PJAEE, 17 (9) (2020)

Patriotic resistance against Italian invasion in Sadan Sooddoo Oromo (1936-41)

Gemechu Kenea 1, Surafel Adissu 2

1
College of Social science and Humanities, Department of History and Heritage Management,
Bule Hora University
2
College of Social sciences and Humanities, Department of Social Anthropology, Jimma
University
Email:1 [email protected], [email protected]
Gemechu Kenea , Surafel Adissu 2: Patriotic resistance against Italian invasion in Sadan
Sooddoo Oromo (1936-41)-- Palarch’s Journal Of Archaeology Of Egypt/Egyptology 17(9).
ISSN 1567-214x
Keywords: Oromo, Sadan Sooddoo, resistance, Italy, patriots.

ABSTRACT
The aim of this paper is to highlight the resistance made by Sadan Sooddoo Oromo
patriots against Italians during 1936-41. Qualitative research methodology with Purposive
sampling technique was employed in this study and the relevant respondents from the target
group were selected carefully by the researcher to get reliable and rich data. Available primary
and secondary sources, the paper seriously took those in to account. In this paper the Sadan
Sooddoo resistance, the notable partiots and the battle fought with Italians during the period was
discussed and analyzed. This study casts some light on how the patriots made struggle against
colonizer. This paper argued that, even though Haile Sillasie I was fled to outside after the battle
of Maichew the patriots including Sadan Sooddo Oromo patriots pay great scarification and
made struggle against Italian colony until the liberation of 1941.

1. Introduction
The Oromo of Sadan Sooddoo are named as such because they are three in
number. They are Odituu (the elder), Tummee and Liiban. They are generally
settled in the areas to the South and South West of the overall settlement of the
Tulamaa with an extension to the area south of the Awash river as far as Arsi
and the Borana of the Southern part of Oromia. Oromo of Sadan Sooddoo of

4904
 PJAEE, 17 (9) (2020)

Oromo are lovcated in Sadan Sooddoo Woreda and Sooddoo Dachii i.e. in East
Shawa, around Ada’a Liiban Woreda in Tole, Qersa Malimaa, Woreda, half
of Bacho and Quarter of Waliso, in Agamja in Tiya. As one part of Ethiopia
several patriots continued their resistance to Italian invasion.
The Italians under Benito Mussolini were determined to have Ethiopia as their
colony and make it pay for the humiliating defeat it had inflicted upon them at
the Battle of Adwa in 1896, when a modern Italian army under four generals
was crushed in one morning. The 1896 Italian defeat at Adwa, however, sent a
shock wave to Rome that lingered right up until the invasion of 1935. Italy had,
during this time, been contemplating a comeback to maintain its colonial
interests amid competition from France and Britain in the scramble for East
Africa (Snachi, 1985).
The Wälwäl incident of 5 December 1934, when Italian and Ethiopian forces
clashed inside Ethiopian territory over the line of the frontier was not the actual
cause of the Italian invasion. As early as 1925, Mussolini gave orders for
military preparation with a view of waging war against Ethiopia, but not until
1934 did plans for the conquest of Ethiopia receive his full attention. Early in
October 1935 the Italians made a rapid advance towards Adwa, which was 30
kilometres from the colonial frontier that divided Eritrea and Tigray, the
northern region of Ethiopia (A. Mockler, 1984). Despite fire and air superiority
and the use of mustard gas, the Ethiopian rebels and resistance fighters, who
came to be known as ‘Patriots’ (locally known as Arbegnoch), began to
regroup in their respective districts under their local leaders to confront the
enemy. A series of major battles was waged over a period of three months: 15
December 1935 at Shiré and Enda-Baguna; 20-24 January 1936 at Worsege-
Tembien; 27-29 February at Workamba and AbiadiTembien; 1-3 March at
Selekhlekha; and in the second week of March at Emba Aradom and all the
way to Alage (Aregawi, _).
By the time the Italian army had Addis Ababa under its control and Mussolini
had declared Ethiopia part of the Italian Empire on 9 May 1936, only a section
of the northern part of the country was firmly under their control. ‘Five months
after the defeat of Emperor Haile Selassie, Badoglio and Graziani controlled
only one third of the country’. After the Battle of Maichew, resistance
commenced more or less immediately. Many groups from the defeated army
went into the bush and started resistance actions. Throughout the occupation
period these Patriots remained active and made life difficult for the Italians,
especially in rural northern, eastern and central Ethiopia. The country was thus
never effectively occupied or colonized. During the Italian occupation of
Ethiopia, a significant indigenous resistance movement, the Patriots
Movement, emerged. Many of the younger Patriots, aware of the ensuing
authority gap caused by the Emperor’s absence, did not approve of his
departure into exile. But Italians were not yet masters of all Ethiopia’s vast
territory. They could be more-or-less safe in places where their army had
passed through and had left military garrisons behind (J. Calvitt, 2008).
During the 1935-1936 war, behind the lines declared ‘liberated’ by the Italians,
hundreds of Patriots emerged in their respective localities to wage a war of

