Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology

39(29): 51-60, 2020; Article no.CJAST.61475

ISSN: 2457-1024
(Past name: British Journal of Applied Science & Technology, Past ISSN: 2231-0843,
NLM ID: 101664541)

Diversification of Cropping Systems for Different

Integrated Farming System Models under Irrigated
Situation of Southern Telangana Zone, Telangana,
India
Ch. Pragathi Kumari1*, M. Goverdhan1, G. Kiran Reddy1, Knight Nthebere2,
S. H. K. Sharma3, A. Aziz Qureshi4, Md. Alibaba1 and K. Chiranjeevi1
1
AICRP on Integrated Farming Systems, PJTSAU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-30, Telangana, India.
2
College of Agriculture, PJTSAU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-30, Telangana, India.
3
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, PJTSAU,
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-30, Telangana, India.
4
Indian institute of Oilseeds Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

Authors’ contributions

This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. Author CPK designed the study,
performed the statistical analysis, wrote the protocol and wrote the first draft of the manuscript.
Authors MG and GKR managed the analyses of the study. Authors KN, SHKS, AAQ, MA and KC
managed the literature searches. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Article Information

DOI: 10.9734/CJAST/2020/v39i2930957
Editor(s):
(1) Dr. Orlando Manuel da Costa Gomes, Lisbon Accounting and Business School (ISCAL), Lisbon Polytechnic Institute,
Portugal.
Reviewers:
(1) I Nengah Muliarta, Mahendradatta University, Indonesia.
(2) S. E. Sarjiyanto, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia.
Complete Peer review History: http://www.sdiarticle4.com/review-history/61475

Received 15 July 2020

Accepted 20 September 2020
Original Research Article
Published 26 September 2020

ABSTRACT
A long-term field experiment was undertaken during the year 2019-20 (third year of the experiment)
at college farm, AICRP on Integrated Farming Systems unit, PJTSAU, Hyderabad to evaluate
productivity and profitability of cropping systems for different farming systems under irrigated
situation on a sandy loam soil of Southern Telangana Zone (STZ), Telangana. Among the ten
cropping systems evaluated, sweet corn – vegetable system (tomato) was found to be more
remunerative with B:C ratio 3.30 followed by okra – marigold – beetroot system with B:C ratio 3.0.
Among the ecological cropping systems for improving soil health, pigeonpea + greengram (1:7) –
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected], [email protected];

 Kumari et al.; CJAST, 39(29): 51-60, 2020; Article no.CJAST.61475

sesame cropping system recorded higher BC ratio (2.02) compared to Bt cotton + green gram (1:3)
– groundnut cropping system (1.78). Out of the two systems evaluated to meet the household
nutritional security, pigeon pea + groundnut (1:7) – fingermillet system recorded higher BC ratio
(1.85) compared to pigeon pea + maize (1:3) – groundnut. Within the two fodder crops/cropping
systems, fodder maize – lucerne system resulted in higher B:C ratio (1.65).

Keywords: Cropping systems; rice grain equivalent yield (RGEY); system productivity and system
profitability.

