CAMPBELL BIOLOGY: CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS,

NINTH EDITION, GLOBAL EDITION

PowerPoint Lectures

Chapter 4
A Tour of the Cell
TAYLOR
SIMON
DICKEY
HOGAN
REECE

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Lecture by Edward J. Zalisko
 Introduction
• Our understanding of nature often goes hand in
hand with the invention and refinement of
instruments that extend our senses.
• In 1665, Hooke used a crude microscope to
examine a piece of bark from an oak tree. Hooke
compared the structures he saw to “little rooms”—
cellulae in Latin—and the term “cell” stuck.
• Leeuwenhoek used more refined lenses to describe
living cells from blood, sperm, and ponds.
• Since the days of Hooke and Leeuwenhoek,
improved microscopes and techniques have vastly
expanded our view of the cell.
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Figure 4.0_1

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Figure 4.0_2

Chapter 4: Big Ideas

Introduction to the Cell The Nucleus and

Ribosomes

The Endomembrane Energy-Converting The Cytoskeleton and Cell

System Organelles Surfaces
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 INTRODUCTION TO THE CELL

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 4.1 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
• The light microscope can display living cells.
• The greater magnification and resolution of
scanning and transmission electron
microscopes reveal the ultrastructure of cells.
• Magnification is the increase in an object’s image
size compared with its actual size.
• Resolution is a measure of the clarity of an image.
In other words, it is the ability of an instrument to
show two nearby objects as separate.

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 4.1 Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
• In the 1800s, early studies of cells led to cell
theory, which states that
• all living things are composed of cells and
• all cells come from other cells.

• Checkpoint question Which type of microscope

would you use to study two structures within a
human cell that are separated by (a) 0.05
micrometers (µm); (b) 0.8 micrometers (µm)?
Why?

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Figure 4.1a

LM 230×
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Figure 4.1b

Colorized SEM 580×

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Figure 4.1c

Colorized TEM 9,140×

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Figure 4.1d

LM 380×
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Figure 4.1e
10 m

Human height
1m
Length of some
(1,000 mm)
nerve and

Unaided eye
0.1 m muscle cells
(100 mm) Chicken egg

0.01 m
(10 mm)
Frog egg
1 mm
(1,000 µm)

Light microscope
Paramecium
100 µm Human egg
Most plant and
animal cells

Electron microscope
10 µm
Nucleus
Most bacteria
1 µm Mitochondrion
(1,000 nm)

100 nm Smallest bacteria

Viruses
Ribosome
10 nm
Proteins
Lipids
1 nm
Small molecules
− −

0.1 nm Atoms +

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Figure 4.1e_1

10 m

Human height
1m
(1,000 mm) Length of some
nerve and
muscle cells

Unaided eye
0.1 m
(100 mm) Chicken egg

0.01 m
(10 mm)
Frog egg
1 mm
(1,000 µm)
Paramecium

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Figure 4.1e_2

0.01 m
(10 mm)
Frog egg
1 mm
(1,000 µm) Paramecium

Light microscope
100 µm Human egg
Most plant and
animal cells

Electron microscope
10 µm
Nucleus
Most bacteria
1 µm Mitochondrion
(1,000 nm)

100 nm Smallest bacteria

Viruses
Ribosome
10 nm
Proteins
Lipids
1 nm
Small molecules
− −

+
+
0.1 nm Atoms
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Figure 4.1e_3

Electron microscope

Light microscope

Unaided eye

Nucleus
Human − −

Most Smallest +
Length egg +
bacteria bacteria
of some Most Proteins
nerve plant Viruses Small
and Paramecium and molecules
Human muscle Chicken Frog animal Mito- Ribo-
height cells egg egg cells chondrion some Lipids Atoms
1 mm

1 µm

1 nm
1m

10 nm
10 m

0.1 m

(10 mm)

0.1 nm
10 µm
(100 mm)

100 µm

100 nm
0.01 m
(1,000 mm)

(1,000 µm)

(1,000 nm)

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 4.2 The small size of cells relates to the need
to exchange materials across the plasma
membrane
• The microscopic size of most cells provides a large
surface-to-volume ratio.
• The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer
with embedded proteins.
• Some proteins form channels (tunnels) that shield
ions and other hydrophilic molecules as they pass
through the hydrophobic center of the membrane.
• Other proteins serve as pumps, using energy to
actively transport molecules into or out of the cell.