4905
 PJAEE, 17 (9) (2020)

resistance in defiance of the occupation. While resistance proliferated

nationwide, the different groups of Patriots were, however, operating on their
own, some in traditional ways (raiding, hitand-run attacks) and others
employing modern tactics. There was no unified, central command structure. In
most provinces, including Tigray, Gondar, Gojjam, Showa, Wollo, Arusi and
Wollega, similar acts of resistance could be observed (Aregawi,--). Because of
the Patriots' Resistance Movement during the Italian Occupation, which is
discussed below, Italian rule in Ethiopia was i, largely confined to the towns;
hence it was mainly in the urban centres r .that the impact of the Occupation
was felt (Bahru, 1991).

2. Materials and Method

In this paper, the authors used both primary and secondary data sources.
Secondary data sources were collected by assessing published and unpublished
materials. To collect primary data, the authors employed individual interviews
as well as discussions with the key informants. Historical reconstruction on a
certain topic of oral community requires a close assessment of oral traditions
using the available written sources for cross-checking. According to Dereje
(2012) “All human history is oral in origin.” Since the 1960s in Africa in
general and in Ethiopia in particular significant uses of oral traditions have
made the reconstruction of people’s past possible. Therefore, the current
importance of oral traditions in the studies of African peoples in general and
the Oromo in particular attests the relevance of oral sources. The available oral
traditions were used as sources of data in reconstructing this history. After that,
the data would be described, expressed and articulated qualitatively. All the
data would be analyzed carefully and interpreted in accordance with the
standardized canons of the social science disciplines based on the nature of
information obtained

3. Result and discussion

The Conflict between Sadan Sooddoo and Italy
The Battle of Buwii: The Death of Dajazmach Gabra Mariam Gari
To avenge the shameful defeat at the battle of Adwa (1896) , to realize their
colonial dream and to stabilize the serious economic difficulties faced at home
the fascist Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1935 , by using the Walwal incident as a
pretext (Bahru, 1991) .
In fact, Emperor Haile Sellassie mobilized (call up on the then regional
governors) in order to halt the Italian advance. The mobilization of the
Emperor could also get a positive response from the regional governors and the
Ethiopian people at large. The Ethiopian arm led by the Emperor himself was
defeated at the battle of Maychew on March 31 1936 (A. Del Boca, 1969).
Following the defeat at the battle of Maychew, the Ethiopian soldiers retreated
in to the interior and the fascists’ forces advanced in all directions to control
the different corners of the country (Ibid). Informants also confirm that the
regional forces who accepted the call of the Emperor had involved in the