1. INTRODUCTION In view of this farming system perspective,

inclusion of ecological cropping system for
Cropping system is an important component of a improving soil health, cropping systems to meet
farming system representing a cropping pattern the household nutritional security, cropping
adopted on a farm, which is supposed to systems for round the year green / dry fodder
increase food production. It involves interaction production and cropping systems involving
with farm resources, other farm enterprises and vegetables and other high value crops are to
available technology, which determine their be studied for their productivity and
make-up [1]. The sustainability of Indian sustainability. Hence, the present study was
agriculture is being threatened by sharp declining undertaken.
factor productivity due to deteriorating soil
quality, imbalanced use of fertilizers and 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
escalating cost of production [2]. The food
production must keep pace with the country’s The study was conducted at college farm of All
increasing population, demanding not only the India Coordinated Research Project on
food security but also nutritional security. Integrated Farming Systems, Professor
Therefore, to achieve sustainability and Jayashankar Telangana Sate Agricultural
productivity, efforts must be focused on reversing University, Rajendranagr during 2019-2020. The
the trend in monoculture by adopting efficient soil of the experimental field was sandy loam
cropping systems. Hence, sustainable increase soil. The experiment was laid out with ten
in crop yields is needed to ensure food security cropping systems as treatments in Randomized
in India. Increasing population and shrinking land Block Design (RBD) with three replications. The
resources are exerting considerable pressure on ten combinations of cropping sequence tested
land resource due to intensive cultivation. Over were T1: Rice – Maize, T2: Bt cotton – Fallow, T3:
exploitation of land resources is leading to Bt cotton + Greengram(1:3) – Groundnut, T4:
degradation of soil rapidly. It is also a fact that Pigeon pea + Greengram (1:3) – Sesame, T5:
highly productive lands have been diverted from Maize + Pigeon pea (1:3) – Groundnut, T6:
agriculture to infrastructural development, Pigeon pea + Groundnut (1:7) – Ragi, T7: Fodder
urbanization, and other related activities. Under sorghum + Fodder cowpea (1:2) – Horsegram –
these circumstances, the only viable option is to Sunhemp, T8: Fodder maize – Lucerne, T9:
enhance the productivity vertically to meet the Sweet corn – Vegetables (Tomato) and T10:
production goals [3]. Therefore, there is an Bhendi – Marigold – Beetroot during kharif and
urgency to adopt crop diversification and different rabi seasons respectively. Each treatment was
inter-cropping systems is the fastest way of allocated randomly initially and replicated three
sustaining productivity, yet ever increasing times. All the crops in different cropping systems
energy costs, limit input availability and enhance were raised in accordance with recommended
farmers income. Several workers [4] and [5] in package of practices. Crop sequences during
the recent past reported that the productivity and rabi were taken up as and when the preceding
income is far higher when integrated farming kharif crops were harvested in the respective
systems are practiced than crops alone. About plots. Economic yield and stover/straw/stalk yield
91.1 million tonnes of green fodder is required to were recorded individually for all the crops in
meet the basic demand of 40 kg green fodder cropping systems. For comparison of different
per adult animal per day [6]. So, there is need of crop sequences, the yields of all the crops were
inclusion of crops like fodder cowpea, sunhemp, converted in to rice grain equivalent yield on
fodder sorghum and fodder maize in cropping price basis.
systems to solve the problem of fodder scarcity.

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 Kumari et al.; CJAST, 39(29): 51-60, 2020; Article no.CJAST.61475

Rice equivalent yield (REY) was calculated as 82,798) compared to Bt cotton + Greengram (Rs.
follows: 88,804). However, Bt cotton and pigeonpea
yields were not influenced by different
-1
REY (kg ha ) = Economical yield of a crop intercropping systems. This might be due the fact
-1 -1
e.g. wheat (kg ha )x Price (Rs kg ) of same that after the harvest of inter crops, competition
-1
crop e.g. wheat/Price (Rs kg ) of rice reduced thereby water and nutrient availability
was not affected. Kumawat et al. [8] and Singh et
The economic analysis of the experiment was al. [9] reported the similar results with different
carried out by taking into consideration the intercropping systems. Out of the two systems
prevailing prices of inputs used and the outputs tested to meet the household nutritional security,
realized. The cost of cultivation of different crops both Pigeon pea + Maize (1:3) and Pigeon pea +
individually has been calculated. The yields of Groundnut (1:7) systems were on par with each
different crops in various cropping systems were other and recorded almost similar rice grain
-1
converted into gross returns in rupees. Net equivalent yields of 7833 and 8801 kg ha
returns for each cropping system were calculated respectively. This might be due to the absence of
by deducing cost of cultivation from gross competition between pigeonpea and intercrops
returns. B: C ratio was also calculated for each for growth resources such as nutrients, moisture,
cropping system. The various formulae used are solar raditation because maize and groundnut
given below: crops were harvested before flowering period of
pigeonpea and groundnut being leguminous crop
-1
Net returns (Rs ha ) = Gross returns (Rs show no competition of resources. These results
-1 -1
ha ) – Cost of cultivation of crop (Rs ha ) are close conformity with the findings of Kumar et
al. [10]. Out of the two fodder crops, fodder
-1 -1
B:C ratio = Net return (Rs ha )/ Cost of sorghum + fodder cowpea (1:2) (4512 kg ha )
-1 -1
cultivation (Rs ha ) and fodder maize (4241 kg ha ) systems were
on par with each other. Rice and Bt cotton were
2.1 Data Analysis and Statistics tested as pre-dominant cropping systems of the
region and recorded almost similar rice grain
-1
The experimental data was analysed by adopting equivalent yields with 5728 and 5885 kg ha
RBD statistical tool and analysis of variance was respectively. These results were supported by
worked out as suggested by Rao [7]. Pragathi Kumari et al. [11].

