BIOCHEMISTRY

1. Anaerobic glycolysis = 2ATP /molecule of glucose

2. Aerobic glycolysis = 7ATP via malate pathway and 5 ATP via
Glyceraldehyde shuttle
3. TCA cycle = 10ATP / acetyl CoA
4. Complete aerobic oxidation of glucose = 30/32 ATP
5. HMP shunt = 0 ATP
6. Beta Oxidation = palmitic acid – 106 ATP and Stearic Acid – 120
ATP
7. Ketogenesis = 26 ATP
8. Type 1 collagen = abundant in connective tissue , bone and cornea
9. Defect in Type 1 collagen = Ostegenesis imperfecta( COL1A1
mutation )
10. Type 2 collagen = abundant in cartilage . vitreous humour
11. Defect in type 2 collagen = chondrodysplasias
12. Type 3 collagen = abundant in skin , lung , vessels
13. Defect in type 3 collagen = Ehler danlos syndrome
14. Type 4 collagen = abdundant in basement membrane
15. Defect in type 4 collagen = Alport syndrome
16. Type 7 collagen = abdundant in basement membrane
17. Defect in type 7 collagen = Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (
COL7A1 mutation )
18. Rate limiting enzyme of Glycolysis = phosphofructokinase
19. Rate limiting enzyme of Glycogenesis = glycogen synthase
20. Rate limiting enzyme of glycogenolysis = Phosphorylase
21. Rate limiting enzyme of Gluconeogenesis = pyruvate carboxylase
22. Rate limiting enzyme of TCA /Krebs = isocitrate dehydrogenase
23. Rate limiting enzyme of Fatty acid synthesis = AcetylCoA
Carboxylase
24. Rate limiting enzyme of purine synthesis = PRP aminotransferase
25. Dietary source of Linoleic acid = safflower oil
26. Dietary source of linolenic acid = soyabean oil
27. Dietary source of arachidonic acid = meat , egg , milk
28. Dietary source of eicosapentaenoic acid = Fish oil
29. Dietary source of docosahexanoic acid = breast milk
30. Rate limiting enzyme of ketone body synthesis = HMG coA synthase
31. Rate limiting enzyme of cholesterol synthesis = HMG CoA reductase
32. Rate limiting enzyme of Heme synthesis = ALA synthase
33. Rate limiting enzyme of urea cycle = CPS – I
34. Rate limiting enzyme of uric acid synthesis – Xanthine oxidase
35. Rate limiting enzyme of bile acid synthesis – 7 Alpha hydroxylase
36. Genetic defects in PRPP Synthetase = Gout
37. Genetic defect in HGPRT = Lesch – Nyhan syndrome
38. Glucose 6 phosphate deficiency = Von Gierke’s disease
39. Xanthine oxidase deficiency = hypouricemia
40. CPS 1 – associated with urea cycle
41. CPS 2 – associated with pyrimidine synthesis
42. CPS 1 – location – mitochondria
43. CPS 2 – location – cytosol
44. CPS 1 – activator – N- Acetyl glutamate
45. CPS 2 – activator – ATP
46. CPK 1 – BB( polypetide chain ) found in brain
47. CPK 2 – found in myocardium
48. CPK 3 – found in skeletal muscle
49. LDH 1 /LDH 2 – predominantly present in heart & erythrocyte
50. LDH 3 – present in brain & kidney
51. LDH 4 & LDH 5 – present in skeletal muscle & kidney
52. Activator of glycogen synthase – Insulin , Glu – 6 P
53. Inhibitor of glycogen synthase – Glucagon , epinephrine , glycogen
54. Activator of glycogen phosphorylase – glucagon , epinephrine ,
calcium I
55. Inhibitor of glycogen phosphorylase – Insulin
56. Complex 1 – NADH COQ reductase
57. Inhibitor of complex 1 – Rotenone ( fish poison ) , amobarbital ,
piercidin A , chlorpromazine , guanethedine
58. Complex II – Succinate CoQ reductase
59. Inhibitor of complex II – Carboxin , TTFA , Malonate
60. Complex III – CoQ – cytochrome C reductase =
61. Inhibitor of complex III - Anti Mycin A , BAL ( dimercaprol ) ,
phenformin
62. Complex IV – cytochrome C oxidase
63. Inhibitor of complex IV – cyanide , H2S , Azide , CO poisoning
64. Wolman’s disease – acid lipase
65. Farber disease – acid ceramidase
66. Niemann pick disease – sphingomyelinase
67. Gauher’s disease – glucocerebroside
68. Fabry’s disease – alpha galactosidadse
69. Taysach’s disease – hexosaminidase A
70. Sandhoff’s disease – hexosaminidase A & B
71. Globoid cell leukodystrophy ( Krabbe ) – galactocerebrosidase
72. Metachromic leulodystrophy – arylsulfatase A
73. Cherry red spot on macula without hepatosplenomegaly = taysachs
disease
74. Cherry red spot on macula with hepatosplenomegaly = niemann pick