4906
 PJAEE, 17 (9) (2020)

national war returned to their local region after the unfortunate battle of
Maychew. It was in this way that the Italian troops occupied some parts of
Ethiopia, including the areas of the Oromo of Sadan Sooddoo. However, the
Italians were confronted with a nationwide war of patriotic resistance. The
Italian efforts to divided and rule was not successful. Moreover, that the war of
resistance movement encompasses all regions and ethnic groups of Ethiopia.
Even if the resistance was a nationwide, it was strong in Shawa. Informants
also agreed that, the Oromo of Sadan Sooddoo began their war of resistance
movement after the arrival of the Italians in the area in 1937(Bahru, 1991).
According to informants, the following individuals has great contributions in
leading and coordinating the war of resistance in Sooddoo area against the
Italians: Qagnazmach Beyene Gudata, Fitwarari Mardasa Gada and his brother
Jamama Gada, Dajazmach Balcha Safo and the like. During the war of
resistance the Oromo of Sadan Sooddoo divided themselves in to different
groups and made heroic war of resistance against the Italians.
On the eve of the Italian occupation, Dajjazmach Gebre Mariam Gari was
appointed as the governor of Hararghe region. In addition, following the
occupation of Ethiopia, by the Italians the army of Dajazmach Gebre Gariam
Gari has marched to the Southern fronts. However, following the defeat of
Ethiopia Dajjazmach Gebre mariam Gari escaped and had returned to Sooddoo.
However, on the way to Sooddoo Dajjazmach Gebre mariam Gari was caught
and killed by the Italians forces at the place called Buwii located between the
borderers of Southern Nation Nationalities and Oromia region. It was well
known that Dajazmach Mariam Gari was a well-known patriot of Sooddoo. His
mother was from Roobee, whereas his father Garri Godana was from Sarboo
group. After he was served as a palace guard and he got military training and
merged to national military force. He was also participated on the war of
Sagale. After completion of his responsibility and service in Hararge, he was
returned to Finfinne and became the minister of defense force. He confront
with Italian army prepared for forty years and got a victory at different times.
For instance, in Arsi, Boqojjii he fought with Italy and pay great sacrifice.
After the battle of Boqojjii, he fought them again in Sadan Sooddoo. Howver,
he was shouted here by Italian and killed (Shalama, 2007).
The Battle of Baddaa Qeerroo: The Initial Success of Soddoo Oromo
Resistance
Since the beginning of Sadan Sooddoo the war of resistance the three brothers
namely Gaamessaa Fuuqaa, Agamaa Fuugaa and Dhabaa Tola, confront with
Italians at the place called Baddaa Qeerroo of Hulaa Sonboo (located West of
Sadan Sooddoo currently located in Walisoo Woreda).
As one strategy to weaken the war of resistance, the Italians had continued
using their policy of divide and rule. That is by aggravating conflicts between
each ethnic group and individuals against the state and so on (Tekalign, 1995).
As their policy of divided and rule, the Italians considered that the Macha to be
loyal or collaborators and they had given more attention to the resistance of
Sooddoo people and had tried to use the Machaa Oromo neighbor against the
Sooddoo Oromo. However, the neighbor groups of Sooddoo; the Macha have

4907
 PJAEE, 17 (9) (2020)

been served as inner patriots to Sooddoo vise versa to Italians expectations and
they were locally named as “ Simbirtu himtuu ” . Beyond that patriots such as
Garasu Duki, from the Macha group made great contributions in the war of
resistance .
For example Garasu Duki initiated by the sons of Fuqaa became a patriot. The
three brothers, Gaamessaa Fuuqaa, Agamaa Fuugaa and dhaabaa Tolaa directly
joined the army of Garasu Duki in his local village located around Waliso.
According to my informant, after the army of Garasu was coordinated they had
prepared themselves for attack against the Italian army in the area. It was at this
time that the Italians heard about the integration or the unification of the arm in
the area and decided to crush it. Eye witness accounts states that the army of
Italians accounted to about fifty campaigned to the area (the village of Darasu
Duki) at specific place called Badda Qerroo.
The news of the arrival of the Italians soon reached to the unified forces of
Darasu. Before the Italians army reached the area the unified armies of Darasu
and the three brothers’ took an ambush and have been waiting the Italians. By
using such tactics (through Guerilla fighting) the army of Darasu killed all
(fifty) soldiers of the Italians at Badda Qeerroo. The victory of Sooddoo
patriots at Badda Qeerroo was taken as the initial success of Sooddoo against
the Italians. The victory of Sooddoo patriots has great significance in the
course of patriot resistance against the Italians in the area.
It was following their victory at Baddaa Qeerroo that the Sooddoo patriots
divided themselves in to different contingents and had continued their patriotic
resistance, which finally lead for the evacuation of the Italian army from the
area. As to their agreements Bekele Weya and Beyene Gudata had continued
their preparations together, they have made their army to be equipped. On the
other hand, Mardasa Gada and Obsaa Jimmaa continued their preparations .The
two sons of Sobbooqaa: Galate and Tefera have also continued their
preparations by assigning their own war leaders.
Although the above listed groups were formed to continue the wars of
resistance against the Italians in Sooddoo area, Dajjazmach Balcha Safo, by
taking his own army alone campaigned to in accessible parts of Wacaca
mountain a place located about thirty Kilometers West of Addis Ababa
currently found in Bantu Woreda .
The Battle of Habebe: The Death of Dajazmach Balcha Safo
Dajjazmazh Balcha Safoo was born in south west shawa in Tole. He was
participated in the 1st Italian war with Menelik II and 2nd with Haile Sillase I.
Even though, he lost his beloved friends on two wars he didn’t gave his country
to colonizers.
Balcha safoo was appointed by Zewditu and ruled Sidama. In 1924 Ras Tafari
Mekonnen was went to Eupe for visit and returned to ethjiopia observing the
civilization developed in different European countries. On his return he called
several administrators to discuss what he observed. However, Balcha refused to
come Finfinnee. At the end he came to Finfinne by the request of Zewditu with
his 500 soldiers. When he reached a palace he shakes the zewdiru’s hand and
refused to shake the hand of Tafari mekonnen. Starting from the day Ras Tafari

