = (ρ cos θ sin φ, ρ sin θ sin φ, ρ cos φ) dxdydz = ρ2 sin φdρdφdθ
∂r ∂r
× = ρr sin φ
∂θ ∂φ
2D and 3D vector fields
F = M i + N j = (M, N ) F = M i + N j + P k = (M, N, P )
Flow and flux
Z Z Z Z Z
F · TdS = F · dr = M dx + N dy F · ndS = M dy − N dx

Gradient, curl and divergence

 
∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f
F = ∇f = i +j +k = , ,
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
     
∂P ∂N ∂M ∂P ∂N ∂M
curl F = ∇ × F = − i+ − j+ − k
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y
∂M ∂N ∂P
div F = ∇ · F = + +
∂x ∂y ∂z
Line integrals of scalar and vector functions
Z Z b p
f (x, y, z)ds = f (x(t), y(t), z(t)) x0 (t)2 + y 0 (t)2 + z 0 (t)2 dt
C a
Z Z Z b
F · dr = M dx + N dy + P dz = (M, N, P ) · (x0 , y 0 , z 0 )dt
C C a
Fundamental theorem for line integrals
Z B
F · dr = f (B) − f (A) if F = ∇f
A
Surface integrals of scalar and vector functions
Z Z Z Z
∂r ∂r
f dS = f (r(u, v)) × dudv
S D ∂u ∂v
Z Z Z Z  
∂r ∂r
F · ndS = F(r(u, v)) · × dudv
S D ∂u ∂v
Parametrisation of a triangle with vertices α, β, γ

r = α + u(β − α) + v(γ − α) 0≤u≤1 0≤v ≤1−u

Green’s theorem and area formulae

I ZZ   I I I
∂N ∂M 1
M dx+N dy = − dA Area = xdy = − ydx = xdy−ydx
C D ∂x ∂y 2
Stokes and Divergence theorems
I ZZ ZZ ZZZ
F · dr = (∇ × F) · ndS F · ndS = ∇ · FdV
C S S E

De Moivre’s theorem

z = reiθ = r cos θ + ir sin θ ⇒ z n = rn einθ = rn cos(nθ) + irn sin(nθ)

Cauchy-Riemann equations
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
= =−
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x
Partial fractions  
az + b 1 aα + b aβ + b
= −
(z − α)(z − β) α−β z−α z−β
Cauchy’s Integral Formula I
f (z)
dz = 2πif (z0 )
C z − z0
Cauchy’s Integral Formula for derivatives and a useful result
I I (
f (z) 2πi (n) dz 2πi, k = 1
n+1
dz = f (z0 ) =
C (z − z0 ) n! C (z − z0 )k 0, k=6 1

Cauchy’s Residue Theorem

I M
X
f (z)dz = 2πi Res[f, zm ]
C m=1

Evaluation of residues: If f (z) has a pole of order k at z = z0 then

1 dk−1 
lim k−1 (z − z0 )k f (z)

Res[f, z0 ] = and k = 1 ⇒ Res[f, z0 ] = lim [(z − z0 )f (z)]
(k − 1)! z→z0 dz z→z0

Fourier coefficients for period 2π

Z π
1 π π
Z Z
1 1
a0 = f (t)dt an = f (t) cos(nt)dt bn = f (t) sin(nt)dt
2π −π π −π π −π

Period 2L
Z L Z L   Z L  
1 1 nπt 1 nπt
a0 = f (t)dt an = f (t) cos dt bn = f (t) sin dt
2L −L L −L L L −L L
Integration by parts
Z b h ib Z b
0
f (t)g (t)dt = f (t)g(t) − f 0 (t)g(t)dt
a a a

Integrating factor method

df R d
To solve + p(t)f = q(t) let µ(t) = e p(t)dt ⇒ (µf ) = µ(t)q(t)
dt dt

Second-order homogeneous linear differential equations

d2 y dy
a + b + cy = 0
dx2 dx
y = Aem1 x + Bem2 x or y = eαx (A cos βx + B sin βx) or y = Aemx + Bxemx
d2 y dy
ax2+ bx + cy = 0
dx2 dx
y = Axm1 + Bxm2 or y = xα [A cos(β ln x) + B sin(β ln x)] or y = Axm + Bxm ln x

Method of undetermined coefficients

f (x) = Aecx ⇒ yp (x) = Cecx
f (x) = A cos(cx) or f (x) = A sin(cx) ⇒ yp (x) = C1 cos(cx) + C2 sin(cx)
f (x) = polynomial of degree n ⇒ yp (x) = polynomial of degree n

Similarity variables
x → kcx t → kat u → kbu
xa ua uc x u u
η= , φ= b, ψ= b or η = c/a , φ = b/a , ψ=
tc t x t t xb/c

D’Alembert solution of the wave equation

∂ 2u 2
2∂ u ∂u
= c u(x, 0) = U (x) (x, 0) = V (x)
∂t2 ∂x2 ∂t
U (x + ct) + U (x − ct) W (x + ct) − W (x − ct)
Z
1
u(x, t) = + W (x) = V (x)dx
2 2 c

Inner product Z b
hf, gi = f (t)g(t)w(t)dt
a

Eigenfunction expansion
∞
X hf (x), ym (x)i
f (x) = cn yn (x) ⇒ cm =
n=1
hym (x), ym (x)i