disease
75. Vitamin used in treatment of homocystinuria = pyridoxine
76. Vitamin used in peripheral vascular disease = vitamin E
77. Vitamin causes pseudo paralysis = vitamin C
78. Vitamin for wound healing = vitamin C
79. Magenta red tongue – deficiency of riboflavin
80. Raw beef tongue – deficiency of Niacin
81. Cataract formation and corneal vascularisation = riboflavin
deficiency
82. White crystalline substance = ascorbic acid
83. F.IG.L.U excretion is secreted in deficiency of – vitamin b 12
84. Methylmalonic acid excretion is increased in deficiency of – vitamin
b12
85. Worm infestation causing B12Deficiency – diphyllobothrium labrum
86. Vitamin which is an anti oxidant = vitamin E
87. Vitamin with which hypervitaminosis occurs – vitamin A and
vitamin D
88. Vitamin deficiency which leads to convulsions – pyridoxine
89. Folic acid – pteroyl glutamic acid
90. Folinic acid - citrovorum factor
91. Erythrocyte maturation factor – vitamin b12
92. Vitamin stored in fat – vitamin D
93. Yellowish crystalline substance – riboflavin
94. Red crystalline substance – vitamin B12
95. Vitamin stored in liver – vitamin A,D, K,B12 , folate
96. Keshan disease = endemic cardiomyopathy
97. Keshan disease = due to selenium deficiency
98. Kaschinbeck disease = endemic degenerative osteooarthropathy
99. Kaschinbeck disease = due to selenium deficiency
100. Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase inhibited by
iodoactate
101. Enolase inhibited by flurodie
102. Aconitase inhibited by fluroacetate
103. Alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase inhibited by arsenite
104. Succinate dehydrogenase inhibited by malonate
105. NADH dehydrogenase inhibited by amobarbitol , rotenone ,
piercidinA
106. Succinate dehydrogenase inhibited by malonate , carboxin ,
TTFA
107. Southern blot – DNA
108. Northern blot – RNA
109. Western blot – Protein
110. G0 phase – quiescent phase / resting phase
111. G0 phase – gene transcription occurs , non – proliferative cells
remains in this stage
112. G1 Phase – pre synthetic phase
113. G1phase – maximum part of cell cycle , most variable phase ,
growth factor – most effective
114. S- Phase – DNA synthesis and replication
115. S-phase – increased in malignancy
116. G2 phase – preparation for cell division , DNA repair occurs
117. G2 Phase – arrest by p53 gene occurs
118. M – phase – mitotic phase
119. Oxaloactetate – asparginase ,asparate
120. Alpha – ketoglutarate – glutamine , proline , reginine , histidine
121. Pyruvate – alanine , serine , glycine , cystine , threonine
122. Fumarate – phenyalanine & tyrosine
123. Succinyl CoA – methionine , valine , isoleucine , threonine
124. Acetyl coA or acetoacetyl CoA – leucine ,isoleucine , lysine ,
tryptophan
125. Melatonin , serotonin , niacin – tryptophan
126. Epinephrine , norepinephrine , T 3 , T4 , melanin – tyrosine
127. Carnitine – lysine + methionine
128. Keratin – arginine : lysine : histamine ( 12 :4 : 1 )
129. Haemoglobin – histidine ( buffer action ) , arginine , lysine
130. Heme – glycine
131. Bile salts – glycine & cysteine
132. Co – Enzyme A – beta alanine
133. Pyrimidine base – aspartic acid , glutamic acid
134. Purine bases – glycine , aspartic acid , glutamic acid
135. Q banding – quinacrine mustard
136. Q banding– temporary ( not routinely used )
137. G- banding – trypsin – giemsa – permanent
138. G- Banding – most coomon used for cytogenic analysis
139. R-banding – alkaline solution – giemsa
140. R- banding – for analysing rearrangements involving the
terminal ends of chromosomes
141. C- banding – chemical giemsa
142. C-banding – for studying translocations involving centromere
143. Lactose – glu – glu – beta 1,4
144. Sucrose – glu – fru – alpha 1, 2
145. Maltose – glu – glu – alpha 1-4
146. Iso maltose – glu – glu – alpha ,1-6
147. Sweating feat odour – glutaric academia ,isovolemic academia
148. Musty odour – phenylketonuria
149. Carbage like odour – tyrosinemia , methionine malabsorption
150. Hops like odour – oast – urine disease