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 3 1

1
3

Total volume 27 units3 27 units3

Total surface
area 54 units2 162 units2
Surface-to- 2 6
volume ratio

Checkpoint question To convince yourself that a

small cell has a greater surface area relative to
volume than a large cell, compare the surface-to-
volume ratios of the large cube and one of the
small cubes in Figure 4.2A.
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Figure 4.2b

Outside cell Hydrophilic

heads
Hydrophobic
tails

Phospholipid

Inside cell

Channel Hydrophilic Hydrophobic

protein regions of regions of
a protein a protein

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 4.3 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler
than eukaryotic cells
• All cells have a plasma membrane, DNA,
ribosomes, and cytosol.
• Bacteria and archaea are prokaryotic cells.
• All other forms of life have eukaryotic cells.
• Eukaryotic cells are distinguished by having
• a membrane-enclosed nucleus and
• many membrane-enclosed organelles that perform
specific functions.
• Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler in
structure.
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Figure 4.3
Helicobactor pylori,
Fimbriae a bacterium that
causes stomach ulcers
Ribosomes

Nucleoid

Plasma
membrane

Cell wall
Bacterial
chromosome
Capsule

A typical rod-shaped
bacterium Flagella Colorized TEM
20,940×

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Figure 4.3_1

Fimbriae

Ribosomes

Nucleoid
Plasma
membrane

Cell wall
Bacterial
chromosome Capsule

A typical rod-shaped
bacterium Flagella

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Figure 4.3_2
Helicobactor pylori,
a bacterium that
causes stomach ulcers

Colorized TEM
20,940×

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 4.4 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into
functional compartments
• Membrane-enclosed organelles compartmentalize
a cell’s activities.
• The organelles and other structures of eukaryotic
cells can be organized into four basic functional
groups:
1. The nucleus and ribosomes carry out the genetic
control of the cell.
2. Organelles involved in the manufacture,
distribution, and breakdown of molecules include
the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus,
lysosomes, vacuoles, and peroxisomes.

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 4.4 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into
functional compartments
3. Mitochondria in all cells and chloroplasts in plant
cells function in energy processing.
4. Structural support, movement, and
communication between cells are the functions of
the cytoskeleton, plasma membrane, and plant
cell wall.

Checkpoint question Identify the structures in the

plant cell that are not present in the animal cell.

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Figure 4.4a

NUCLEUS
Nuclear envelope
Nucleolus
Rough
endoplasmic Chromatin
CYTOSKELETON
reticulum Microtubule
Microfilament
Intermediate
filament
Ribosomes

Peroxisome
Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum Plasma
membrane

Golgi apparatus Centrosome

with pair of
Lysosome
centrioles
Mitochondrion

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Figure 4.4b
NUCLEUS
Rough
endoplasmic Nuclear envelope
Smooth Nucleolus
reticulum
endoplasmic
Chromatin
reticulum
Mitochondrion
CYTOSKELETON
Microfilament
Microtubule
Central
Ribosomes vacuole

Chloroplast

Cell wall
Cell wall of Plasmodesma
adjacent cell Golgi
apparatus
Peroxisome

Plasma
membrane
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 THE NUCLEUS AND RIBOSOMES

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 4.5 The nucleus contains the cell’s genetic
instructions
• The nucleus houses the cell’s DNA, which directs
protein synthesis via messenger RNA.
• Subunits of ribosomes are assembled in the
nucleolus.

Checkpoint question Describe the processes that

occur in the nucleus.

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Figure 4.5

Nucleus Nucleolus
Nuclear
envelope

Chromatin
Endoplasmic
Pore
reticulum

Ribosome

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 4.6 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the
cell and export
• Ribosomes
• are composed of ribosomal RNA and proteins and
• synthesize proteins according to directions from
DNA.
• Cells that make a lot of proteins have a large
number of ribosomes.

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Figure 4.6

Endoplasmic
reticulum

Bound ribosome
Endoplasmic
reticulum

Protein

Ribosome

Free ribosome
mRNA
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 THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM

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 4.7 Many organelles are connected in the
endomembrane system
• Many of the membranes within a eukaryotic cell
are part of the endomembrane system.
• Many of these organelles interact in the
• synthesis,
• distribution,
• storage, and
• export of molecules.