4908
 PJAEE, 17 (9) (2020)

mekonnen was angry to him. Therefore, he took over Sidama from him and
decided to prison him. Surprised by the issue Balcha says:
Itophiya Enate mogninesh telala
Ye motelish kerto ye gedelesh bela
As it was well known, following the invasions of Ethiopia in 1935/6, Balcha
Safo, had marched to fight the Italians in the Southern front, which was led by
Rudolf Grazziani. However, after the defeats of Ethiopia, both in the Northern
and Southern fronts, Balcha has returned to his home base to Sooddoo to
continue the war of resistance against the invaders.
At Wacaca Mountain, Dajazmach Balcha conducted stiff war of resistance.
Fighting the Italians for two years at Wacaca, he had tried to return to Sooddoo
with his army. When he reached at a place called Habebe, the Italian army who
had information encircled his army and a great battle was fought. As the result,
large numbers of people had killed from the two groups.
On the other hand, the patriot forces of Sooddoo led by Bekele Weya, Garsu
Duki and Fitwarari Mardasa Gada had continued in their wars of resistance
following the death of Balcha Safo. According to informants, around
mountainous areas of Gibe area a confrontation took place between the
Sooddoo patriots and the Italians. Since the conflict was conducted with
balanced forces of the two groups, it was not easy to the enemies to get an
immediate success. Therefore, after their initial clash in the area, they have
postponed the major conflict for the other time, and they had continued their
preparations on their side.
To give additional support, for the Italian army in the area, another group of the
Italians was sent from Addis Ababa to Gibe. On their march to Gibe, the Italian
force faced a surprise attacks from the forces of Garasu Duki, Dajazmach
Bekele Weya and Fitwarari Mardasa Gada. The patriots of Sooddoo led by
Garasu Duki, Bekele Weya and Meradasa Gada were divided themselves in to
two. That is the army of Sooddoo led by Darasu Duki by taking the right flank,
and the army led by Dajazmach Bekele Weya and Fitwarari Mardasa Gada
taking the left flank followed secretly the activities of the Italian army in the
area .
By following the Italian army in the area the patriots opened sudden attacks on
the Italian army in the Gibe Mountain. As the result of the attacks, the Italian
forces were completely defeated. Following their defeat, the hopeless forces of
the Italian were also killed one after another by the patriots of Sooddoo. It was
to commemorate the patriots of the Sooddoo that the singers song in this ways:
_
Oromo Gloss
Yaa sooddoo yaa sooddoo Oh, Sodo Sodo
Biyya Baqqee Wayyaa The country of Bekele
weya
Siifan guggubadhee I am burned for you
Akka Dhagaa gaayyaa. Like clay stone used for
smoking.

4909
 PJAEE, 17 (9) (2020)

The Aftermath of the Victory of Sooddoo Patriots at Gibe

The victory of the Sooddoo around Gibe became additional efforts for the
future resistance of the patriots. Informants unanimously agreed that, following
their victory at Gibe the patriots of Sooddoo had intensified their war of
resistance and had stationed at inaccessible part of Leemman currently, located
in Kersa Maallima Woreda (i.e. South East of Addis Ababa) to continue the
war of resistance against the other force of the enemy around the area.
During the time, the Italian armies were going from Addis Ababa, to the south
(Jimma ) to give additional assistance for the Italian army defeated by the
patriots of Sooddoo and retreated to Jimma town. However, before reaching
Gibe, around Lemman the Italian soldiers were faced a sudden attack. The
Italian armies that were marching to Jimma were organized in eleven cars. The
Italian army faced an attack from the Sooddoo patriots led by Dajazmach
Bekele Weya. Using their war tactics the patriots of Sooddoo first gave the
chance for one of the Italian car that carry soldiers to pass and then they opened
attack on the rest [ten cars of the Italians]. By doing such a heroic struggle the
patriots of Sooddoo led by Dajazmach Bekele Weya have bombarded the
Italian army. The local people expressed this tragic event through the following
poem: _
Amharic Gloss
Leman hafaf lay on Lemman Mountain
Biret mitad tefto roasting pan is lost
Habelan bekele be metereyes kolto Bekele feeds us roasting them (Italians)
by Meterayas.