151. Burnt sugar /maple syrup – MSUD
152. Swimming pool odour – hawkinsuria
153. Tom – cat urine – multiple carboxylase deficiency
154. Rotting fish urine odour – trimethylaminuria
155. Cat urine – 3 –hydroxy 3 – methyl glutaric aciduria
156. Irreversible steps of glycolysis – catalysed by – glucokinase
/hexokinase , phosphofructokinase – I , Pyruvate kinase
157. Cycle occurs in both cytoplasm and mitochondria –
gluconeogenesis , urea cycle , heme synthesis
158. NADPH is used for – lipid synthesis , cholesterol synthesis ,
fatty acid elongation , regeneration of reduced glutathione
159. Tryptophan – indole group attached
160. Tryptophan hydroxylase – rate limiting step in serotonin and
melatonin synthesis
161. Products from tryptophan – niacin , melatoninm serotonin
162. 60 mg of tryphophan -converted to 1 mg of niacin
163. Transport for HDL is tissue to liver
164. Transport for VLDL is liver to plasma
165. Transport for LDL is liver to tissue
166. Transport for chylomicron is Intestine to plasma
167. Glucose , fructose , mannose – needle shaped / hay stools
168. Lactose – Cotton ball shape
169. Maltose – sunflower shape
170. Source of energy during starvation – 1-3 days is carbohydrate
171. Source of energy during starvation upto 2 weeks is Fats
172. Source of energy during starvation in less than 1 week –
proteins
173. Rate limiting step in catecholamine synthesis – tyrosine
hydroxylase
174. Products obtained from tyrosine – melanin , thyroxine ,
catecholamine – dopamine , norepinephrine , epinephrine
175. HHH syndrome = Hyperornithemia , Hyperammonemia ,
Homocitrullinuria
176. HHH syndrome is due to ornithine permease
177. Most common disorder of amino acid metabolism –
phenylketonuria
178. Classical ( type 1 )PKU – phenylalanine hydroxylase
179. Non classical /typical PKU ( type 2 , type 3 ) – dihydrobiopterin
reductase
180. Musty odour of urine – phenylketonuria
181. Investigation of choice for phenylketonuria – tandem mass
spectrometry
182. Guthrie’s test / Ferric chloride test – done in phenylketonuria
183. Alkaptonuria – congenital deficiency of homogentistic acid
oxidase
184. Clinical feature of alkaptonuria – black urine , arthralgia ,
intervertebral disc calcification in lumbar area , cartilage of nose /
pinna ( ochronisis)
185. Nitisinione – approved for hereditary tyrosinemia type 1
186. Enzyme deficiency in phenylketonuria – phenylalanine
hydroxylase
187. Enzyme deficiency in tyrosenemia type 1 – fumaryl
acetoacetate hydroxylase
188. Enzyme deficiency in tyrosenemia type 2 – Tyrosine
AminoTransferase ( richner hanhart occulocutaneous syndrome )
189. Enzyme deficiency in albinism – tyrosinase
190. Enzyme deficiency in homocystinuria – homogentistic acid
oxidase
191. Enzyme deficiency in canavan’s disease – aspartoaylase
deficiency
192. canavan’s disease – white matter degeneration
193. Enzyme deficiency in multiple carboxylase deficiency –
holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency
194. Wolman disease due to deficiency of liposomal lipase
195. Wolman disease – bilateral adrenal calcification
196. Homocystinuria – autosomal recessive
197. Homocystinuria – due to cystathionine beta synthase deficiency
198. Clinical features – osteoporosis , mental retardation ,
inferonasal lens subluxation
199. Investigation of homocystinuria – cyanide nitroprusside test
200. Treatment of homocystinuria – vitamin B6 – pyridoxine
201. Double helix are bonded together by – hydrogen bonds
202. Restriction fragments can be analysed using – Gel
electrophoresis
203. Cistron – smallest fundamental unit coding for DNA synthesis
204. Okazaki fragments – DNA fragments with RNA head
205. Okazaki fragments are formed during – replication
206. Protein binding to DNA contains – zinc
207. Protein synthesis occurs mainly in ribosomes
208. Function of helicase – unwinding of DNA helix
209. Function of chaperon – protein folding
210. Transposons – jumping genes
211. Abnormal purine bases are present in RNA
212. Telomerase are expressed in germ cells , cancer cells , human
pluripotent stem cells
