MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

Department of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering

PETE 434 Fall 2010 Chapter 3 Sample Problems-2

1. Because of its low corrosivity, ........................ is preferred at high temperatures.

a. HCl b. mud acid c. organic acid

2. The reactivity order of acid is given by

a. Hydrochloric acid > Formic acid > Acetic acid
b. Formic acid > Hydrochloric acid > Acetic acid
c. Acetic acid > Formic acid > Hydrochloric acid

3. The corrosivity order of acid is given by

a. Hydrochloric acid > Formic acid > Acetic acid
b. Formic acid > Hydrochloric acid > Acetic acid
c. Acetic acid > Formic acid > Hydrochloric acid

4. .................. acid reacts incompletely in the presence of its reaction products.

a. HCl b. Mud c. Acetic d. Formic

5. ............. is not recommended for applications where formation temperatures are above 160 °F
a. Sulfamic acid b. Chloroacetic acid

6. Give the name of three retarded acid systems.

Gelled acid; Chemically retarded acid; Emulsified acid

7. In 555. acids, retardation results because the increased fluid viscosity reduces the rate of
acid transfer to the rock
a. gelled b. emulsified c. chemically retarded

8. Give the reaction of HCl acid with limestone and dolomite.

CaCO3 + 2HCl = CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 (Limestone)
CaMg(CO3)2 + 4HCl = CaCl2 + MgCl2 + 2H2O + 2CO2 (Dolomite)

9. Give the reaction of HF acid with limestone.

CaCO3 + 2HF = CaF2 + H2O + CO2

10. In the presence of hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid is poorly dissociated and behaves as a
weak acid.

11. All formulations used in matrix sandstone acidizing involve ............................ acid or its
precursors.
a. HCl b. Acetic c. HF d. Formic

12. Mud acid is a mixture of hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids in variable proportions.

13. In sandstone formations, hydrofluoric acid is used to dissolve ..............................

a. silicates b. carbonates c. siderit d. pyrite

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 MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
Department of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering

14. A matrix treatment consists of removing the near wellbore damage that impairs the
productivity of the well.

15. A sandstone with an HCl solubility greater than 20 % should not be treated with a straight HF
or mud acid.

16. When the solubility is less than 20%, an HCl preflush helps prevent contact between HF and
the carbonate rock. T F

17. Colloidal Amorphous Silica precipitate cannot be avoided, as it results partly from the greater
affinity of fluorine for aluminum than for silicon. T F

18. Ferric iron is normally more problematic as ferric hydroxide precipitates above pH = 2

19. The order of temperature limitations for complexing agents used in acid to prevent ferric
hydroxide formation is given by
Temperature

a. Acetic acid < EDTA < Citric acid < Erythorbic acid correct as follows
a. Acetic acid < Citric acid < EDTA < Erythorbic acid
b. EDTA < Acetic acid < Citric acid < Erythorbic acid
c. Erythorbic acid< Acetic acid < Citric acid < EDTA
d. Acetic acid < Erythorbic acid< Citric acid < EDTA

20. Dissolution reaction rates are proportional to the hydrofluoric acid concentration for most
sandstone minerals, except
a. smectite b. feldspar c. kaolinite d. albite

21. Formations with low competence (weak cementation, potentially mobile fine particles) should
be treated with a ..................... strength mud acid to avoid crumbling, especially at bottomhole
temperatures greater than 200 °F.
a. high b. reduced

22. Because most problematic ferric iron comes from rusty tubing, it is important to clean tubular
goods with HCl acid prior to the real treatment.

23. AIF3 is especially likely to precipitate when the HF/HCl ratio and HF concentration are ....
a. low b. high

24. The preflush provides a separation between connate water and HF to help prevent the
formation of potentially damaging sodium or potassium fluosilicates and l reacts with
carbonate minerals in the formation to prevent their reaction with HF.

25. ...................... is added to mud-acid formulations to retard HF-minerals reactions.

a. Calcium chloride b. Sodium chloride c. Potassium chloride d. Aluminum chloride

26. ...........................system involves the in-situ generation of hydrofluoric acid, occurring from the
alternate injection of hydrochloric acid and of ammonium fluoride
a. Sequential Mud Acid b. Alcoholic Mud Acid c. Organic Mud Acid

27. The role of the preflush is to displace the main acid flush more than 4 ft from the wellbore.

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Department of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering

28. ........................... systems results in more precipitates as a result of the poor solubility of the
organic byproducts.
a. Organic Mud Acid b. Self Generating Mud Acid
c. Sequential Mud Acid d. Alcoholic Mud Acid

29. ............................... formulations are a mixture of mud acid and isopropanol or methanol (up to
50 %).
a. Organic Mud Acid b. Self Generating Mud Acid
c. Sequential Mud Acid d. Alcoholic Mud Acid

30. .......................... system involves the in-situ generation of hydrofluoric acid, occurring from the
alternate injection of hydrochloric acid and of ammonium fluoride.
a. Organic Mud Acid b. Self Generating Mud Acid
c. Sequential Mud Acid d. Alcoholic Mud Acid

31. In gas wells, which of the following afterflush fluids is not recommended for sandstone
acidizing?
a. NH4Cl b. 5% HCl c. 7.5% HCl d. diesel

32. A ...................... treatment will be effective primarily in a well with a near wellbore flow
restrictions.
a. acid washing b. matrix acidizing c. acid fracturing d. hydraulic fracturing

33. Dissolving power is expressed as volume of rock dissolved per unit volume of acid reacted. T F

34. Which of the followings has the largest dissolving power?

a. Hydrochloric acid b. Formic acid c. Acetic acid

35. In a carbonate matrix acid treatment the acid used is usually..........................

a. hydrochloric acid b. hydrofluoric acid c. mud acid d. fluoroboric acid

36. A typical sequence for a conventional carbonate matrix acid treatment is 5555555...
37. a. preflush+HCl+afterflush b. HCl+preflush+afterflush c. preflush+afterflush+HCl

38. Acid reaction in high permeability region causes the formation of large, highly conductive flow
channels called wormhole

39. If the acid reaction rate is very high, a ........... number of is formed.
a. limited b. several

40. A low acid reaction rate favors the formation of ............................... wormholes.
a. several small diameter c. only a few small diameter
b. several large diameter d. only a few large diameter

41. The ............ wormhole case is more representative than .............. wormhole case.
a. single, multiple b. multiple, single

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Department of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering

42. In carbonate acidizing, wormhole length is increased by ..............................................

a. reducing fluid loss b. increasing fluid loss

43. In carbonate acidizing, wormhole length is normally limited by 5..................................

a. acid reaction rate b. fluid loss

44. .............................. acids give better results than HCl alone because of the low rate of fluid
loss
a. Chemically retarded b. Emulsified

45. Greater damage removal is expected with ...................... wormhole length.

a. increasing b. decreasing

46. In tight carbonate formations .................. HCl acid is preferred to create greater acid
penetration distance.
a. 5 w% b. 7.5 w% c. 15 w% d. 28 w%

47. High strength HCl gives the greater acid penetration distance In tight carbonate formations.
T F

48. Wormhole growth rate is inhibited by adding fluid loss control agent to acid. T F

49. Organic acids do not react completely with carbonates due to CO2 held in solution.

50. Dissociation constants of three different acids at 77 °F are given below. Choose the strongest
one.
-5 -4 -2
a. KD=1.754×10 b. 10 c. KD=1.772×10 d. KD=1.224×10

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