1) Define the term obedience.

Means complying with the request or order of an authority figure.

2) Define conformity.
Matching the behaviour and beliefs of others in order to fit in or because we do
not know how to behave in an unusual situation.

3) How is internalisation different to compliance?

Compliance involves going along with the majority although we may not agree
with them. İnternalisation occurs when you are placed in a situation where you
do not know how to behave. You look to the majority for his information and
follow their lead, as you believe this must be the correct way to behave, we
follow the group norm because we do not want to be rejected.

4) Why can identification happen?

When a person will change their behaviour and benefits while in the company of
a group, but this only lasts as long as the group is present. This occurs because
we like to be defined as a group, so we adopt their beliefs and values to fit in.

5) Define deindividuation.
Loss of personal self- awareness and responsibility as a result of being in a
group.

6) What is deindividuation likely to occur?

When we lose our individual identitywe blend into a group and because
anonymous, we do not stand out in the crowd.

7) What is meant by the bystander effect?

When someone fail to help another in need because they believe others will help
instead.

8) What is bystander intervention?

9) Give 3 situational factors affecting bystander intervention.
1- Diffusion of responsibility.
2- Noticing the event.
3- Pluralistic ignorance.

Noticing the event: ın large crowds we tend to keep ourselves to ourselves and
pay less attention to what is going on around us.

10) Describe what diffusion of responsibility is.

One of the main reasons fort he bystander effect is because we feel less
personally responsiblewhen there are more people around to potentially help.

11) How can mood and competence affect bystander intervention?

12) Give 3 situational factors affecting conformity.

1- Size of the majority.
2- Unanimity of the majority.
3- Task difficulty/ ambiguity.
13) What is locus of control? What are the two types?
Locus of control is the part of our personality that refers to how much control
we believe we have over our own behaviour.
1- İnternal locus of control.
2- External locus of control.
14) Outline the experiment by asch intro conformity.
Participant was placed around a table with confederates. The experimenter
presented the group with a card displaying three lines of differing lengths
labelled A, B, C. The confederates all lied and picked a line that was nothing
like theline on the second card. The participants heard the confederates answers
and so some of them then also picked the wrong line.

15) Define the term obedience.

When we comply with the orders of an authority figüre without question; this
tends to be associated with a negative outcome.
16) Outline milgram’s experiment and what did he found.
Milgram staged an obedience experiment, where participants thought they were
taking part in a study of memory and learning participants were invited to yale
university and introduced to another participant, Mr Wallace, who was a
confederate in the study. Each participant was asked to give Mr Wallace an
increasingly higher level of electric shock if he failed to learn and remember
Word pairs that were read out to him. The shocks were not real, but the
participant believed they were. Mr Wallace was in different room when he was
given the electric shocks.

17) Give 3 situational factors affecting obedience.

1- Proximity of the victim.
2- Authority figure.
3- Personal responsibility.
18) What personality type is associated with being more obedient?
A type of personality that is respectful of authority, right-wing in attitude and
rigid in beliefs.

19) What two keywords can be used to explain crowd berhaviour?

1- Prosocial behaviour: behaviour that is seen as helpful, kind, cooperative
and peaceful.
2- Antisocial behaviour: behavior that is unhelpful, destructive and
aggressive.
20) What can influence obedience within a crowd?
The crowd can therefore be directed to be peaceful or aggressive.

21) Give 3 ways to prevent blind obedience.

1- Familiarity of the situation: we also know that when we are in a situation
that is unfamiliar or ambiguous, we are more likely to follow orders
because we do not know how to behave.
2- Distance: if we increase the distance between ourselves and an authority
figüre, their impact is lessened.
3- Education: organisations may use education programmes and policies to
help support employees who believe they need to question authority.
22) What was the aim of the study by haney, banks and zimbardo
(1973)?
To investigate prisoner- guard conflict in a simulated prison environment.

23) Outline the procedure of this study.

A stimulated prison was set up in the basement of Stanford university,
consisting of three cells with steel bar doors, a yard area a guardroom and a
closet for solitray confinement. The prisoners spent a lot of time in their cells,
but were allowed privileges, such as watching a movie and visits from their
family.

24) What ethical issues did this study prevent?

They were so emotionally distressed.

25) What weakness was there with the participants?