213. Non sense codon – new codon is stop codon ( usually non
functional )
214. FISH ( fluorescene in situ hydridizaion ) – rapid method of
chromosome identification
215. Microarray – RNA /complimentary – DNA
216. PCR – enzymatic DNA amplification
217. Substances required for PCR – primers, DNA polymerase ,
magnesium
218. Advantage of PCR – can be used to study mRNA as well as
DNA
219. Branched chain amino acid whose metabolism is abnormal in
maple syrup urine disease /MSUD – valine , isoleucine
220. Naturally occurring amino acids are L isomers
221. Most non polar amino acid is – leucine
222. Amino acid containing indole ring – tryptophan
223. Melatonin is synthesized from – tryptophan
224. Ammonia is produced in kidney from – glutamine
225. Ammonia is detoxified in brain to – glutamine
226. Precursor of tyrosine – phenylalanine
227. Creatinine is synthesized from – glycine , arginine , methionine
228. Buffering action of blood is due to histidine
229. Quarternary structure of proteins is – spatial relationship
between individual polypeptide chains
230. Secondary structure – alpha helix and beta sheet
231. Secondary structure – stabilized by hydrogen bonds
232. SDS PAGE is used for determining : molecular weight of a
protein
233. Ion exchange chromatography seperates proteins on the basis
of their charge
234. Haemoglobin electrophoresis is done on the basis of - charge
235. Molybadenum act as co factor for – xanthine oxidase , DMSO
reductase , sulphite oxidase , nitrate reductase
236. Enzyme activity is measured as – micromoles / min
237. In competitive inhibition – Vmax is : same ( km is increased )
238. Coenzyme is : non protein organic compounds
239. Abzyme is – antibody with catalytic activity
240. Ribzoymes are – RNA molecules with catalytic activity
241. Fumarase belongs to : Lyase
242. Tyrosinase belongs to : Oxidase
243. Hexokianse belong to : transferase
244. Modified koopanys test – barbiturates
245. Guaicac test – haematuria
246. Rotheras test – ketone bodies
247. Gerhardts test – ketosis
248. Molischs test – sugar
249. Sulkowitch test – urinary calcium
250. Biuret test – protein
251. Features of vitamin A deficiency – night blindness ,
xerophthalmia , follicular hyperkeratosis
252. Vitamin which prevents lipid peroxidation – vitamin E
253. Vitamin needed for gamma carboxylation – vitamin K
254. Vitamin which is a post translational modifier – vitamin K
255. Wernicke’s korsakoff syndrome is associated with deficiency of
thiamine ( B1)
256. Consumption of egg ( containing avidin ) may lead to
deficiency of :Biotin
257. Methyl malonic aciduria is seen in deficiency of - vitamin b12 /
extrinsic factor of castle
258. Scurvy is seen In deficiency of vitamin c
259. Alpha – keto – glutarate dehydrogenase is associated with –
thiamine ( (B1)
260. Transketolase is associated with – thiamine ( b1 )
261. Pyruvate carboxylase is associated with – biotin
262. Aminotrasnferases is associated with – pyridoxine
263. Haem in haemoglobin lies in – hydrophobic pockets
264. Haem in haemoglobin is bonded to – histidine
265. Iron in haemoglobin is present in – ferrous state
266. Iron in haemoglobin is held by – polar bonds
267. Alpha 2 , gamma 2 is – hb fetal
268. Mature RBC lacks enzymes of TCA cycle
269. Cancer cells derives energy from Glycolysis
270. Anti coagulant added for estimating blood glucose ( added to
prevent glycolysis ) : sodium fluoride
271. Fluoride inhibit : Enolase
272. Enzyme responsible for complete oxidation of glucose are
present in – mitochondria
273. Substance which can prevent glycolysis – potassium oxalate
and sodium fluoride
274. Glycolysis is regulated at – hexokinase , phosphofructokinase ,
pyruvate kinase
275. First substrate of citric acid cycle is – pyruvate
276. Substrate level phosphorylation occurs in a reaction catalysed
by enzyme – succinyl coA thiokinase
277. Gluconeogenesis occurs from – glycerol , alanine and lactate
278. Enzyme common to glycolysis and gluconeogenesis is –
phosphofructokinase
279. Muscle cannot make use of glycogen as they lack – glucose 6