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 4.8 The endoplasmic reticulum is a
biosynthetic workshop
• The ER is a membranous network of tubes and
sacs.
• Smooth ER synthesizes lipids and processes
toxins.
• Rough ER produces membranes, and ribosomes
on its surface make membrane and secretory
proteins.

Checkpoint question Explain why we say that the

endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic
workshop.
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Figure 4.8a

Rough ER

Smooth ER

Ribosomes

Rough ER
Smooth ER
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Figure 4.8b

Transport vesicle
buds off 4
mRNA
Secretory
Bound ribosome protein
inside trans-
port vesicle

1 Sugar
chain
Glycoprotein
2
Growing
polypeptide Rough ER

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 4.9 The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and
ships cell products
• The Golgi apparatus consists of stacks of sacs in
which products of the ER are processed and then
sent to other organelles or to the cell surface.

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 Checkpoint question What is the relationship of
the Golgi apparatus to the ER in a protein-
secreting cell?
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 4.10 Lysosomes are digestive compartments
within a cell
• Lysosomes house enzymes that break down
ingested substances and damaged organelles.

Checkpoint question How is a lysosome like a

recycling center?

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Figure 4.10a_1

Digestive
enzymes

Lysosome

Plasma membrane

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Figure 4.10a_2

Digestive
enzymes

Lysosome

Food vacuole
Plasma membrane

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Figure 4.10a_3

Digestive
enzymes

Lysosome

Food vacuole
Plasma membrane

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Figure 4.10a_4

Digestive
enzymes

Lysosome

Digestion

Food vacuole
Plasma membrane

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Figure 4.10b_1

Lysosome

Vesicle containing
damaged mitochondrion

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Figure 4.10b_2

Lysosome

Vesicle containing
damaged mitochondrion

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Figure 4.10b_3

Lysosome

Vesicle containing Digestion

damaged mitochondrion

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 Animation: Lysosome Formation

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 4.11 Vacuoles function in the general
maintenance of the cell
• Vacuoles are large vesicles that have a variety of
functions.
• Some protists have contractile vacuoles.
• Plant cells contain a large central vacuole that
stores molecules and wastes and facilitates growth.

Checkpoint question Is a food vacuole part of the

endomembrane system? Explain.

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Figure 4.11a

Contractile
vacuoles

Nucleus

LM 650×
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Figure 4.11b

Central vacuole

Colorized TEM 9,840×

Chloroplast
Nucleus

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 Video: Paramecium Vacuole

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 4.12 A review of the structures involved in
manufacturing and breakdown
• The organelles of the endomembrane system are
interconnected structurally and functionally.
• Figure 4.12 summarizes the relationships among
the major organelles of the endomembrane
system.

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 Checkpoint question How do transport vesicles
help tie together the endomembrane system?
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 4.12 A review of the structures involved in
manufacturing and breakdown
• Peroxisomes are metabolic compartments that do
not originate from the endomembrane system.

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 ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES

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 4.13 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy
from food
• Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular
respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells.
• Mitochondria have two internal compartments.
1. The intermembrane space is the narrow region
between the inner and outer membranes.
2. The mitochondrial matrix contains the
mitochondrial DNA, ribosomes, and many
enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions of
cellular respiration.

Checkpoint question What is cellular respiration?

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Figure 4.13

Mitochondrion

Outer membrane
Intermembrane space

Inner
membrane

Mitochondrial
matrix
Cristae

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 4.14 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to
chemical energy
• Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy
from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar
molecules.
• Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizing
organelles of plants and algae.

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 Checkpoint
question
Where are
chlorophyll
molecules
located in
chloroplasts, the
site where
photosynthesis
occurs?

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 4.15 EVOLUTION CONNECTION:
Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by
endosymbiosis
• The endosymbiont theory states that
mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small
prokaryotes that began living within larger cells.

Checkpoint question All eukaryotes have

mitochondria, but not all have chloroplasts. What
is the evolutionary explanation?