The Aftermath of the Victory of Sooddo Patriots at Lemman

After their victory at the battle of Lemman and heard the news of the defeat of
their army the other group of the Italian army, had campaigned to the area.
Following that a major war was fought between the two groups around the area
not far from Lemman. Even if the victorious forces of Sooddoo conducted
patriotic resistance in the war, Beyene Gudata and Jamama Gada were killed
by the Italian forces. Following the death of the two war leaders, the army of
Bekele was highly disturbed and they have been very sad. According to
informants, the following poem was told during the time: _
Yemay mot sewu mote
Yemay belash
Qagnazmach beyene
Kere be bilash
Although, the resistance movement of Sooddoo patriots seems to be declined
following the death of Gudata and Jamama Gada at Lemman , the rest leader
of patriots such as Dajazmach Bekele Weya had kept the resistance alive
among the Oromo’s of Sadan Sooddoo .
After they were recovered from mourn, the patriots of Sadan Sooddoo were
continued the war of resistance. Following their defeat at Lemman the patriots
of Sadan Sooddoo retreated back to Sooddoo area. However, on their way still
they were followed by the Italian army that were organized both in air and

4910
 PJAEE, 17 (9) (2020)

ground forces. The army of the Italians followed the patriots of Sadan Sooddoo
were bombarded by Dajazmach Bekele Weya at a place called Itanne. By
killing the Italian soldiers Dajazmach Bekele has revenged the death of his war
brothers.
The patriots of Sadan Sooddo who confronted the Italian forces for five solid
years since the battle of Maychew played significance role in the final defeat of
the Italian army too. Although, many local people lost their lives they inflicted
heavy damages on the enemy forces and eventually, forced them to leave the
whole Sadan Sooddoo area. Thus, the Oromo of Sadan Sooddoo patriots allied
with other Ethiopian fighters forced out the colonial power from the region in
the late 1941.
Generally, the patriots of Sooddoo doing such heroic resistance they totally
withdrawn Italians from the area. What were the factors that had contributed
for the success of the patriots?
The first contributing factor was that most of the patriots have blood
relationship (they were relatives) which had contributed for their success and
that had strengthened their intimacy. According to informants the mother of
Dajazmach Gabra Mariam Gari, Qagnazmach Beyene Gudata , Bekele Weya
and Fitwarari Mardasa Gudata and Garasu Duki were from one group (i.e. the
mothers of all of the patriots were from Maru group). The other contribution
factor was that they have been secretly followed every activities of the enemy
and they had opened an attack on the enemy when conditions favorable to
them.
Sadan Sooddoo in the Post Liberation
The process of privatization of land, which had already been started before,
1935, accelerated in the post war period. Thus, the post liberation period
witnessed a remarkable growth in land sales. In spite of series decrees on land
issue (1942, 11944, 1966), made to raise state revenue and reduce peasant,
Gabar consisting majority of the burdens of taxation. The land privatization
process initiated with the institution of land-measurement (qalad), and unequal
distribution increased. Extensive land grants by the state to its officials and
supporters reduced a substantial portion of the peasantry to the status of
tenancy, particularly in the southern half of the country. (Bahru, 1991).
After Emperor Haile Sellassie returned from exile i.e. from 1941 to 1974, he
significantly increased the wealth power of and privileges of the Balabats by
making them hereditary landlord in their respective regions as a means of
controlling their own people who expropriated share croppers.
The son and the successor of Ture Galate that came to power in the first decade
of 20thc following the death of his father was, Arada Ture. However,
Qagnazmach Arada Ture was ignorant by nature he does not gave much
emphasis for the Shawan rule. Since his father Ture Galate knows the behavior
of his son from the beginning, he make the well known general of the time
Fitwarari Habte Giorgis his religious father. After taking power, when order
was given, Qagnazmach Arada refused to take the orders of the Shawan .It
was during this time that Fitwarari Habte Giorgis have said “Tureen Dhagaa
guddaa dugda kootti na hidhe”( Ture tied a big stone on my back ).

