DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN THE APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES

MODULE TITLE SOCIAL SCIENCES AND APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES

1 DISCIPLINES OF COUNSELING

Lecture 1

Social science are vast field of scientific studies that investigate human societies and the
different forces that work within them. It examines how people interact and develop
culture. Social science is made up of several discipline as history, political science, sociology, psychology,
economics, geography, demography anthropology and linguistics. AS a body of scientific knowledge social
science it provides a diverse set of lenses that help us understand and explain the different facets of human
society.

Applied social sciences focus on the use of and application of the different concept, theoretical models and
theories of social science discipline to help society and the different problems and issues it faces. Applied
social science is utilizes to provide alternative solutions to the diverse problems of society. There are three
main career tracks for applied social sciences, counseling, social work and communication.

 Counseling – is the skilled and principled use of relationship to facilitate self-knowledge, emotional
acceptance, and growth for the optimal development of personal resources
 Social Work – this field is both professional and academic discipline that seeks to improve the
quality of life and wellbeing of an individual, group, or community by intervening through research,
policy, community, organizing, direct practice, and teaching on behalf of those afflicted with poverty
or any real or perceived social injustices and violations of their human rights.
 Communication – this field focuses on how human use verbal and nonverbal messages to create
meaning in various contexts (from two individuals to mass audiences). It includes the study of
communication in interpersonal relationship, groups, organization, and cross culture: rhetorical
theory and criticism; performance studies; argumentation and persuasion; technologically mediated
communication; and popular culture.

Other field of Applied Social Sciences

 Accounting – this field provides business principles and other applied skills in the area of
accounting. It provides an understanding of an individual, group, or institutional finances, including
budget and cost analyses, payroll, auditing, and taxes among others.
 Business Administration – this specializes in the operations and management of business
institution.
 Criminology – this focuses on the study of crime, criminal behavior and the legal system.
 Healthcare Management – this field provides professionals clinics, hospitals, and private practices,
nursing homes, research facilities and the like with the focused training required to handle the unique
management challenges of the healthcare industry.
 Human Resources and Organizational Development – this field provides background in
personnel management, staff training and development, and the crafting and institution of an
organization’s policies and procedure.
 Information Technology Management – this field specializes in the administrative knowledge
needed to meet the demands of corporate technology system including problem solving, resources
allocation, networking, and security.
DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN THE APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES

 Marketing – this field includes promotion, creative services, public relations, research, consulting,
communications, advertisement, strategy, branding and much more.
 Policy Studies – this filed is the combination of policy analysis and program evaluation. It also
examines the conflicts and conflict resolution that arises from making of policies and civil society,
the private sector, or, more commonly, in the public sector
 Public Administration – this field is concerned with the implementation of government policy. It is
also an academic discipline that studies policy implementation and prepares civil servants for
working in the public service.
 Urban Planning – this field is concerned with the use of land, protection and use of the
environment, public welfare, and the design of the environment.

Relationship between Social Sciences and Applied Social Sciences

When social sciences theories, concepts, methods, and findings gain application to problems identified in the
wider society, then applied social sciences is achieved.

Lecture 2

Discipline of Counseling – is a relationship characterized by the application of one or

more psychological theories and recognized setoff communication skills appropriate to a
client’s intimate concerns, problems, or aspirations.

Counseling – the process of guiding a person during a stage of life when reassessment or decisions have to
be made about himself or herself and his or her life course. It is generally non-clinical intervention.
Traditionally it is provided by family, friends, and wise elderly. Counseling is concern with helping clients
make changes.
 Counseling as a Process – includes a sequence of steps or action which are geared towards a
particular end.
 Counseling as a Relationship – it is a face to face helping relationship.
 Counseling as an Art – No counseling session is alike and is approached in the same way by
counselors. An act of giving oneself.
 Counseling as a Science – delves into the objective realm of counseling process.
 Counseling as an emerging profession – it is an emerging profession, a service sought by people in
distress or in some degree of confusion who wish to discuss and resolve these in a relationship

Goals of Counseling
 Facilitating behavior change – one major goal of counseling is to poster behavior change on the
part of the client.
 Improving the client’s ability to establish and maintain relationship – counseling helps clients
overcome difficulties in their interpersonal relationships and improve how they relate with people
around them.
 Enhancing the client’s effectiveness and ability to cope – clients may turn to counseling to help
them learn how to cope and adapt to change.
 Promoting the decision-making process – counseling helps clients make decisions.
 Facilitating client potential and development – counseling aims to maximize client’s potentials
and ensure clients growth.
DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN THE APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES

Scope of Counseling
 The scope of counseling covers personal, social, cognitive, behavioral, psychological, emotional,
spiritual, occupational and even health aspect of an individual. However, it does not deal with the
clinical cases such as mental illness.

