Adulterants and its identification

in feeding stuffs

K G Jayakumar Swamy
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Adulterants
• Pure substance with some cheaper and low quality material.

• Adulteration is done by spaying Urea or Ammonium compounds to

raise their protein content

• Fish meal. MBM, Soya, Rice Gluten, Maize gluten, DDGS and oil cakes
and DOCs are the targeted RMs.

• Fish meal is adulterated with Leather meal / Feather meal to increase

protein content intentionally or will get contaminated while processing

• MBM is adulterated with Leather meal intentionally or will get

contaminated while processing

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 Impact of Adulterants
Urea intoxication
• Decrease in egg production, Leg weakness and high morbidity (40%) with mortality
– Guo, 1983
• Decrease in body weight and poor FCR in Broilers was observed from 1 to 2% urea in feed -
Tlrakulchang and Balloun (1975), Okumura et al. 1976
• Loose dropping and leg weakness in Broiler resulting in poor performance – Anjum, 1995
• More than 2% in feed can affect the digestive system, loss of appetite, thirst and diuresis -
Simov and Semov, 1976
Ref:
Effect of Urea Feeding on Health of Broiler and Layer Chickens.
Hussain, Rashid (1995). PhD thesis, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad

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 Impact of Adulterants
Thiram toxicity
• Leathery egg, Drop in production and leg weakness in Layer
• Poor performance like reduced wt.gain and high FCR in broiler even at 15ppm level
• Affect the organs like proventiculus, gizzard, intestine etc.

Ref:

Leather meal (LML) / Feather meal (FML)

• Digestibility – Min 75%
• Drop in egg production in layer Due to less digestibility and Higher level of Cr6+ in
LML can cause poor performance in broiler and even Zero production at higher
level of inclusion in layers

© Kemin Industries, Inc. and its group of companies. 2012 All rights reserved. ®™ Trademarks of Kemin Industries, Inc., U.S.A.
 Impact of Adulterants
• Huge economic loses through poor
performance and also through procurement of
adulterated RM

A Simple calculation in next slide

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Simple calculation
N content in Urea = 46% = 288% of Protein
N content in Soya = Avg. 7.5% = 47% Protein
Urea is 6 times higher in protein as compared to Soya
i.e. 1Kg Urea can replace 6 Kg of Soya
Cost of 1Kg Urea is Rs.15 but Cost of 6Kg Soya is Rs.240
By adding 1Kg Urea vendor can gain an extra
income of 225 INR by replacing 6Kg soya

© Kemin Industries, Inc. and its group of companies. 2012 All rights reserved. ®™ Trademarks of Kemin Industries, Inc., U.S.A.
Uses of checking adulterant

• Can help to have a strict quality on in coming RM

• Helps in selecting good vendor/Supplier

• Helps in stopping future losses going occur after using

• Helps in keeping the animal healthy and protect the

immunity for better production and performance

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 SPOT TESTS

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Test Weight For Maize
• Weigh 100g of maize and count the number. The count should not
exceed 300 numbers. Higher the count, lower the energy value of the
grain
• If more than 300 – Small grains – Less Metabolisable energy (< 3300
Kcal/kg)
• Less than 300 – High Moisture – Moisture estimation

Goog Quality Maize

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 Quick test for Thiram
Take100g of maize (approximately) in a conical flask

Add 20 ml of Chloroform and shake well to wet all the grains

Filter 5ml into a test tube

Add a pinch (Approx. 0.1g) of Cupric iodide

Appearance of Yellow to brownish indicates the presence of Thiram

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Soya bean meal (Normal and Hi-Pro)
• Bulk density - Bulk Density Range: 57-64 g/100 cc
• Less than 57g – Presence of husk or any other fibrous material
• More than 64g – Presence of Sand and silica or High in Moisture

