° a onde ee 15.5 Some elements of semiconductor physics: particu lar applications in nanostructures 15.5.1 Density of states: bulk (3D) to quantum dot (0-D) Consider the quuotum coufined geometses shown In Fig. 18: (2D: ewo- dimensional leeton gas, 1D: one-dimensional eletron gas OD: thro-dimensionsl quantum box), Calculate the eneray dependence ofthe density of sate ia these structures and compare them to that of the 3D bulk sample shown in ‘the upper let commer in Fig. 153 Solution SD: Consider a uniform homogeneous bulk ples of semleanductar whose ‘conduction band hast perabolic B~ F relationship withthe bottom et Bx, ‘shown In Figure 15.4 = 8+ BE (15.99) ‘The solutions ofthe 3D fective mass Schatinger equation ate of the form of plane waves (25.100) bal) = Se normalized ove a volume @ =, where i th length of the side of a ube lange compared tothe Inte unle ell Assuming perladle boundary conditions for du(7), ie, delet yt L242) = dale), (25.101) the allowed values of F= (ky ys) a ven by (25.108) (05.105) and (15.109) here nny are integers "The density of electrons a location F can then be calculated as fll n= = TENA, (35.105) hex J(B) i the Feiinedsriton fnetion. We cn sre tht {he cate matic gnc hy the FerunDine atti a Tg {he sytem ibm (0 crn owe nt 0 ah ining on It gamating eecrowtole al). Each electron agp coepis a volun 2 in Espace, Thay volume ofa Reve ber of etn eget gl 2 reese, (15.108)A Quantum Mechanics Primer 495 yes ate PIGURE 16.3 Iluetraton of the formation of «quantum dot (bottom right gure) through the gradual scueczng ofa bulk piace of semiconductor (upper lt). Whea the dimension ofthe lk structure reduced in ne rection to eie comparable to the de Broglie wavelength, the resulting electron gsi referred to as a two- Almenional esezon gas (2 DEG) boouse the earlrs are fue to move nthe “y and = dreaons onl If quantum confinement oocure in two detions, st strated ia the bottom left igure, the resulting electron ge is efrrod to ‘a ono-dimonsonalelacson ga (DEG) since an electron in thi structure I fce to move in the-z duectlon only. [f confinement Is iposd in ll tree directions, we get quantum dos (9 DEG).FIGURE 15.4 (Left Parabolic energy dispersion ration le tothe bottom of the conduc. ‘oa band (Ba) of m typical seniconductr. (Right) Coresponding ener tlependenoe of the thrse-dimensional density of states ina balk semloondue- wher the extra factor 2s ben added to take into account the spin degenes- lacy ench eigenstate in gece, ea equied by the Paul Extlusion principle For a large value of the Sez In Equation (16.108) can be replaced by a integral and we obtain aim gs [eknen, (15.107) a bmehiyimeit Se tn eran a tn ion ne rr id a ed en a = [f eootee, os ‘where gno(Z) iby definition the three-dimensinal density of states and ven by mk 7 nob) Se" BR, (35.200) ‘where we evo used the dispersion relation in Equation (15.9) to arrive nt ‘theo equity. ‘Ting the E-k relationship (16.99) once again to express In terms of B, sre et the walrknown rel forthe 3-D dent of stata no6) = 2 VEE, ssi ‘whore energy dependenor i iustrated in Figure 184.A Quantum Mechanics Primer aor Using the above equation in Equation (26.107), the electron density in & lk campl is given by p= tury. sin ves san) wot Bye osu) Incanto (1:7 eth Femi al onder n= [2 si BD: Next, wo generalize the derivation above to determine te two dimensional density of sateen 8 2 DEG. Ta thle cas, the elects density is calelnted ‘flows - P= DY fel Bmd Ibm ty re (asai8) "The eigenfunctions and corresponding eigenvalues ofthe Schrager equation paar Pmytel®) ae (45.16) here (05.17) and (s.18) ‘is a normaliation aes to describe the in-plane free motion of cartier nthe (i.2) drections = being the clechon of quancum confinement of se we ‘The wavefunctions f(a) are solitons of the one-dimensional Senger xual aid depend on the potential confinement (2) in the