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The performance of different crops in terms of

rice grain equivalent yield during rabi and
3.1 Productivity and Economics of Crops summer 2019-20 indicated that marigold followed
and Cropping Systems by beetroot crop (T10) recorded significantly
-1
higher rice grain equivalent yield (33934 kg ha )
The performance of different high value crops in over other crops evaluated in different cropping
terms of rice grain equivalent yield during kharif systems (Table 2). However, because of low cost
2019 indicated that sweet corn crop recorded of cultivation, tomato crop (T10) recorded (14957
-1 -1
significantly higher rice grain equivalent yield kgha with 227139 Rs ha net returns and 4.80
-1
(9005 kg ha ) over other field and vegetable BC ratio) and was found to be more
crops evaluated in different cropping systems remunerative than marigold followed by beetroot
(Table 1). Sweet corn and okra were tested crop. These results are in line with that of Kharub
under cropping systems involving high value et al. [12] who evaluated the relative productivity
crops and sweet corn (9005 kg ha and
-1 of six rice-based crop sequences at Karnal
Rs.1,09,727 net returns) was found to be more (Haryana) taking wheat as a cereal crop and
-1
remunerative than okra (6884 kg ha with 82,420 observed that wheat equivalent yield was
-1
-1
Rs ha net returns). Among the ecological maximum (197.1-200.3 q ha ), with rice - potato
cropping systems for improving soil health, Bt - wheat system followed by rice - vegetable pea-
-1
cotton + Greengram (1:3) cropping system wheat system (173.5-173.8 q ha ). They have
recorded significantly higher rice grain equivalent also reported that these systems resulted in
-1
yield (7676 kgha ) than Pigeon pea + additional wheat equivalent yield of 48-71 q/ha
-1
Greengram (1:3) (6133 kg ha ) cropping system. over the rice -wheat system.
However, because of lower cost of cultivation,
-1
Pigeon pea + Greengram (1:3) (6133 kg ha ) Among the ecological cropping systems involving
cropping system recorded higher net returns (Rs. pulses/green manures and other crops for

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 Kumari et al.; CJAST, 39(29): 51-60, 2020; Article no.CJAST.61475

improving soil health, groundnut crop recorded resulted in comparatively higher rice grain
significantly higher rice grain equivalent yield equivalent yield over horsegram followed by
-1 -1
(6251 kg ha ) and net returns (74620 Rsha ) sunhemp crops, though both the systems were
-1
than sesame (2696 kg ha with net returns of on par with each other. Rice – Maize was tested
-1
24523 Rs ha ) crop. Out of the two systems as pre-dominant cropping systems of the region
tested to meet the household nutritional security, and recorded rice grain equivalent yield of 5557
-1 -1
groundnut crop recorded significantly higher rice kgha with net returns of 66,235 Rsha . Pragathi
-1
grain equivalent yield (7113 kg ha ) and net Kumari et al. [13] have reported similar results on
-1
returns (90425 Rsha ) than ragi. Out of the two the study which was conducted with the same
-1
fodder crops, lucerne crop (2990 kg ha ) cropping systems.

Fig. 1. Intercropping of Bt cotton (1) with Fig. 2. Identification of different cropping

greengram (3) systems module for different farming
systems experiment at AICRP on IFS unit

Fig. 3. Pigeonpea (1)+ greengran (6) Fig. 4. Pigeonpea (1)+Groundnut(7)

intercropping at AICRP on IFS intercropping

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 Kumari et al.; CJAST, 39(29): 51-60, 2020; Article no.CJAST.61475