• Urea adulteration – Should be nil

• Quick quality tests –
• Phenol red & Urease enzyme method

• Non Protein Nitrogen – Should be less than 0.5%

• More Brownish – Over toasted - affect the digestibility of Nutrients

• Yellowish – Under toasted – Chances of Ammonia toxicity

© Kemin Industries, Inc. and its group of companies. 2012 All rights reserved. ®™ Trademarks of Kemin Industries, Inc., U.S.A.
 Fish meal & MBM
• Adulteration with leather meal in Fish meal and MBM– test for chromium
positive – Estimate pepsing digestibility (> 75%)
• Adulteration of Feather meal in fishmeal – Low in pepsin digestibility,
• Adulteration of FM with veg source – check for NDF/ADF or Starch by iodometry
• Decomposition of Animal protein (Fish) – Saturated Lead acetate paper test

Leather meal
Meat and Bone meal Fish meal – Good Quality
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 Quick test for NPN and Urea
Take approximately 10g of ground Sample on a
White porcelain spot or white paper
0.1% Phenol red solution : take 0.1g
of phenol red and dissolve in 100ml of Water
Mix 1g of Fresh Soya bean powder (Urease Enzyme source)

Wet the sample with 1% Phenol red prepared with water

Appearance of RED coloured particle indicates the

presence of Urea
Nageitive

Positive

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NPN (Other than Urea)
Take 2-3g of sample in a beaker

Add 10-15ml of Water and stir and let it stand for 2-3
minute

Take 3ml of extract in a petri dish

Add 2-3 drops of mercuric-potassium I

odide alkaline solution mixture.

If non-protein nitrogen is present, a heavy orange

Negative Positive
precipitation color appears.

Preparation of Reagents
1.25g mercuric chloride is made into a thin paste with a little water, 3.5 g potassium iodide is added and
solution takes place.12 g sodium hydroxide is dissolved in 50 ml. Water is added and the whole made
up to 100 ml. The rather turbid solution is allowed to stand for several days, decanted and stored in a
brown bottle.

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 Quick test for Leather meal
Ash fish meal / MBM at 600C for 3 hrs.

Examine for the presence of dark green chromium salts.

(Dark green particle of ash is evidence of the adulteration of
leather meal in the sample. )

place a small amount of ash into a white spot plate / Paper.

Add 2-3 drops of solution 0.1 N H2SO4 and then add 2-3 drops
of solution Di-Phenyl Carbazide (DPC).

A violet color indicates the presence of chromium.

Preparation of Reagents
1. 0.1N Sulphuric acid:
Add slowly5 ml of Concentrated Sulphuric acid to 100ml
of Water
1. 0.1% Di-phenyl Carbazide:
Add 0.1g (approx) to 100ml of Acetone or Ethanol and
store it in a aber coloured bottle
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 Quick test for Hoof and Horn

Place 4 -5 particles of amber color test sample in a evaporating

dish

Add 5 ml of Glacial acetic acid in to the evaporating dish and let

it stand for one hour

Test particles are still hard if Hoof and Horn are present.

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 Decomposition test for Animal and
Marine product
Put 5 g of test sample into 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask.

Prepare a cork, which fits tightly, with a 2" x ¼" strip of white filter
paper pinned to the bottom, moistened with saturated lead acetate.

Add 50 ml dilute sulphuric acid into the sample then immediately

insert the cork and let it stand in a warm room for 16 hrs.

If the sample is badly decomposed, the test paper will darken quickly.

Preparation of Reagents
1. 5% Sulphuric acid – Add slowly5 ml of Concentrated Sulphuric acid to 100ml of Water
2. Satirated Lead acetate – Add Lead acetate to water with stirring. Stop the addition of Lead acetate
once it start remaining in the water

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 Decomposition test for Animal and
Marine product

Nagetive Positive

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 Quick test for Identification of Plant protein in
Animal protein (Method 1)

Place 1-2g of sample in a beaker

Add 10ml of water and boil for 2-3 minute

Cool and add 5-6 drops of Iodine solution

Appearance of Blue color indicates the

presence of Plant protein source.

Fish meal without plant protein Fish meal without plant protein

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 Thank you

© Kemin Industries, Inc. and its group of companies. 2012 All rights reserved. ®™ Trademarks of Kemin Industries, Inc., U.S.A.