GENERAL PHYSICS

LENGTH AND TIME

LENGTH

• A ruler is used to measure __________ for distances between 1mm and 1meter.

• For even smaller lengths, use a _____________ screw gauge.

• SI unit for length is the _______ and the symbol is ___ .

• To find out volume of regular object, use mathematical formula. How?

_______________________________________________________________________

• To find out volume of irregular object, put object into _________________ with water. When
object added, it ____________water, making ________ level rise. Measure this rise. This is
the volume.

TIME

• Interval of time is measured using __________ or a ____________ .

• SI unit for time is __________, and the symbol is ___________ .

• To find the amount of time it takes a ____________ to make a spin, time ~25 circles and then
divide by the same number as the number of circles.
MOTION

• Speed is the ____________ an object moves in a ______ frame. It is measured in

__________________or _______________. The standard unit for speed is _____________ .

• Speed is a ___________ quantity as it only shows ________________.

• Speed in a specified direction is velocity, which is a vector.

• A vector quantity is any quantity that has _____________ and _______________, such as
displacement or velocity.

• Vector quantities are represented by mathematical objects called vectors. Geometrically,

vectors are represented by ______, with the end marked by an arrowhead.

SPEED TIME GRAPHS

• Area under the line equals to the distance travelled

• Positive acceleration means the velocity of a body is _______________ .

• Deceleration or negative acceleration means the velocity of a body is ________________ .

• A curved speed time graph means acceleration is _______________.

• Acceleration is the rate of _____________ per unit of __________, and a vector as its
direction is specified.

DISTANCE TIME GRAPH

Therefore,

• Distance with constant speed:

• Distance with constant acceleration:

ACCELERATION BY GRAVITY

• An object in ________________ near to the Earth has a constant ______________ caused by

gravity due to the Earth’s uniform _______________ field.

• Objects are slowed down by _____________. When deceleration caused by air resistance is
equal to acceleration by ___________, i.e. no net force acting on a body in free fall, the body
reached _______________ velocity.
MASS AND WEIGHT

• Mass: A measure of __________ in a body and the body’s resistance to motion.

• Weight is the _________ of gravity on a body as a result of its mass.

𝑾𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 = 𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 × 𝑮𝒓𝒂𝒗𝒊𝒕𝒚

• Weights (and hence masses) may be compared using a ______________.

DENSITY

𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 (𝝆) =

Density is ________________________________________________________________

•Density of a liquid: Place measuring cylinder on balance. Add liquid. Reading on measuring
cylinder = V, change in mass on balance = m. Use formula.

• Density of solid:

- Finding the volume: To find out volume of a regular object, use mathematical formula. To
find out volume of an irregular object, put object into a measuring cylinder with water and the
rise of water is the volume of the object.

- Finding the mass: Use balance

• An object will float in a fluid if its density is ______________ than the density of the liquid,
i.e. The volume of fluid displaced has a ______________ mass than the object itself.

Example: An orange with its peel has a density of 0.84g/cm3, we can predict that it will float
in water because it is less than 1 g/cm3 (density of water). We can also say, that an orange without
its peel, which has a density of 1.16g/cm3, will sink because it is greater than 1g/cm3.
FORCES

• Force is measured in _____________ .

𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 = 𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 × 𝑨𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

• 1 Newton is the amount of ___________ needed to give 1kg an _______________ of 1 m/s2

• A force may produce a change in __________ and _________ of a body, give an acceleration
or deceleration or a change in direction depending on the direction of the force.

• The resultant of forces acting in the same dimension will be their sum, provided a convention
for directions is set.

Therefore, the resultant of 2 forces acting in the same dimension, in the opposite direction will
be the difference in their magnitude in the direction of the greatest.

• If there is no resultant force acting on a body, it either ________________ or continues at

constant ___________ in a straight line.

RESISTIVE FORCES

• Friction: the force between two ______________ which impedes motion and results in
heating.

• Air resistance is a form of friction.

NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION

• First law of motion: If no external for is acting on it, an object will, if stationary, remain
stationary, and if moving, keep moving at a steady speed in the same straight line.

• Second law of motion:

State second law of motion by definition.

___________________________________________________________________________
• Third law of motion: if object A exerts a force on object B, then object B will exert an equal
but _____________ force on object A.

HOOKE’S LAW

Springs extend in proportion to load, as long as they are under their proportional limit.

• Limit of proportionality: point at which _________ and ____________ are no longer

proportional.