Table 1. Performance of crops in various cropping systems during kharif, 2019

-1
Treatments Grain yield
Straw/ Stover yield Productivity (Rice grain Equivalent Profitability (Rs ha )
-1
Yield kg ha )
-1 -1
(kg ha ) (kg ha ) Grain Straw Total Cost of cultivation Gross returns Net returns
-1 -1 -1 -1
(Rs. ha ) (Rs. ha ) Rs. ha Rs. Re
A1 T1 Rice 5390 0 6197 0 5390 338 5728 47158 105104 57946 1.23
T2 Bt cotton 1943 0 4444 0 5825 61 5885 46923 107994 61071 1.30
A2 T1 Bt cotton + Greengram (1:3) 1910 466 4406 947 7512 163 7676 52043 140847 88804 1.71
T2 Pigeon pea + Greengram (1:6) 1192 568 3775 1199 5951 182 6133 29747 112545 82798 2.78
A3 T1 Pigeon pea + Maize (1:3) 564 5858 1787 7478 432 7402 7833 53957 143743 89786 1.66
T2 Pigeon pea + Groundnut (1:7) 1240 1506 3996 2383 8097 704 8801 53025 161489 108464 2.05
A4 T1 Fodder sorghum + Fodder Cow pea (1:2) 0 0 12648 19166 0 4512 4512 28519 82796 54277 1.90
T2 Fodder maize 0 0 38911 0 0 4241 4241 26367 77822 51455 1.95
A5 T1 Sweet corn 15253 0 18642 0 7481 1524 9005 55513 165240 109727 1.98
T2 Bhendi 6296 0 1588 0 6862 22 6884 43897 126317 82420 1.88
S Em+ 374.0
CD (0.05) 1120.0
CV (%) 9.7
-1
Sale price for Grain (kg ) : Rice = Rs 18.35, Maize = Rs 17.6, Groundnut = Rs 50.9, Bhendi = Rs 20.00, Bt Cotton = Rs 55.0, Greengram = Rs 70.5, Pigeonpea = Rs 58.0, Sweet corn = Rs 9.00
-1
Sale price for stover (kg ) : Rice = Rs 1.00 Maize = Rs 1.00, Bhendi = Rs 0.25, Groundnut = 5.00, Greengram = Rs 2.00, Sweet corn = Rs 1.5, Bt cotton = 0.25, Pigeonpea = Rs 0.25, Fodder sorghum = Rs 2.00,
Fodder cowpea = 3.00, Fodder maize = 2.00

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 Kumari et al.; CJAST, 39(29): 51-60, 2020; Article no.CJAST.61475

Table 2. Performance of crops in various cropping systems during rabi and summer, 2019-20
-1 -1 -1
Trt Cropping sequence Economic yield (kg ha ) Straw yield (kg ha ) Rice grain equivalent yield (kg ha )
Rabi Summer Rabi Summer Grain Rabi Summer Straw Rabi Summer Total
T1 Maize 5395 7020 5174 383 5557
T2 Fallow 0 0 0 0 0
T3 Groundnut 2016 2420 5592 659 6251
T4 Sesame 756 1658 2673 23 2696
T5 Groundnut 2144 4281 5946 1167 7113
T6 Ragi 1832 3845 3145 52 3197
T7 Horsegram - Sunhemp 8973 15467 0 978 1264 2242
T8 Lucerne 27430 0 2990 2990
T9 Tomato 27309 5528 14882 75 14957
T10 Mariegold - Beetroot 14945 17122 7911 4554 24433 9331 108 62 33934
CD (at 5%) 2511
SEm + 838
CV (%) 11
-1
Sale price for grain (kg ): Maize = Rs 17.6, Rice = Rs 18.35, Tomato = Rs 10.0, Groundnut = Rs 50.9, Sesame = Rs 64.85, Fingermillet = Rs 31.5, Marigold = Rs 30.00, Beetroot = Rs 10.00
-1
Sale price for stover (kg ): Maize = Rs 1.00, Rice = Rs 1.00, Tomato = Rs 0.25, Groundnut =Rs 5.00, Sesame =Rs 0.25, Fingermillet = Rs 0.25, Horsegram = Rs 2.0, Sunhemp = Rs1.5, Lucerne = Rs 2.0, Marigold =
Rs 0.25, Beetroot = Rs 0.25

Table 3. Performance of crops in various cropping systems during 2019-20

-1
Treatments Kharif (2019) Rabi (2019-20) Summer Rice Grain Equivalent Yield (kg ha ) Productivity
(2019-20)
-1
Kharif-Rabi Grain yield Straw/ Grain Straw/Sta Grain Stover Kharif Rabi Summer (RGEY kg ha )
-1
(kg ha ) Stover yield (kg Yield lk/ Stover Yield yield
-1
ha ) yield
-1 -1 -1 -1
Main Inter Main Inter (kg ha ) (kg ha ) (kg ha ) (kg ha ) Grain Straw Grain Straw Grain Straw Kharif Rabi Summer System
crop crop crop crop
T1 Rice-Maize 5390 0 6197 0 5395 7020 5390 338 5174 383 5728 5557 0 11284
T2 Bt Cotton 1943 0 4444 0 0 0 5825 61 0 0 5885 0 5885
T3 Bt cotton+Greengram 1910 466 4406 947 2016 2420 7512 163 5592 659 7676 6251 0 14573
(1:3)- Groundnut
T4 Pigeon pea + 1192 568 3775 1199 756 1658 5951 182 2673 23 6133 2696 0 8829
Greengram (1:6) -
Sesame

