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Grade 12 Practical Notes-Ta1

The document provides instructions for experiments involving isolating DNA from plant materials like strawberries and bananas. The procedure involves grinding plant tissue, filtering it, adding detergent and salt solution, then adding chilled ethanol to precipitate out DNA fibers. A second experiment involves preparing slides to study pollen germination, where pollen grains are observed germinating and developing pollen tubes and male gametes. Spotters sections provide comments to identify wind-pollinated and insect-pollinated flowers based on their adaptations, and identify structures in cross-sections of testes and their role in gamete development.

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242 views

Grade 12 Practical Notes-Ta1

The document provides instructions for experiments involving isolating DNA from plant materials like strawberries and bananas. The procedure involves grinding plant tissue, filtering it, adding detergent and salt solution, then adding chilled ethanol to precipitate out DNA fibers. A second experiment involves preparing slides to study pollen germination, where pollen grains are observed germinating and developing pollen tubes and male gametes. Spotters sections provide comments to identify wind-pollinated and insect-pollinated flowers based on their adaptations, and identify structures in cross-sections of testes and their role in gamete development.

Uploaded by

Faima A.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GRADE 12 PRACTICAL NOTES

EXPERIMENTS:

ISOLATION OF DNA FROM PLANT MATERIAL:

Objective:

To isolate DNA from plant materials such as strawberry, banana, papaya and any other available
plant material.

Procedure:

1. Take 5 g of plant tissue and grind it in the mortar by adding 10 ml detergent, salt solution
and filter it through a muslin cloth.
2. Take 10 ml of the filtrate, pour 10 ml of chilled ethanol carefully down the side of test
tube to form a layer on top of the content, and let it stand undisturbed for about 3
minutes.

Observation:
The addition of ethanol to the solution causes DNA precipitation. The DNA fibers appear as
white precipitate of very fine threads on the glass spool.
Precautions:
1. The plant material should be washed thoroughly with distilled water to remove any dust
and should be dried.
2. All glasswares used must be thoroughly cleaned and dried.

SLIDE PREPARATION:

1. POLLEN GERMINATION ON A SLIDE

Objective: To study pollen germination on a slide.

Observation:
In nutrient medium,the pollen grain germinates.The tube cell enlarges and comes out of the
pollen grain through one of the germ pores to form a pollen tube.The tube nucleus descends to
the tip of the pollen tube.The generative cell also passes into it.It soon divides into 2 male
gametes.Each male gamete is lenticular to spherical in out line.

Precautions:

1. Ensure that the flowers are freshly picked


2. Use clean slide to observe the pollen grains.

SPOTTERS ( LEARN ANY 2 COMMENTS)

1. STUDY OF ADAPTATIONS OF FLOWERS FOR POLLINATION.

Identification: Wind pollinated flower (Anemophily)

Comments:

1. The maize plant is monoecious and bears unisexual flowers. Flowers are small and
inconscipicous.
2. The flowers are colourless, odourless and nectarless.
3. Both the stigmas and anthers are exerted.
4. The pollen grains are produced in very large number.
5. Stigma is hairy, feathery and branched.

Identification: Insect pollinated flower (Entomophily)

Comments:

1. The flowers are showy or brightly coloured for attracting pollinating insects.
2. Flowers secrete nectar to feed visiting insects.
3. The flowers have landing platforms for the insects.
4. The flowers have bilipped corolla and have turn pipe.
5. Each stamen has long connective which bears a fertile anther lobe at the upper end and sterile
plate like anther lobe.

2. STUDY OF GAMETE DEVELOPMENT

Identification: T.S of testis

Comments:

1. The testis is covered by a thick fibrous tissue called tunica albuginea

2. The testis consists of numerous seminiferous tubules embedded in interstitial cells.

3. Between the germinal cells pyramid shaped cells called Sertoli cells are present.

4. A large number of spermatozoa with their heads embedded in sertoli cells are present in the
lumen of the seminiferous tubule.

5.The interstitial tissue also contain Leydig cells which produce male sex hormones.

Diagram:

1. CONTROLLED POLLINATION:

1. Emasculation:

(i) In this process anthers are removed from the flowers before their maturation.

(ii) The anthers are cut with the help of sterilized forceps or scissors.

(iii) The Instrument used in this method - Include Pocket lens, forceps, needle, scissors, scalpel
etc.

(iv) Method of emasculation is employed to the crops having small flowers like paddy.

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