1. The two prominent cities of IVC, When did they exist?

Mohenjodaro, Harappa in 2600 BC

2. General characteristics of Culture
Ans: culture is not genetic. It s an acquired character.
 Culture can be differentiated from both universal human nature and unique
individual personality

o Culture is learned, not Inherited

o It derives from one’s social environment, not genes

3. Kalidasa works:
Ans: Raghuvamsam, abhignana sakuntalam, VikramorvasIyam,
Kumarasambhavam, Rutusamharam , meghadutam,
4. Vedas are said to be apaurusheyas. Ruk, Yajus, Sama, Adharvana Vedas
5. Sanatana Dharma, The oldest way of life followed in India. Now it is
called as HINDUISM.
6. Adi sankaracharya profounder of Advaita Vedanta.
7. Aryabhata (476–550 CE) Mathematician, Astronomer, Atrologer,
Varahamihira(505-587 AD) Hydrology, ecology, geology
8. Kanada, Vaiseshika Darshana
9. Gurukula. Gurus, kings
10.Homi Baba, Jagadish Chandra Bose, APJ Abdul Kalam
PART B
11) a) Indus Valley Civilization flourished between 7000 BC to 2600 BC,
They know metals like gold and copper. They used soap stone seals. Their
main art forms are Bull, miniature figurines on which a script was written,
which is still not decoded. They had trade links with other countries. They
were good in water management and had wells and a well-managed drainage
system. They know farming and grown cereals, barley etc.,
 Water management:
o Harappan people were very skilled in water management. The
Harappan agriculture depended on monsoon but they constructed
the canals for better production and to prevent their crops from
adverse climatic conditions.
o They also constructed some hydraulic structure to collect the rain
water, so that they could use that water in irrigation. Some
 evidences like dams, canals and reservoirs were found at
different sites
The greatest construction made by the Lothal engineers to the advancement
of science and technology consisted in building an artificial dock for
berthing ships.
b) What are cultural differences and how and why do they occur?
Culture depends on human nature and the society in which he lives. As each
one lives in different societies, their cultures differ.
As culture is the set of attitudes, values, beliefs, and behaviors shared by a
group of people, but different for each individual, communicated from one
generation to the next.’
So cultural differences occur on the basis of the attitudes, behaviors, language,
and individuals.
12)
a) Culture : culture is the set of attitudes, values, beliefs, and behaviors shared
by a group of people, but different for each individual, communicated from one
generation to the next.’

Civilization: A civilization is a human society made up of different cities,

with a set of characteristics of cultural and technological development. In
many parts of the world, early civilizations formed when people began coming
together in urban settlements.
Culture is based on the behavior of the people of a place or ethnic groups.
Culture is an acquired behavior where as civilization is set of characteristics of
cultural and technological developments in that society.
(b) Ancient Indian Culture
Ancient Indian Culture is of its Languages and literature, Social
institutions ,Philosophical traditions, Art & Architecture, archaeological
remains, archaeological excavations, comparative mythology, Old world
cultures, Folk and tribal cultures etc. ...
In our ancient Indian culture the language was Sanskrit and literature was in the
form of darshanas, Upanishads, Purana, kavya, nataka etc.,
In the modern culture the language is English the studies are based on the
subjects of modern sciences and technology. The art has taken many shades
and a blend or confluence of many art forms have mixed to give a new look to
art and architecture.
13) Role of Sanskrit and write a brief note on Vedas and Upa-vedas
 Sanskrit language's historical presence has been attested in many
countries. The evidence includes manuscript pages and inscriptions
discovered in South Asia, Southeast Asia and Central Asia. These have
been dated between 300 and 1800 CE. One of the 22 Officially recognised
languages. Source of all ancient knowledge in India. Vedic Sanskrit and
Classical Sanskrit. Roots in Indo Aryan group of Languages
 Vedas: Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda and Atharvaveda are the four
Vedas and these are classified by Maharshi Vyasa.
 Upavedas: Ayurveda, Dhanurveda, Gandharva veda, Arthashastra were
said to be Upavedas.
b) Vedic and non-vedic schools of philosophy
Vedic schools of philosophy are the philosophies that accept Vedic authority.
Non- vedic schools are the philosophies that don’t accept Vedic authority.
Vedic schools of philosophy : Sankhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaiseshika
Non-Vedic schools of philosophy: Charvaka, Buddhist, Jain philosophies