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 Kumari et al.; CJAST, 39(29): 51-60, 2020; Article no.CJAST.61475

-1
Treatments Kharif (2019) Rabi (2019-20) Summer Rice Grain Equivalent Yield (kg ha ) Productivity
(2019-20)
-1
Kharif-Rabi Grain yield Straw/ Grain Straw/Sta Grain Stover Kharif Rabi Summer (RGEY kg ha )
-1
(kg ha ) Stover yield (kg Yield lk/ Stover Yield yield
-1
ha ) yield
-1 -1 -1 -1
Main Inter Main Inter (kg ha ) (kg ha ) (kg ha ) (kg ha ) Grain Straw Grain Straw Grain Straw Kharif Rabi Summer System
crop crop crop crop
T5 Pigeon pea+Maize 564 5858 1787 7478 2144 4281 432 7402 5946 1167 7833 7113 0 14946
(1:3)-Groundnut
T6 Pigeonpea + 124 1506 3996 2383 1832 3845 8097 704 3145 52 8801 3197 0 11998
Groundnut (1:7) - 0
Ragi
T7 Fodder sorghum + 0 0 12648 19166 8973 15467 0 4512 0 978 1264 4512 978 1264 6754
Fodder cowpea (1:2)
– Horsegram -
Sunhemp
T8 Fodder maize - 0 0 38911 0 27430 0 4241 0 2990 4241 2990 0 7231
Lucerne
T9 Sweetcorn- 152 0 18642 0 27309 5528 7481 1524 1488 75 9005 14957 0 23962
Vegetables 53 2
(Tomato)
T1 Okra – Marigold - 629 0 1588 0 14945 7911 17122 4554 6862 22 2443 108 933 62 6884 24541 9393 40817
0 Beetroot 6 3 1
S Em+ 363 762 861
CD (0.05) 1088 2282 2579
CV (%) 9.8 17 19.0
-1
Sale price for Grain (kg ) : Rice = Rs 18.35, Maize = Rs 17.6, Groundnut = Rs 50.9, Bhendi = Rs 20.00, Bt Cotton = Rs 55.0, Greengram = Rs 70.5, Pigeonpea = Rs 58.0, Sweet corn = Rs 9.00, Sesame = Rs
64.85, Fingermillet = Rs 31.5, Marigold = Rs 30.00, Beetroot = Rs 10.00
-1
Sale price for stover (kg ) : Rice = Rs 1.00 Maize = Rs 1.00, Bhendi = Rs 0.25, Groundnut = 5.00, Greengram = Rs 2.00, Sweet corn = Rs 1.5, Bt cotton = 0.25, Pigeonpea = Rs 0.25, Fodder sorghum = Rs 2.00,
Fodder cowpea = 3.00, Fodder maize = 2.00, Tomato = Rs 0.25, Sesame =Rs 0.25, Fingermillet = Rs 0.25, Horsegram = Rs 2.0,
Sunhemp = Rs1.5, Lucerne = Rs 2.0, Marigold = Rs 0.25, and Beetroot = Rs 0.25

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 Kumari et al.; CJAST, 39(29): 51-60, 2020; Article no.CJAST.61475

