Digital Logic Design (EEEg4302)

Chapter 3: Logic Gates

AASTU
Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering Milkias H.

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Outline
• Chapter 3 : Logic Gates
• Introduction
• Inverter
• AND Gates
• OR Gates
• NAND Gates
• NOR Gates
• Exclusive OR Gates
• Exclusive NOR Gate

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 Introduction

• Logic gates are the basic building blocks of any digital system.
• It is an electronic circuit having one or more than one input and only one
output.
• The relationship between the input and the output is based on a certain
logic. Based on this, logic gates are named as AND gate, OR gate, NOT gate
etc.
• Logic gates are primarily implemented using diodes or transistors acting as
electronic switches.
• Logic circuits include such devices as multiplexers, registers, arithmetic logic
units (ALUs) and computer memory all the way up through complete
microprocessors which may contain more than 100 million gates.
• In modern practice, most gates are made from MOSFETs (metal–oxide–
semiconductor field-effect transistors).

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 Inverter (NOT Gate)
• An inverter circuit outputs a voltage representing the opposite logic-level to its
input. It performs the operation called INVERSION or complementation. In terms
of bits, it changes a 0 to a 1 and a 1 to a 0.
Operation
• When the input is LOW, the output is HIGH; when the input is HIGH, the output is
LOW, thereby producing an inverted output pulse.
Logic Expression
• The complement of a variable is designated by a bar over the letter. While
variable is designated by a letter.
• F = 𝒙 , this expression states that output is the complement of the input, so if x
is 0, then F is 1 and if x is 1, then F is 0.

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 Inverter (NOT Gate)

Application
• A circuit for producing the 1’s complement of an 8 bit binary number is one of the
application as shown in the following figure.
• The bits of the binary number are applied to the inverter inputs and the 1’s
complement of the binary number appears on the outputs.

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 AND Gate

• AND Gate is one of the basic gates that can be combined to form any logic
function. An AND gate have two or more inputs and performs what is known as
logical multiplication.
Operation
• For a 2-input AND gate, output F is HIGH only when inputs X and Y are HIGH; F is
LOW when either X or Y is LOW, or when both X and Y are LOW.
Logic Expressions
• The logical AND function of two variable is represent mathematically either by
placing a dot between two variables as X•Y or by simple writing the adjacent
letters without the dot, as XY.

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 AND Gate

Application
• A sit belt alarm system
• An AND gate is used in a simple automobile sit belt alarm system to detect when
the ignition switch is on and the sit belt is unbuckled.

A simple sit belt alarm circuit using un AND gate

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 OR Gate
• The OR gate is another of the basic gate form all logic functions are constructed.
• An OR gate can have two or more input and performs what is known as logical
addition.
Operation
• For a two input OR gate, output F is HIGH when either input X or input Y is HIGH,
or when both X and Y are HIGH; F is LOW only when both X and Y are LOW.
Logical expressions
• The logical OR function of two variables is represented mathematically by a ‘+’
between the two variables as X+Y .

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 OR Gate

Application
• A simplified intrusion detection and alarm system
• When one of the windows or the door is opened a HIGH is produced on that input
to the OR gate and the gate output goes HIGH. It then activates an alarm circuit to
warn of intrusion , as shown in the following figure:

A simplified intrusion detection system using an OR gate. 9

 NAND Gate

• The NAND gate is a popular logic element because it can be used as a universal
gate.
• NAND gates can be used in combination to perform the AND, OR and NOT
operations.
• The term NAND is contraction of NOT-AND and implies an AND function with a
complemented (inverted) output.

Operation
• A NAND gate produces a LOW output only when all the input are HIGH. When any
of the inputs in LOW, the output will be HIGH.

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 NAND Gate

Operation
• For a 2-input NAND gate, output F is LOW only when inputs X and Y are HIGH; F is
HIGH when either X or Y is LOW, or when both X and Y are LOW.
Logic Expressions
• F = 𝑋𝑌 , this expression says that the two input variables, A and B, are first ANDed
and then complemented as indicated by the bar over the AND expression.

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NAND Gate

Universality of NAND gate 12

 NAND Gate

Application
• A manufacturing plant uses two tanks to store certain liquid chemicals that are
required in manufacturing process.
• It is required that a single green light-emitting diode (LED) on an indicator panel
show when both tanks are more than one-quarter full.

Level indicator
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 NOR Gate

• The NOR gate, like the NAND gate, is a useful logic element because it can also
be used as a universal gate.
• That is, NOR gates can be used in combination to perform the AND, OR, and
inverter operations.
• The term NOR is a contraction of NOT-OR and implies an OR function with an
inverted (complemented) output.

Operation
• A NOR gate produces a LOW output when any of its input is HIGH.

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 NOR Gate

Operation
• For a 2-input NOR, output F is LOW when either input X or input Y is HIGH, or
when both X and Y are HIGH. F is HIGH only when both X and Y are LOW.
Logical Expressions
F= 𝑋+𝑌
• This equation says that the input variable are first ORed and then complemented,
as indicated by the bar over the OR expression.

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NOR Gate

Universality of NOR gate 16

 NOR Gate

Application
• Part of an aircraft’s functional monitoring system, a circuit is required to indicate
the status of the landing gears prior to landing. A green LED display turns on if all
three gears are properly extended. A red LED display turns on if any of the gears
fail to extend properly prior to landing.

Aircraft’s function monitoring

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 Exclusive-OR Gate

• Exclusive-OR and exclusive-NOR gates are formed by a combination of other gates

• The output of an exclusive-OR gate is HIGH only when the two input are at
opposite logic levels.
Operation
• For an exclusive-OR gate, output F is HIGH when input X is LOW and input Y is
HIGH, or when input X is HIGH and input Y is LOW; F is LOW when X and Y are both
HIGH or both LOW.
Logic Expressions
• The expressions X · 𝑌 + 𝑋 · 𝑌 and (X + Y) · (𝑋 + 𝑌) both represents the XOR gate
with inputs X and Y.
• It is also given as X ⨁ Y

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 Exclusive-OR Gate

Application
• An exclusive-OR gate can be used as a two-bit adder.

Two-bit adder 19
 Exclusive-NOR Gate

• The bubble on the output of the XNOR symbol indicates that its output is opposite
that of the XOR gate.
Operation
• When the two input logic levels are opposite, the output of the exclusive-NOR gate
is LOW.
• For an exclusive-NOR gate, output F is LOW when input X is LOW and input Y is
HIGH or when X is HIGH and Y is LOW; F is HIGH when X and Y are both HIGH or
both LOW.
Logical Expressions
• The expression (X + 𝑌) · (𝑋 + Y) is equivalent to X ⨀ Y and we can construct it using
AND,OR and NOT gates.

• (XY + 𝑋𝑌) = (X + 𝑌) · (𝑋 + Y)= X ⨀ Y

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Exclusive-NOR Gate

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IC diagram of Logic Gates

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Last slide

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