14) Evolution of Indian languages – 2 south Indian languages with 2 literary

works
 People of India speak a large number of languages which are broadly
divided into the following four families:
 1. Indo-European Family (Arya),
 2. Dravidian Family (Dravida),
 3. Austric Family (Nishada), and
 4. Sino Tibetan Family (Kirata).
South Indian Languages belong to Dravidian family Of languages.
Telugu : Andhra Maha Bharatam by kavitrayam , Nannayaa, Tikkanna, and
Yerrapragada. , Bhagavatam by Potana,
Kannada: Pampa, Ponna and Ranna are the three gems of Kannada literature
“ titled ratnatraya” The earliest known literary work in Kannada is
Kavirajamang written by the Rashtrakuta King, Nripatunga Amoghavarsha
I.
Madhava wrote Dharmanathapurana on the fifteenth tirthankara.
B) North Indian Languages: North Indian Languages have their roots in Indo-
Aryan family of languages. Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, Oriya, Punjabi etc are the
north Indian languages. For all Indo-Aryan languages have their roots in
Sanskrit.
Hindi literature : Sumitra Nandan Pant, Mahadevi varma, Jaishankar prasad are
famous modern Hindi writers.
Ramacharita Manas by Tulasidas and  Chand Bardai (1148–1191), author of
Prithviraj Raso
15) Religion and philosophy in Ancient India
Ancient India has its way of life that is called “ Sanatanadharma” . Ancient
philosophies are Sankaracharya’s Advaita philosophy, Madhvacharya’s Dvaita
Philosophy and Ramanujacharya’s “Visishtha Advaita”.
They preached about the Paramatma and Jeevatma in different types.
b) TELUGU, Kannada, Tamil :
Telugu : Nannayaa, Tikkana.
Kannada: Pampa Mahakavi, Kanakadasa, Purandaradasa
Tamil: Tiruvalluvar, Kambar
16) 3 religious reforms and reformers
Brahma Samaj, Arya samaj, Ramakrishna Mission
Reformers: Swami Dayananda Saraswati, RajaRama mohan roy, Eswara
Chandra Vidyasagar
b) Prasthana Trayam
Upanishads, Brahma Sutras, Bhagavadgita are called Prasthana Trayam. Adi
Sankaracharya wrote commentaries to these.
17) a) Nyayashastra was written by Bharatamuni in 600 BC. He narrated the
types of abhinayas, Rasas, Bhavas. The shapes of stages , the types of dressing
for different dance forms.
Dance forms: Bharatanatyam, Mohiniattam, Kuchipudi, Odissy, Manipuri,
Kathakali
b) Temple Architecture
In ancient India there were 3 types of Temple architecture prevailed.
Nagara( North Indian style) Dravidian ( South-Indian style) Vesara Style( The
blend of these two architectures.
Differences: the temples in the region between River Krishna and Kanyakumari
are called Dravidian style.
The temples of north India called Nagara style. Temples in the middle parts of
India are in Vesara style.
Central Tower: In Nagara style and Dravidian style the central tower has more
importance .
The boundary and entrace of Nagara style are not well defined but in Dravidian
style they are clear and well defined.
18) Bhaskaracharya II : He was a 12th century mathematician . Contributed to
the fields of Arithmetic, Algebra, Concepts of differential Calculus. His major
contributions to Mathematics was his book Leelavathi Ganitam, where he has
given calculations, progressions, permutations, measurements etc.
Bijaganitam: He has given Algebraic equations.
Grahaganitam: In this chapter he explained many astrological aspects.
b) Panini: Maharshi Panini was a Sanskrit grammarian, Wrote Asthadhyayi with
around 4000 sutras those explain the syntax and words, sentences in Sanskrit
Language. He has structured the Sanskrit language and there is no chance of
deviations in the language.
19) a) Ancient system of education- The Gurukula: The student should have 5
years and must have been given Upanayana and Saraswati Puja with
Aksharabhyasa. Must stay in Gurukula during his entire period of study.
Buddhist: The student should have 5 to 8 years and must have been given
Upanayana and Aksharabhyasa. Must stay in AArama during his entire period
of studies.
Jain : The student should have 5 years or a little more and must have been given
Upanayana and Jain guru puja . Must stay in Chaitya during his entire period of
studies.
b) Ancient Indian System : The Gurukulas are the teaching spots and they were
under the administration of the Guru, no political or societal interference was
not there. The expenses are borne by the kings of the areas. Language Is
Sanskrit and the Vedas, Upanishads, Vedangas, philosophies, tatwa was taught.
Buddhist: The AAramas are the schools under the Buddhist monks. The
Tripitaksa and Buddhist preachings were taught in Aramas. The language is
pali. Vocational studies , Warfare arts, art and architecture were also taught.
Jain: The jain preachings and Vocational studies were taught . Main language
being Prakrit.
20) Medieval and modern systems
Medieval : along with Gurukulas Madarsas, to teach Islamic literature were
setup. The languages were Persian and Arabic In madarsas arithmetic, warfare,
administration were taught.
Modern: In modern times, Gurukulas and ancient system of education was
discouraged. British system which was in English medium came into being and
missionary schools were
Established to prepare English speaking clerks to work for British companies.
b) The aim of education under Ancient Education system was:
i)character building
ii) personality development
iii) self respect and self reliance
iv) taking forward the knowledge to nect generations
v) earning livelihood
In present day’s education Earning for lively hood is achieved, where are
Character building and self respect are not taught.

(Note: The students are expected to mention the main points with specific key
words to get good score.)