FRICTIONS IN PIPE

FLUID IN PIPE

TURBULENT
Fluid distribution network involve with fluid flow through
FLOW channel (pipe, duct etc.) .
Fluid may be forced to flow by a fan/pump through flow section.
Flow section of a circular cross section is known as pipe.
LAMINAR Flow section for non-circular cross section is known as duct.
FLOW
Small diameter of pipe – tube.
 CLO1
Describe various types of flow

Demonstrate Reynold’s Determine the flow regime and

CLO2
experiment on laminar CLO3 flow pattern
and turbulent flow

Apply formula to
CLO4 calculate the pressure
Evaluate & analyze pressure drop
CLO5
drop and energy
required in fluid system
 LAMINAR FLOW

Flow in pipes is laminar for Re≤2300; fully developed if the

pipe sufficiently long

In fully developed laminar flow, moves at a constant

axial velocity along a streamline and the velocity
Flow profile remain unchanged.

Conditions
No motion in the radial direction – velocity
component in the direction normal to the flow is zero

No acceleration – flow is steady and fully developed

 Fluid velocity changes from zero at the
surface to a maximum at the pipe center

It is convenient to work with average velocity, Vavg, which

remains constant in incompressible flow when the pipe
cross-sectional area is constant

At wall, u = 0

Upper plate, u = 0

Lower plate, u = 0
Laminar flow through a round tube Laminar flow through a parallel plates
 Fluid is viscous – energy loss during flowing due to FRICTION

The effect of friction is showing as pressure / head loss

Shear stress slows the fluid flow

The friction, which related to pressure drop and

L head loss during flow through pipes or ducts -
Pressure drop is used to determine pumping
Flow direction power requirement

• Attached manometer gives head /pressure loss by the fluid overcoming the
∆𝑃
shear stress.
∆P • The P1 >P2 P1 – P2 = Pressure drop, ΔP
L • How to determine the pressure loss in terms of the forces acting on the fluid?
Consider cylindrical fluid element in a pipe:

δP = pressure drop

τ y
u τ R
r
umax
Flow P P + δP
direction
τmax
δl

τ is proportional to r
A
Thus, shear stresses varies linearly along the radius
 τmax occurs at the wall, r = R
Known that where y = R – r thus dy = - dr

𝑑𝑝 𝑟
𝜏=− A Substitute in A, gives
𝑑𝑙 2

𝟏 𝒅𝒑 𝟐
𝒖= 𝒓 +𝑲
𝟒𝝁 𝒅𝒍

When r = R u=0

Or
 𝟏 𝒅𝒑 𝟐 𝒓 𝟐
𝒖=− 𝑹 𝟏−
𝟒𝝁 𝒅𝒍 𝑹

𝟏 𝒅𝒑 𝟐
When r = 0 u = Umax 𝑼𝒎𝒂𝒙 =− 𝑹
𝟒𝝁 𝒅𝒍

𝒓 𝟐
𝒖 = 𝑼𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝟏− Instantaneous velocity
𝑹
 Q =uxA

1 𝑑𝑝 2
𝑈𝑚𝑎𝑥 = − 𝑅
4𝜇 𝑑𝑙

Hagen-Poiseuille Equation for laminar flow in a pipe

Average velocity for laminar flow in a pipe: 𝑼𝒎𝒂𝒙

=𝟐
𝑼𝒂𝒗𝒆
Average velocity for laminar flow in a pipe:

Pressure drop for a given length (L) of a pipe:

𝑑𝑃 𝑈𝑎𝑣𝑒 8𝜇 𝑈𝑎𝑣𝑒 8𝜇
= 𝑑𝑃 = 𝑑𝑙
𝑑𝑙 𝑅2 𝑅2
1) An oil having a viscosity of 0.1 Ns/m2 is flowing through a circular pipe of 250 mm diameter. If the maximum
velocity is 2.5 m/s determine:
a) the mean velocity and the radius at which such velocity may occur.
b) the velocity at 5 cm from the wall pipe.
𝜇 = 0.1 𝑁𝑠Τ𝑚2 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2.5 𝑚Τ𝑠 𝐷 = 250 𝑚𝑚 = 0.25 𝑚, 𝑅 = 0.125 𝑚
2) An oil having a viscosity of 0.096 Ns/m2 and SG of 1.59 flows through a horizontal pipe of 5 cm diameter
and 10 m in length with a pressure drop of 5886 N/m2. Determine :
i) the rate of flow in kilogram per minute.
ii) the shear stress at the pipe wall.

𝜇 = 0.096 𝑁𝑠Τ𝑚2 𝑆𝐺 = 1.59 𝐷 = 5 𝑐𝑚 = 0.05 𝑚, 𝑅 = 0.025 𝑚 𝐿 = 10 𝑚 ∆𝑃 = 5886 𝑁Τ𝑚2