x-direction 28 fale) + Bulz}im(2) = EmEn(e) (5.39) ‘Both f(z) is smumed to be normalized and has a corresponding eigenvalue “Therefore, 46) = omlentas (18:20)408 Isroduction to Spintroniss, whee 1 DY FolEmta a) as, aan” Converting the 5, , to an intogral following the 3-D ess, wo gut sa (&) [ee (asz2 Using polar coordinates inthe (ky A) pane onl S(O a2btbmsan (1.28 sod since f(y) it independent of [ses Using tho dlapesion relationship ofthe subbends inthe wel, we got (saat Wana casi nd om bcos on= [sem sam where : EE ou) = 25 sam 1s independent of energy asthe deity of stats fn each subband inthe veal: Subetiuting the expression fr the FermiDiewsluctor {,(B), om aa be cnleulated ext, (15.228) ‘This analytical cxpreson for oy i vl for aa shape of the confining po tential in tho dation. This quantity determines the shee elacton ot- centratlon in a 2-DEG. 1D [fwehave confinement inthe ys plane and free motion of carvers allowed In the z-direction, then = LOL IeEnmli nal? (2.129)A Quantum Mechanics Priner 409 (15190) whece I is « normalization frtor of the plane wave moving along the = Giection and Gym (2) ar the solutions of the two-dimensional Schrodinger contion #6 Btantneh Bien ExmGum(2¥)- (15131) ero, nym are quantum numbers characterizing the quaatiation Inthe y and 2 directions. They are aso ealed tranucrse subband indices "The eacrgy dispersion relationship in each mibhand cheractaried by the ‘oo quantum numbers (n,m) is given by Ban = Boon + (as) ‘Therefore inthis -DEG, tho eloctron density invariant in the o-ditetion onmléam(v (25.33) 60.2) (5.80) E-2(£) Jae cs) wee a 2 [databiann) (8386 (18.137) ng he pon (yt) n= it ox un = [7 eenwtb 1 ns00 Introtston to Spinro= where 1 fe 20) = SV JE En hich isthe exprenion fr the one dimensional decal of states in rach sx Tn inthe quart we dergr st B~ Ey, ho threobeld ore 2 free propagation in tht oubband (OD: In that cat, we are deslng with «quantum box with quantum s= ferent in all thee deena P= SS folBamadibamal?s (15.21) sere dam ate th solution of the then dimensions] Slnidlnger aust for the B(z,9,2) representing the quantum coofierpeat in all three dice tlons, ‘The indies (n,m) ate three quantum nuberscharactraing ‘Stensttcs ofthe Schedinger equation ‘wecan wie . 140) = X enmaldamsls (isa os with iH enmi= [” dBano( B46) (5 ‘Thecfore the O-dinensional dey of ate simply mo(B)=2 (5 ~ Bums) sau ‘wheee 6 isthe Dir delta function end the factor 2 has beon inched wine ich Ey, state can be occupied by to eletros with pai spi, ‘Example 1: Electron shect concentration in a quantum well (9) Show thatthe beet crser concentration in & HEMT devise (whlch haz ‘2]DEG inthe channel i given by Bre |e-eetPy sass) sehen only two subbands are ozcupied, Hore, By and Bare the bottom nares of the fret two subbands (@) Starting withthe result ofthe part (a, show thet at low temperature ylEr~ 5, (05.148)A Quantum Mechanics Primer son ‘when the second subband is uncecupind and ng = pls — Bi) +255 (Ep — By, (sa47) ‘when both subbands ae occupled Solution "The electron concentration In the 2 DEG ford at the heteolsterfaco between the high and low bandgap satel in a HEMT structure (one Fig, 128) ie ven by Hl) = SealénleP, as.) here oy = Enc 4 (15.149) ‘Th sheet caer concentration in he 2 DEG is um [poe (asso) 1 to wavefunctions (2) ao nora, Le, [Eentertae=1, fasasyy Ue sos are concentration i eb the ple formula = Dom (ass) only one subband inthe 2 DEG is oecupe, naa hating eH), (25:09) Whe? << BeBe, : ny = 35 (Be ~ i) (15.154) ‘When te second subband is occupied (bt th third one unos, ven Bohr intr PSs nae], asus ‘hich ca kobe witen a follows brine MPa ta] (25.186)502 Inrodttion to Spintonice Ee) Ex $4(2) Vex ~ EF (3) > 0 w : FIGURE 155 ‘Confined states a quantum wll (2 DEG) of width hp << By ~ By, Bp Ba, (La at low temperate), hen tn(oa te) = Beck (ss = fe in(t et) =. (15.158) (28p — 2 — By). (15189) a ‘Example 2: Ferml level location in a Quantum Well Consider 1008 wide potential well (quantum well or DEG) with infite -yalleat T= OK. Asume ll impurities are onined (ue, neglect carrie feexe ‘Out. Assume n° = 0.067 el esleulate the location of the Ferm lve for NpA Quanta Mechanics Priner 0 Solution ‘Arsuming that al impure ao lio, the sheet error concentrtion in ‘the well even by y= Now. (28.160) 104 and 10"m-4, ny sequal to 10" and 10"em ‘Ac tro temperature, if the Fern level Epis boswoon the N** and (N-43)"% subbands nthe el hon = Ba lb Bi (25.261) Hence : n= Tg (nee-So8) (1s.369 ‘which na generalization of the rsults found in the previous example, Saving for Ep werget 1 few, or Ea] (ass) For a wal surrounded by a lafaive wall (particle in a box problem), the ier eigenstotes energies ae given by 2 a- 5 (15.168) whore ia an integer. For m? =0067m, and W = 100, we Bnd B= oGmev (45.208) ‘Therefore, the subband energy bottoms du tothe particle in-e-box confine ‘ment in two dimensions ae given by the above equation, For Np = 10"om~ if we assume Bp le betweon Bj and Fy, and N = 1 in Kquation (15.163) above, we get Ep =59.T89f, (25.166) ‘which els us tht only one subbend Is occupied a¢ assumed For Np = 10"em™, assuming Ey is berwean Fy and By, the Fermi level ‘found tobe Bp =3294meV, (as.67) ‘which is below £, Ta tls cass, only two eubbonds are occupied. The number of subbends that are occupiod is usually found by tal sad ete.Ineodsction to Spntronice Ey FIGURE 156 Density of sites of electron or holes in a two dimensionel electron oF Bole i (2:DEG oc 2D). ‘Example Intrinsic earsier concentration In a 2DEG Consider the density of stats a shown in the Fig. 15.6 representing the tvo-dimensioval density of states of elstrons ad Boles ns quantum wel (a) Assuming the well s undoped, obtain an expression for the Ferm level Bp at room tmperature in terms of a,b and temperature T. Assume Bolt ‘man stile tobe valid. When Is Bp exactly equal to the midgap energy, mes (b) Obtain the expression fr nthe nti career concentration. ‘Hint: Stert with th epproximetoexpresions for the lctron (n) and bole (p) concentrions in terme of gE) end gy(E) lubscipts © end » denote conduction sed valence bands), and asrume Boltzmann statistic of earls a, (as.68) 1 ‘whore ka i Botemann's constantA Quantum Mechanics Primer 08 felution {3 fn an ee comattn the by [Lreneee, cs) Jf ace nee carm Us the Boltzmann eppreaination, 1(B) = "#7 nnd g(E) = af(E ~ B.) and 94(E) ~ 28(B, ~ £) where (2) = 1 for > 0 and 6(2) = O for = <0 (sve faction). We gst as [ae = ake Teta, cas.am) Sina, [cea rc (5.7) 1 the sample intone, then m = p= ny. ‘Therefre, okgrel degre), (05.173) fiom which we derive va tn B= sso ne bg VEY = ny abe (sans) ‘Example 4: Connection between 2D and 8D density of states ‘The densi of states inthe conduction band of «bulk ssmple i given by Equation (15-110, 2D quanta wel (of width W) is formod with infinite barron oth sides, show that ols +E)= Fowl +B), (8370 sere gup(E) isthe two-dimen dnstyof stats In each subbend ofthe 2 DEG, given hy Equation (18.127)06 Iniroduction to Spintronice Density of States (per eV per nm) (xo) foes FIGURE 15.7 uatration ofthe 2D dansity-of-tates staircase touching the SD deny of states curve. For this illurtraion, the eflectve mass of loctrons was eased to be m* =05m, and the quantum well wideh was asumed equal to 1004,A Quantum Methanies Primer sor Solution Fre pret oc with stanton Ea theme cis aegien an Fy Ba samy ance, lag Eatin (15.10) wet + cz ane «sare asa) A plot of W/gan() snd gop(Ban + Bs) is shove tn Fig 15.7. This figure shows that the corners of the stlraserepeseting the 22 Jump foreach ‘pearance of anew subbuad inthe 2DE touches the culve Wan By). AS ‘he well wth i inrensed the energy levels fr the patil in-box ane mote clocly spaced an} the tairase becomes closer nnd closer tothe Wan curve, (15.180)