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Lecture 3

Psychological research follows the scientific method and uses various research methods. Experimental research establishes cause-and-effect through hypothesis testing, manipulation of independent variables, and comparison of experimental and control groups. Descriptive research includes archival research, naturalistic observation, surveys, case studies, and correlational research examining relationships between variables. Ethical principles like confidentiality, informed consent, societal benefit, and treatment of research participants and animals guide psychological research.

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14 views

Lecture 3

Psychological research follows the scientific method and uses various research methods. Experimental research establishes cause-and-effect through hypothesis testing, manipulation of independent variables, and comparison of experimental and control groups. Descriptive research includes archival research, naturalistic observation, surveys, case studies, and correlational research examining relationships between variables. Ethical principles like confidentiality, informed consent, societal benefit, and treatment of research participants and animals guide psychological research.

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PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH

⚫ Scientific Method ; The approach through which


psychologists systematically acquire knowledge and
understanding about behavior and other phenomena of interest.
⚫ Four main steps in scientific method :
⚫ 1. Identify question of interest [ Find out problem ]
⚫ 2. Formulating an explanation [specify theory & develop hypothesis]
⚫ 3. Carrying out research design [selecting a research method &analyze
⚫ 4.Communating the findings data ]

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Research methods used in Psychology :
⚫ 1. Experimental research : Psychologists can establish cause and effect
relationship through research is by carrying an experiment.
Steps involved in Experimental Research -
a. Forming Hypothesis - Hypothesis is a suggested answer to a problem.
b. Variable - A variable which is changed by the experimenter in
experimental situation.
Independent Variable ; The variable which is varied by the
experimenter.
Dependent Variable: The variable which is measured by the
experimenter.

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Operational definition : An operational definition is the
translation of a hypothesis into specific, testable procedures
that can be measured and observed.

Experimental group and Control group: In an experiment , at


least two groups must be compared to asses cause and effect
relationships.
The group receiving the treatment is the experimental
group.
The group which receives no treatment is the control group.

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⚫ 2. Descriptive Reasearch :
⚫ a. Archival Research - Research in which existing data, such as census
documents, college records, online databases and newspaper clipping are
examined to test a hypothesis.
⚫ b. Naturalistic Observation-Research in which an investigator observes
some naturally occurring behavior and does not make a change in the
situation.
⚫ c. Survey Research –Research in which people chosen to represent a larger
population are asked a series of questions about their behavior, thoughts or
attitudes.
⚫ d. The case study – It is an in-depth , intensive investigation of an
individual or small group of people.

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⚫ e. Correlational Research – Research in which the
relationship between two sets of variable is examined to
determine whether they are associated or correlated.

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The Ethics Of Research
APA- American psychological association has specified four
principles-
1.Psychologists have an obligation to protect the confidentiality
of information provided by others.

2.Protect the right of a person who participates in


psychological research.

3.It must have some benefits to the society.

4.Psychologist who conducts experiment on lower animals they


are obligates to safeguard

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