What is

It is the study of MEANING in LANGUAGE

Semantics?
when you give new information informativeness

Example: I am
is what a speaker means or done.
A person who was born and raised intends to convey when he
with a specific language. uses a piece of language. done with what?
Native speaker Speaker’s ( a lot of possible meanings)
considered as a primary source of meaning ( intended) Speaker meaning can include
information about meaning both courtesy and hostility,
praise and insult, endearment
Types of Meaning and taunt.
A language is a system of
communication which consists of
a set of sounds and written
Semantics Dictionary meaning ,
is what a word or a
(Literal) or Example: Orange is a fruit.
symbols which are used by the
people of a particular country or unit1 Word/Sentence
meaning
sentence mean ; what
it counts as the
(fixed/literal meaning)
region for talking or writing. equivalent of in the
7 Sep 2022 language concerned
What is Language?
Phonology

Morphology
components of
Syntax
language
Lexical ( focus on words )
Semantics
Level of Semantics
Pragmatics
Compositional ( focus on sentences )

The study of language

What is Linguistics? Meaningful when you say
and it’s structure.
something that already
Meaningfulness
known, don’t contain any
information
 is any stretch of talk, by one person, before and after which
there is silence on the part of that person

Can be one word, two, a phrase and also a clause

and expression, many sentences
An utterance They have meaning , Informal, Most of the time
utterances are not complete in themselves.

Not all utterances are actually tokens of sentences,

but sometimes only of parts of sentences, e.g.
phrases or single words.

It is the Relationship between

language and real world.
Combination of words combine together following syntax and
speaker indicates which things in Reference grammatical rules of its language expressing a complete thought
the world (including persons) are A sentence When the order or vocabulary is change, we have another sentence
being talked about Definitions
Shortest sentence should have a subject and a verb

Thing or object that is being referred to. Referent

Doesn’t provide full idea or thought someties

I have a flower Only exists in spoken form confined by silence or gaps

Mostly do not follow grammatical rules.

Referent ( flower ) Example Reference Uttrance
The language ( I ) Informal expressions
Reference (the actual thing 🌷 )
Smallest unit of speech
One expression or a word always refer to What are the Differences Either subject, verb or object is missing
I Live in Riyadh the same object or person ( proper names Constant reference between Utterance and
and geographical names) Conveys a whole idea or meaning
Types Sentence?
One expression or word can refer Can be both written and spoken form
A student came < the Variable (changeable)
to more than one objects or
student is unknown reference Formal statement, following grammatical rules
people.
Sentence

Both referring and uttering are acts performed by

Semantics Structured formally
Note Basic unit in semantics
particular speakers on particular occasions.
UNIT 2-3 Includes subjects verbs ( objects )
8 Sep 2022
Meaning of expressions of word within
Definition
that same phrase not the outer world. is that part of the meaning of the utterance of a declarative
Definition
sentence which describes some state of affairs.
The chicken is ready
to be eaten . Maybe The chicken is
different senses A statement of opinion,
The chicken itself is it means ready to eat
Definition judgment, idea or a
ready to eat. Sense suggestion.

the same word can have more than one My cat is black
Homograph
sense. Bank. Fine Examples The sky is blue
Decleretive
I think this house is good
Every expression that has meaning has sense, but sentence
Note
not every expression has reference. True propositions
correspond to facts, in the
A proposition True
ordinary sense of the word
Types fact
A situation where a language is used Context Can shared within
different languages Types False propositions do not
False
correspond to facts

A Variety of a language Dialect

interrogatives
Used to ask questions What is your name ?
sentence

Clean the room.

Please, bring the

Used to convey order, request and advice
Imperative pizza to the table.
Sentence Be quiet!

If it’s an order it’s ASSERTION