Both the prisoners and guard scould have simply been acting in a way they
thought was expected of them rather than demonstrating real behaviour in the
situation. This lowers the ecological validity of the study.

26) How can conformity help us to understand social issues?

İn a crod, they would observe the other members being hostile, causing damage
and looting, and internalise the norms of the group.

27) How can deindividuation help us to explain social issues?

We know that larger groups are more likely to become deindividuated and
therefore more aggressive if the group norms are antisocial. As the roits grew in
the UK, for example, aggression increased.

28) Complete the sentences with the correct term for each
description.
1- Although elliot preferred classical music, he listened to pop music with
his friends because they liked it. _____________
2- Louis saw a person stumble and fall in the Street. He thought they must be
drunk so he didnt stop to help. _____________
 3- When carolyn pot on her poliçe uniform for work shecould not be her
usual silly and fun-loving self because she was expected to act as a poliçe
officer would. ____________

29) Write down the personal factors affecting bystander intervention

and explain 2 of them.
1- Competence: if we feel competent enough to help, this can influence
whether we help or not and the type of help we give. For example, if we
are trained in ussing CPR to resuscitate a person who has stopped
breathing, we are more likely to intervene in a situation where this is
required.
2- Mood: people are more likely to intervene and help another if they are in a
good mood. When we are in a bad mood or feel sad, we tend to focus our
attention inwardly on ourselves.
3- Similarity.
30) Many people give to charity and some choose not to. The
salvation army often uses volunteers to raise funds. They usually
hold a collection box in a shop or on the high Street.
Explain, using your knowledge of bystander intervention, why
some people are willing to give Money to the salvation army while
others choose to walk on by.
Someone may be more likely to give to charity because they are in a good mood.
Being happy increases the likelihood of being helpful. İf we have been in need
of charity at some point,we may perceive ourselves as similar to those needing
help from the salvation army. Similarity to the person in need will increase our
likelihood of donating.

31) Write the situational factors affecting obedience to an authority

figure and explain 3 of them.
1- Proximity of the victim: Mr Wallace was in a different room, so it was
easier for participant to obey the order to continue with the shock because
the effects could not be seen.
2- Proximity of the authority figure.
3- Authority figüre: Mr Williams gave orders wearing a lab coat, so he
looked official and legitimate.
 4- Legitimacy of the context: the original study was conducted at the
prestigious yale university.
5- Personal responsibility.
6- Support of others.
32) Write the meanings of the given words.
1- Society: a group of people in a community.
2- Social issue: a social problem or confict that affects a community of
people.
3- İndividualistic culture: a culture that emphasises independence, autonomy
and individuality.
4- Collectivistic culture: a culture that emphasises group membership,
interdependence and cooperation.
33) Define the term obedience as it is used in psychology. Use an
example in your response.
When you’ll go to your work, you need to go early. Because you know that
its rule of work. İf you don’t, your boss will fire you from your job, so you
have to obey that rule.
34) There are some situations that you need to write what term they
belong to.
1- The fire alarm goes off at a shopping centre and Gina is unsure which way
to go so follows the rest of the shoppers.
_______________________________.
2- Johnny’s dad is very serious and stern when he is with his work
colleagues but is very silly and is always joking when he is with johnny.
_________________.

35) As a part of your course you will have studied Haney, Banks,
and Zimbardo (1973).
1) İdentify one of the rules include in Haney, Banks, and Zimbardo
(1973).
a- Two supervised toilet visits per day.
b- Three visits per week.
c- Lining up to be counted four times per day.
d- Three meals per day.
36) Kareem is a student travelling to school by bus. When the bus
arrives at the stop where he needs to get of he witnesses an older
woman fall down the stairs.
- Explain one of personal factor that could affect kareem’s
decisions about whether to help her. You should refer to a
personal factor affecting bystander intervention in your answer.
When the woman falls down, kareem feels himself as similar to her. So he
more likely to help. (similarity)

37) Explain two weaknesses of using Haney, Banks, and Zimbardo’s

(1973) study as an explanation of the charge in behaviour of junbin
and his friends at the shopping.
a) Weakness 1:
They were so emotionally distressed.
b) Weakness 2:
Both the prisoners and guards could have simply been acting in a way
they thought was expected of them rather than demonstrating real
behaviour in the situation this lowes the ecological validity of the study.
38) Describe how one situation factor could affect bystander
intervention.