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Figure 4.15_3
Endoplasmic Nucleus
reticulum

Engulfing of
oxygen-using
prokaryote
Ancestor of
eukaryotic cells (host cell)

Mitochondrion

Engulfing of
photosynthetic
prokaryote
Nonphotosynthetic
Mitochondrion eukaryote

Chloroplast

Photosynthetic eukaryote
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Figure 4.15_1
Endoplasmic Nucleus
reticulum

Ancestor of
eukaryotic cells (host cell)

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Figure 4.15_2
Endoplasmic Nucleus
reticulum

Engulfing of
oxygen-using
prokaryote
Ancestor of
eukaryotic cells (host cell)

Mitochondrion

Nonphotosynthetic
eukaryote

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Figure 4.15_3
Endoplasmic Nucleus
reticulum

Engulfing of
oxygen-using
prokaryote
Ancestor of
eukaryotic cells (host cell)

Mitochondrion

Engulfing of
photosynthetic
prokaryote
Nonphotosynthetic
Mitochondrion eukaryote

Chloroplast

Photosynthetic eukaryote
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 THE CYTOSKELETON AND
CELL SURFACES

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 4.16 The cell’s internal skeleton helps
organize its structure and activities
• The cytoskeleton includes microfilaments,
intermediate filaments, and microtubules. Their
functions include
• maintenance of cell shape,
• anchorage and movement of organelles,
• amoeboid movement, and
• muscle contraction.

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 4.16 The cell’s internal skeleton helps
organize its structure and activities
Checkpoint question Which component of the
cytoskeleton is most important in
a) holding the nucleus in place within an animal cell;
b) guiding transport vesicles from the Golgi to the
plasma membrane;
c) contracting muscle cells?

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Figure 4.16

Nucleus

Nucleus

10 nm 7 nm
25 nm

Fibrous proteins Actin protein

Tubulin protein coiled together
Microtubule Intermediate filament Microfilament

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Figure 4.16_1

Nucleus

25 nm

Tubulin protein

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Microtubule
Figure 4.16_2

Nucleus

10 nm

Fibrous proteins
coiled together
Intermediate filament
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Figure 4.16_3

7 nm

Actin protein
Microfilament
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Figure 4.16_4

Nucleus

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Figure 4.16_5

Nucleus

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Figure 4.16_6

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 Video: Cytoplasmic Streaming

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 4.17 SCIENTIFIC THINKING: Scientists
discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools
of biochemistry and microscopy
• In the 1940s, biochemists first isolated and
identified the proteins actin and myosin from
muscle cells.
• In 1954, scientists, using newly developed
techniques of microscopy, established how
filaments of actin and myosin interact in muscle
contraction.
• In the next decade, researchers identified actin
filaments in all types of cells.

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 4.17 SCIENTIFIC THINKING: Scientists
discovered the cytoskeleton using the tools
of biochemistry and microscopy
• In the 1970s, scientists were able to visualize actin
filaments using fluorescent tags in living cells.
• In the 1980s, biologists were able to record the
changing architecture of the cytoskeleton.

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Figure 4.17

LM 1,200×
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 4.18 Cilia and flagella move when
microtubules bend
• Eukaryotic cilia and flagella are locomotor
appendages made of microtubules in a “9 + 2”
arrangement.
• Flagella, longer than cilia, propel a cell by an
undulating, whiplike motion.
• Cilia work more like the oars of a boat.
• Although differences exist, flagella and cilia have a
common structure and mechanism of movement.

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 4.18 Cilia and flagella move when
microtubules bend

Checkpoint question Primary ciliary dyskinesia

(PCD), also known as immotile cilia syndrome, is
a fairly rare disease in which cilia and flagella are
lacking motor proteins. PCD is characterized by
recurrent respiratory tract infections and immotile
sperm. How would you explain these seemingly
unrelated symptoms?

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Figure 4.18a

Cilia

Colorized SEM 5,000×

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Figure 4.18b

Colorized SEM 940×

Flagellum

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Figure 4.18c

Outer
microtubule
doublet
Colorized TEM 290,000×

Central
microtubules

Cross-linking
proteins
Motor proteins
(dyneins)
Plasma
membrane

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Figure 4.18c_1

Outer
microtubule
doublet
Colorized TEM 290,000×

Central
microtubules

Cross-linking
proteins

Motor proteins
(dyneins)

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Figure 4.18c_2

Outer
microtubule
doublet

Central
microtubules

Cross-linking
proteins
Motor proteins
(dyneins)
Plasma
membrane

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 Animation: Cilia and Flagella

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 Video: Paramecium Cilia

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 Video: Chlamydomonas

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 4.19 The extracellular matrix of animal cells
functions in support and regulation
• Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate
extracellular matrix (ECM), which
• binds tissue cells together,
• supports the plasma membrane, and
• communicates with the cytoskeleton.
• The ECM may attach to the cell through other
glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins
called integrins.