• Elastic limit: point at which the spring will not ______________ to its original shape after
being stretched

𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑(𝐼𝑛 𝑁𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠) = 𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 × 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛

or

(State the formula in the box)

CIRCULAR MOTION

• An object at steady speed in circular orbit is always ______________ as its direction is

__________, but it gets no closer to the center. The speed of the ball stays _______________.

• Centripetal force is the force acting towards the _________ of a circle. It is a force that is
needed, not caused, by circular motion.

• For example, when you swing a ball on a string round in a circle, the tension of the string is
the centripetal force. If the string is cut then the ball will travel in a straight line at a _________
to the circle at the point where the string was cut.

• Centrifugal force is the force acting away from the center of a circle. This is what makes a
slingshot go _____________ as you spin it. The centrifugal force is the reaction to the
centripetal force. It has the same ___________ but opposite ___________ to centripetal force.

MOMENTS

• A moment is the measure of the turning __________ on a body and is defined as:

𝑴𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕(𝑵𝒎) = 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆(𝑵) × 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒑𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑷𝒊𝒗𝒐𝒕(𝒎)

•Therefore, increasing force or distance from the pivot _____________ the moment of a force.

• This explains why levers are force magnifiers

o Turning a bolt is far easier with a wrench because the _______________ distance from pivot
is massively increased, and so is the turning effect.

• In equilibrium, clockwise moment = anticlockwise moment there is no __________ force

acting on the body.

o This can be proven by hanging masses of the same weight on opposite sides of a meter rule
on a pivot at equal distances from the pivot showing that the meter rule in stationary.
CENTRE OF MASS

• Centre of mass: imaginary point in a body where total _______ of body seems to be acting.

• An object will be in stable ___________ when it returns to its original position given a small
displacement.

• For an object that is displaced, it will _____________ only if the force caused by its weight
is within its base.

• For an object to start rotating it needs to have an unbalanced moment acting on it.

SCALARS AND VECTORS

• A scalar is a quantity that only has a _________ (so it can only be positive) for example
speed.

• A vector quantity has a ______________ as well as a _______________, for example

velocity, which can be negative.

• Calculating resultant force:

o A parallelogram has to be made with the acting forces (F1 and F2). The resultant force will
be the ________________. Make sure the same scale is used to convert between length and
forces. Measure length of diagonal and use scale to convert value into force (FR).

MOMENTUM

• Momentum: product of __________ and _______________ . The standard unit of

momentum is ____________________.

• The formula of momentum is:

• Principle of conservation of linear momentum: when bodies in a system interact, total

momentum remains constant provided no external force acts on the system.

• Impulse: product of _______________ and ____________ for which it acts. State the
formula related to impulse force.

ENERGY

• Energy: amount of ____________ and measured in __________________ (J)

• An object may have energy due to its motion or its position.

• Conservation of energy: energy cannot be __________ or ____________, when work is

done, energy is changed from one form to another.

• Energy can be stored in many forms:

 ENERGY TYPE WHAT IT IS EXAMPLE
KINETIC Due to motion
GRAVITATIONAL
CHEMICAL Bonds in starch (food)
STRAIN Compress/stretch
NUCLEUR Released in nuclear plant
INTERNAL Motion of molecules
ELECTRICAL Battery to bulb
LIGHT Carried in light waves
SOUND
**any relevant answer is acceptable.

KINETIC ENERGY (K.E) =

GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY (G.P.H) =

• Example of conversion of energy: A book on a shelf has __________________________, if

it falls of the shelf it will have ____________________.

• Due to the processes through which energy transfers take place not being 100% efficient,
energy is _________ to the surrounding and therefore energy gets more spread out (dissipated)

• Efficiency: how much useful work is done with energy supplied.

ENERGY RESOURCES

• Renewable sources are not exhaustible

• Non-renewable sources of energy are exhaustible

TYPE ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE

Fuel

Wave Energy

Tidal Energy

Hydroelectric

Geothermal

Nuclear fission

Solar cells/
Photovoltaic cells
Solar Panel

**complete the table as many as you can.

The sun is the source of energy for all our energy resources except geothermal, nuclear and
tidal

• In the sun, energy is created through a process called __________________: hydrogen nuclei
are pushed together to form helium.
WORK AND POWER

• Work is done whenever a force makes something move.

𝑊 = ∆𝐸

• The unit for work is _____________ (J).

• 1 joule of work = force of 1 Newton moves an object by 1 meter

𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒆 (𝑱) =

𝑾 = 𝑭𝑫

• Power is the rate of ______________ .

• The unit for power is ____________ (W) whereas, 1W = 1 J/s

PRESSURE

• Pressure is the __________ per unit ________.

• Unit: Pascals (Pa) or _________________

• In Liquids;

𝑷 = 𝝆𝒈𝒉
• Therefore, as the depth of a fluid increases, the pressure caused by the whole liquid increases.