Table 4. Economics of crops in various cropping systems during 2019-20

Treatment Kharif Rabi Summer System

Kharif-Rabi Cost of Gross Net returns Cost of Gross Net returns Cost of Gross Net returns Net returns
cultivation returns (Rs. cultivation Returns cultivation returns
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
(Rs. ha ) ha ) (Rs. ha ) (Rs. ha ) (Rs. ha ) (Rs. ha )
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Rs. ha Rs. Re Rs ha Rs. Re Rs ha Rs. ha Rs. ha Rs. Re Rs ha Rs Re
T1 Rice-Maize 47158 105104 57946 1.23 35731 101966 66235 1.85 0 0 0 0 120487 1.49
T2 Bt Cotton 46923 107994 61071 1.30 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 61071 1.33
T3 Bt 52043 140847 88804 1.71 40094 114714 74620 1.86 0 0 0 0 160175 1.78
cotton+Greengram
(1:3)- Groundnut
T4 Pigeon pea + 29747 112545 82798 2.78 24940 49463 24523 0.98 0 0 0 0 109112 2.02
Greengram (1:6) -
Sesame
T5 Pigeon pea+Maize 53957 143743 89786 1.66 40094 130519 90425 2.26 0 0 0 0 162465 1.76
(1:3)-Groundnut
T6 Pigeonpea + 53025 161489 108464 2.05 24468 58669 34201 1.40 0 0 0 0 140888 1.85
Groundnut (1:7) -
Ragi
T7 Fodder sorghum + 28519 82796 54277 1.90 14994 17946 2952 0.19 12334 23201 10867 0.88 70588 1.30
Fodder cowpea (1:2)
– Horsegram -
Sunhemp
T8 Fodder maize - 26367 77822 51455 1.95 25920 54859 28939 1.12 0 0 0 0 83441 1.65
Lucerne
T9 Sweetcorn- 55513 165240 109727 1.98 47330 274469 227139 4.80 0 0 0 0 331786 3.30
Vegetables
(Tomato)
T10 Okra – Marigold - 43897 126317 82420 1.88 75464 450328 291150 3.85 44933 172359 110829 2.46 484399 3.00
Beetroot
-1
Sale price for Grain (kg ): Rice = Rs 17.7, Maize = Rs 17.0, Groundnut = Rs 48.9, Bhendi = Rs 20.00, Bt Cotton = Rs 54.5, Greengram= Rs 69.75, Pigeonpea = Rs 56.75, Sweet corn = Rs 9.0, Tomato = Rs 10.0,
Sesame = Rs 62.49, Fingermillet = Rs 28.97, Marigold = Rs 50.00, Beetroot = Rs 10.00.
-1
Sale price for stover (kg ) : Rice = Rs 1.00 Maize = Rs 1.00, Bhendi = Rs 0.25, Groundnut = 5.00, Greengram = Rs 2.00, Bt cotton = 0.25, Pigeonpea = Rs 0.25, Fodder sorghum = Rs 2.00, Fodder cowpea = 3.00,
Fodder maize = 2.00, Tomato = Rs 0.25 Sesame =Rs 0.25, Fingermillet = Rs 0.25, Horsegram = Rs 2.0, Sunhemp = Rs1.5, Lucerne = Rs 2.0, Marigold = Rs 0.25, Beetroot = Rs 0.25

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 Kumari et al.; CJAST, 39(29): 51-60, 2020; Article no.CJAST.61475

Regarding system productivity, Okra–Marigold– 4. CONCLUSION

Beetroot system recorded significantly higher rice
-1
grain equivalent yield (40817 kg ha ) over other Under high value crops, sweet corn - vegetable
crops evaluated in different cropping systems system (tomato) was more remunerative followed
(Tables 3 and 4). Among the cropping systems by okra – marigold – beetroot system. Among the
involving vegetables and other high value crops ecological cropping systems, pigeonpea +
for income enhancement, Sweet corn –Tomato greengram (1:6) – sesame, under the cropping
system was found to be more remunerative systems for household nutritional security,
-1 -1
(36434 kgha with 4,81,785 Rsha net returns) pigeonpea + maize (1:3) - groundnut system,
than Okra – Marigold – Beetroot because of under two fodder crops/cropping systems, fodder
lower cost of cultivation though recorded higher maize – lucerne system and under predominant
rice grain equivalent yield. Among the ecological cropping systems, rice – maize systems were
cropping systems, Bt cotton + Greengram (1:3)- most profitable and can highly be recommended
Groundnut cropping system recorded for different farming systems of Southern
significantly higher rice grain equivalent yield Telangana Zone of Telangana.
-1 -1
(14573 kgha ) and net returns (160175 Rs ha )
than Pigeon pea + Greengram (1:6) - Sesame COMPETING INTERESTS
-1
(8829 kg ha ) cropping system. However, due to
lower cost of cultivation, Pigeonpea + Authors have declared that no competing
Greengram (1:6) – Sesame system recorded interests exist.
higher BC ratio compared to Bt cotton +
Greengram (1:3)- Groundnut cropping system. REFERENCES
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