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 Checkpoint question Referring to Figure 4.19,
describe the structures that provide support to
the plasma membrane.
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 4.20 Three types of cell junctions are found in
animal tissues
• Adjacent cells adhere, interact, and communicate
through specialized junctions between them.
• Tight junctions bind cells to form leakproof sheets.
• Anchoring junctions rivet cells into strong tissues.
• Gap junctions allow ions and small molecules to
flow from cell to cell.

Checkpoint question A muscle tear injury would

probably involve the rupture of which type of cell
junction?

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Figure 4.20
Tight junctions
prevent fluid from
moving across a
layer of cells

Tight junction

Anchoring
junction

Gap junction

Plasma membranes
of adjacent cells

Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix

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 Animation: Desmosomes

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 Animation: Gap Junctions

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 Animation: Tight Junctions

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 4.21 Cell walls enclose and support plant
cells
• A plant cell, but not an animal cell, has a rigid cell
wall that
• protects and provides skeletal support that helps
keep the plant upright and
• is primarily composed of cellulose.
• Plant cells have cell junctions called
plasmodesmata that allow plant tissues to share
water, nourishment, and chemical messages.
• Checkpoint question Which structure allows the
exchange of small molecules between neighboring
plant cells?
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Figure 4.21

Plant cell
walls

Vacuole
Plasmodesmata

Pectin layer between cells

Primary cell wall
Secondary cell wall

Plasma membrane
Cytosol

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 4.22 Review: Eukaryotic cell structures can
be grouped on the basis of four main
functions
• Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the
basis of four functions:
1. genetic control,
2. manufacturing, distribution, and breakdown of
materials,
3. energy processing, and
4. structural support, movement, and intercellular
communication.

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 4.22 Review: Eukaryotic cell structures can
be grouped on the basis of four main
functions
Checkpoint question How do mitochondria,
smooth ER, and the cytoskeleton all contribute to
the contraction of a muscle cell?

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Table 4.22

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Table 4.22_1

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Table 4.22_2

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 You should now be able to
1. Describe the importance of microscopes in
understanding cell structure and function.
2. Describe the two parts of cell theory.
3. Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells.
4. Explain how cell size is limited.
5. Describe the structure and functions of cell
membranes.

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 You should now be able to
6. Explain why compartmentalization is important in
eukaryotic cells.
7. Compare the structures of plant and animal cells.
Note the function of each cell part.
8. Compare the structures and functions of
chloroplasts and mitochondria.
9. Describe the evidence that suggests that
mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by
endosymbiosis.

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 You should now be able to
10. Compare the structures and functions of
microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and
microtubules.
11. Relate the structure of cilia and flagella to their
functions.
12. Relate the structure of the extracellular matrix to
its functions.
13. Compare the structures and functions of tight
junctions, anchoring junctions, and gap
junctions.

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 You should now be able to
14. Relate the structures of plant cell walls and
plasmodesmata to their functions.
15. Describe the four functional categories of
organelles in eukaryotic cells.

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Table 4.1

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Figure 4.9

Transport vesicle “Receiving” side of Golgi apparatus

from the ER
1

3
Golgi apparatus
4

Transport vesicle
from the Golgi
“Shipping” side of Golgi apparatus

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Figure 4.12

Nucleus

Smooth ER Nuclear envelope

Rough ER Golgi
apparatus

Transport vesicle Plasma

membrane

Lysosome
Transport
vesicle

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Figure 4.UN01

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Figure 4.UN02

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Figure 4.UN03

a. b.
c.
d.

e.

f.

g.

h.
i.

l. j.
k.

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Figure 4.UN04
Poles of dividing cell

Mark

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Figure 4.UN04_1

Poles of dividing cell

Mark

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Figure 4.UN04_2

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