phosphate
280. HMP shunt is important as it produces : NADPH
281. ATP produced in HMP shunt – No ATP is directly produced /
consumed
282. NADPH is produced in HMP shunt
283. NADPH is used for fatty acid synthesis and steroid synthesis
284. Important enzyme involved in NADPH synthesis – G6PD
285. Stearic acid oxidation – 146 ATP
286. HMP shunt – 0
287. Kreb’s cycle – 12 ATP
288. Aerobic glycolysis – 8 ATP ( per glucose molecule )
289. Anaerobic glycolysis – 2 ATP( per glucose molecule )
290. Hypoglycaemia not responding to epinephrine is a feature of –
von gierke’s disease
291. Muscles are not involved in Von gierkes disease
292. Lactic acid and hyperuricemia is a feature of von gierke’s
disease
293. Enzyme deficient in McArdle’s disease – muscle phosphorylase
294. Enzyme deficient in von gierke’s disease – glucose phosphate
deficiency
295. Most common enzyme deficient in galactosemia – GPUT
/galactose – phosphate uridyl transferase
296. Cataract occurs because of accumulation of – Galacticol
297. Electron transport is located in inner mitochondrial disease
298. Mitochondrial membrane protein contain transporter of –
NAD, NADDPH , ATP
299. In electron transport chain – FADH gives 2 ATP
300. In electron transport chain – NADH gives 3 ATP
301. Cyanide inhibits – cytochrome oxidase ( inhibits electron flow )
, complex IV , cellular oxidation
302. Cytochrome oxidase is inhibited by – cyanide , carbon dioxide ,
hydrogen sulphide , azide
303. Uncoupler of oxidation and phosphorylation – Dinitrophenol
304. Monosaturated fatty acids – oleic acid and elaidic acid
305. Essential fatty acid – linoleic acid , linolenic acid , arachidonic
acid , ecosa pantanoic acid , docosa hexanoic acid
306. Most essential fatty acid is linoleic acid
307. Rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis is : HMG CoA
reductase
308. Bile acids are derived from – cholesterol
309. Synthesis of fatty acid occurs in – cytosol
310. Reducing equivalents for fatty acid synthesis are provided by –
NADPH
311. Rate limiting step in fatty acid synthesis – acetyl CoA
carboxylase ( contains biotin )
312. Fatty acid synthetase contains – acyl carrier protein and
pantothenic acid
313. Beta oxidation of fatty acids produced – propionyl CoA
314. ATP produced by beta oxidation of palmitic acid – 129
315. Ketone bodies are formed in liver
316. Ketone bodies are products of : fatty acids metabolism
317. Ketone bodies are normally produced from – acetyl CoA
318. Normal excretion of ketone bodies – 1mg/day
319. Ketone bodies are utilized by conversion of acetoacetate to –
acetoacetyl CoA
320. Important feature of starvation – ketone body formation
without glycosuria
321. Activator of LCAT – ApoA
322. Reduced or absent lipoprotein levels in abetalipoproteinemai –
chylomicrons , VLDL , LDL
323. Activator of lipoprotein lipase – ApoC – II
324. Apoprotein associated with HDL – ApoA-1
325. Apoprotein associated with LDL – B 100
326. Most atherogenic lipoprotein – LDL
327. Lipoprotein with highest cholesterol content – LDL
328. Lipoprotein with highest triglyceride content – Chylomicrons
329. Apoproteins associated with chylomicrons – ApoA , ApoB ,
ApoC , ApoE
330. Lipoprotein which reverses cholesterol transport – HDL
331. Chylomicrons have least – electrophoretic mobility
332. Arthritis and urine turns black in – alkaptonuria
333. First 2 reactions of urea cycle occurs in mitochondria
334. Source of ammonia in urine is – glutamine
335. Pentosuria – feature of defect in glucuronic acid oxidation
pathway
336. All lysomoal storage disorders are Autosomal Recessive
EXCEPT Fabry’s disease ( XR)
337. All mucopolysachrides are Autosomal Recessive EXCEPT
Hunter’s disease ( XR)
338. All porphyrias are Autosomal Dominant EXCEPT congenital
erythropoietic porphyria & 5 ALA dehydratase deficiency porphyria (
AR)
339. All DNA repair abnormalities /chromosomal instability
syndrome are Autosomal recessive EXCEPT HNPCC ( AD)
340. All urea cycle disorders are Autosomal Recessive EXCEPT
Ornithine transcarbamylase ( XR)