4911
 PJAEE, 17 (9) (2020)

Following the refusal of Qagnazmach Arada to take the Shawan order his
administrative areas was given to Qagnazmach Gebriyas. However since
Qagnazmach Gebriyas had no blood relationship with Ture family later on
Dajazmach Gebre Mariam was appointed over Sadan Sooddo. Again lateron
Gabra Mariam also indirectly appointed his nephew Bonsa Dhaba. After
Ethiopia was liberated from the Italian rule, the conflict between the people of
Sadan Sooddoo and the Balabats had continued for more than twenty-five
years. As the result of the conflict, the amounts of land occupied by the
Balabbat had reduced.
The people of Sadan Sooddoo revolted against their Balabbats through the
coordination of individuals such as Gobena Walda Giorgis, Gobanna Immatoo,
Getachew Dawwi and Aseffa Wakene. Since the conflict had continued
between the people of Sooddo and Balabats, in 1974, the Dargue came to
power by eliminating the monarchical rule of Haile Sellassie. After Darg held
power in 1975, all rural land was nationalized and peasant associations were
established as the lowest level of administrative units in rural parts.
After Ethiopia was liberated from the Italian rule when four tier of
administrative subdivisions were set up in Ethiopia the current center of
Sooddoo people i.e. Sadan Sooddo Woreda was part of the Chabo Awraja,
which was also incorporated to the Southern Nation, Nationalities, and people
of Ethiopia . After Darg came to power, the Sadan Sooddo Woreda was
established in 1971 as an independent

4. Conclusion
To avenge the shameful defeat at the battle of Adwa (1896) , and to realize
their colonial dream and to stabilize the serious economic difficulties faced, at
home the fascist Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1935 , by using the Walwal incident
as a pretext. In fact, Emperor Haile Sellassie mobilized (call up on the then
regional governors) in order to halt the Italian advance. The mobilization of the
Emperor could also get a positive response from the regional governors and the
Ethiopian people at large. The Ethiopian arm led by the Emperor himself was
defeated at the battle of Maychew on March 31 1936. However, the Italians
were confronted with a nationwide war of patriotic resistance. The Italian
efforts to divided and rule was not successful. Moreover, that the war of
resistance movement encompasses all regions and ethnic groups of Ethiopia.
Even if the resistance was a nationwide, it was strong in Shawa. Informants
also agreed that, the Oromo of Sadan Sooddoo began their war of resistance
movement after the arrival of the Italians in the area in 1937. The Sadan
Soddoo Oromo fought with Italian at the battle of Buwii, Badda Qeerroo,
Habebe, Gibe, and Leemman.

Acknowledgement
The completion of this work has been made possible by the direct and indirect
assistance of many individuals. Our thanks go to all these individuals who
participated towards the accomplishment of this paper.

4912
 PJAEE, 17 (9) (2020)

Author’s contributions
The authors read and approved the final manuscript
Fund
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the
public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Competing interests
The author’s declares that they have no competing interests.
Availability of data and materials
All the data we have used in the manuscript( in the introduction part,
methodology and to support result are available online and some of them are
available in the library like Institute of Ethiopian Studies (IES) which is found
in Addis Abeba Sidist Kilo campus.

References
A. Mockler (1984). Haile Selassie’s War (Oxford,)
Aregawi Berhe.(-----) Revisiting resistance in Italian-occupied Ethiopia: The
Patriots’ Movemen (1936-1941) and the redefinition of post-war
Ethiopia
A. Sbacchi (1985), Ethiopia Under Mussolini: Fascism and the Colonial
Experience , London.
A. Del Boca. (1969). The Ethiopian war 1935 – 1941 . London,
Bahru Zewude. (1991). A history of modern Ethiopia 1855-1991 (2nd ed.)
Addis Ababa: Addis Ababa University,.) pp. 150 – 154.
Dereje Hinew.(2012) History of Oromo Social Organization: Gadaa Grades
Based Roles and Responsibilities, Science, Technology and Arts
Research Journal, 1(3): 88-96
Haile Selassie I (1976), The Autobiography of Emperor Haile Selassie I: My
Life and Ethiopia’s Progress 1892-1937, translated and annotated by
E. Ullendorff, Oxford, 263.
J. Calvitt Clarke.( 2008)“Feodor Konovalov and the Italo-Ethiopian War (Part
II).” World War II Quarterly 5, 23-49.
Shalama kabbee (2007). Seenaa gootota oromoo fi Kaan, Finfinnee, Ethiopia
Tekalign WoldeMariam .1995 .‘‘A city and its Hinterlands: The political
Economy of land Tenure, Agriculture and food supply for Addis Ababa,
Ethiopia 1887- 1974’’. Ph.D. Dissertation, Boston University,
History Department.

4913