Principles of Counseling
 Advice – counseling may involve advice-giving as one of the several function that counselor
perform.
 Reassurance – counseling involves providing clients with reassurance, which is a way of giving
them courage to face a problem or confidence that they are pursuing a suitable course of action.
 Release of emotional tension – counseling provides clients the opportunity to get emotional release
from their pent-up frustration and other personal issues.
 Clarified thinking – clarified thinking tends to take place while the counselor and counselee are
talking and therefore becomes a logical emotional release.
 Reorientation – involves a change in the client’s emotional self through a change in basic goals and
aspirations.
 Listening skills – listening attentively to clients is the counselor’s attempt to understand both the
content of the clients’ problems as they see it, and the emotions they are experiencing related to the
problem.
 Respect – in all circumstances, clients must be treated with respect, no matter how peculiar, strange,
disturbed, weird, or utterly different from the counselor.
 Empathy and positive regard – empathy requires the counselor to listen and understand the
feelings and perspective of the client and positive regard is an aspect of respect.
 Clarification, confrontation, and interpretation – clarification is an attempt by the counselor to
restate what the client is either saying or feeling, so the client may learn something or understand the
issue better. Confrontation and interpretation are other more advance principles used by counselor in
their intervention.
 Transference and countertransference – when clients are helped to understand transference
reaction, they are empowered to gain understanding of important aspects of their emotional life.

Countertransference helps both clients and counselor to understand the emotional and perceptional reactions
and how to effectively manage them.

References:

Cauyan, Brillon., et al (2017). Discipline and Ideas in the Applied Social Sciences, Vibal Group, Inc.
Dela Cruz, Fernandez., et al (2016) Discipline and Ideas in the Applied Social Sciences, K-12 Compliant for
the Senior High School, Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN THE APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES

MODULE TITLE ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF COUNSELORS

2 SPECIFIC WORK AREA OF COUNSELOR

Lecture 1

COUNSELOR ROLE DESCRIPTION

Quasi-administrator “administrative handy persons” counselors assume the role administrators
when the school heads are not around.
Generalist As generalist, counselors coordinate and administer services and sources. They
also maintain relationships among stakeholders of an institution.
Specialist As specialist, counselors give their counseling duties priority over other
activities.
Agent for change As agents for change, counselors initiate change within the clients by helping
them arrive at possibilities and options and by catalyzing change within the
setting where they practice their own profession.

Specialist in As specialist in psychological education, counselors create and implement

psychological education activities and programs for facilitating self-development. These activities focus
on promoting personal, emotional, moral, and social growth.
Applied behavioral As applied behavioral scientist, counselors provide experiences and conditions
scientist which are based on theories and researches on behavioral science that aim to
foster learning among clients. Counselors simulate activities which can help
clients learn more about themselves, others, and their environment.

Contingency manager As contingency manager, counselors arrange consequences for behavior if

clients fail or succeed in carrying out an action plan which agreed upon by both
counselor and client. This usually in the form of rewards, tokens, or absence
thereof.

Consultant As consultants, counselors confer with teachers, administrators, parents, and

others to help identified clients

Helping professionals As helping professionals , counselors assist their clients achieve their optimal
development
DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN THE APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES

Functions of Counselors
Gibson and Mitchell (2008) cite the traditional functions of counselor which are observable across different
work settings. A brief description of the functions follows:

a. Counseling is considered to be the core functions of counselors, it focuses on the client’s growth,
adjustments, problem solving, and decision-making needs.
b. Assessment is the process of systematically gathering information about the clients. Counselors
administer standardized test and interpret the results of the clients
c. Career Assistance is one unique function of counselors focused on helping clients explore their
career options.
d. Placement and Follow-up are services which focuses on heling clients find their niche & qout; and
ensuring client satisfaction, respectively.
e. Referral is usually done when counselors need to find and transfer their clients to other experts or
counselors with special expertise who may be able to help the clients more.
f. Consultation is the process wherein counselors confer with a third party to help clients addressing
their needs.
g. Research is one important role that counselors need to cultivate because engaging in this process
can yield data which could help in the advancement of the counseling profession.
h. Evaluation and accountability are also salient functions that counselors should consistently and
consciously think about while implementing the guidance and counseling programs.
i. Prevention Beyond the “curative” dimension of counseling, counseling should be preventive as
well.

Lecture 2

Areas of Specialization where Counselors Work

 Child development and counseling – includes parent education, preschool counseling, early
childhood education, elementary school counseling, child counseling in mental health agencies, and
counseling with battered and abused children and families.
 Adolescent development counseling – covers middle and high school counseling, psychological
education, career development specialist, adolescent counseling in mental health agencies, youth
work in a residential facility, and youth probation officer.
 Gerontology – old age – considered the fastest growing field and essentially involves counseling of
older citizen. Preretirement counseling, community centers, counseling, nursing home counseling.
 Marital relationship – includes premarital counseling, marriage counseling, family counseling, sex
education, sexual dysfunction, divorce mediation.
 Health – offers nutrition counseling, exercise and health education, nurse-counselor, rehabilitation
counseling, stress management counseling, holistic health counseling, anorexia or bulimia
counseling, and genetic counseling
 Career/ lifestyle – includes decision-making, pertaining to career or lifestyle, guidance on career
development, provision of educational and occupational information to clients
 College and university – college student counseling, student activities, student personnel work,
residential hall or dormitory counselor, and counselor educator
DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN THE APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES

 Drugs – substance abuse counseling, alcohol counseling, drug counseling, stop smoking program
manager, crisis intervention counseling
 Consultation – agency and corporate consulting, organizational development director, industrial
psychology specialist, and training manager
 Business and industry – training and development personnel, quality and work-life

References:

Cauyan, Brillon., et al (2017). Discipline and Ideas in the Applied Social Sciences, Vibal Group, Inc.
Dela Cruz, Fernandez., et al (2016) Discipline and Ideas in the Applied Social Sciences, K-12 Compliant for
the Senior High School, Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.

MODULE TITLE VALUE RIGHTS, RESPONSIBILITIES, AND

3 ACCOUNTABILITIES OF COUNSELORS
DISTINGUISH BETWEEN ETHICAL AND UNETHICAL
BEHAVIORS AMONG COUNSELORS

Lecture 1

ETHICAL PRINCIPLES DESCRIPTION

1. Autonomy respecting freedom of choice and self-determination, the counselors
acknowledge clients’ right to decide for themselves as long as it does not
harm the clients and other. Counselors are not to impose their values, views
or certain action to clients as these violates this principle. (dapat alam ni
client yung magiging sitwasyon at mga posibleng mangyari during the
counseling. At entering in the process should be voluntary, di pwede na
pinilit yung client.)
2. Beneficence defined as doing good and preventing harm. Counselors should think and
act for the best interests of their clients. They should know when an action
or intervention is urgently needed and not to postpone help.(As a counselor
dapat alam mo kung ano yung makakabuti sa client mo. Kapag Nakita mon
a may mga posibleng negatibong epekto o mapapahamak ang clients sa
mga magiging choices nya you as a counselor you need to guide the client
in coming up to a better choices or decisions. As a counselor you need to
consider the welfare of the client.
3. Fidelity refers to faithfulness or honoring commitments. Counselors should be
honest in all dealings with clients.(confidentiality is important in all
counseling situation.as a counselor one should not break the trust of the
client, the counselor should not disclose any information of the client. You
should vale the counselor client confidentiality rule.)
DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN THE APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES

4. Justice defined as fairness. Counselors are to give and render counseling services
to all clients regardless of their age, gender, sexual orientation, race,
ethnolinguistic group, and socioeconomic class. Counseling services and
resources are to be distributed and administered to all. (Counseling services
is for all, anyone who needs and ask for counseling is accepted regardless
of their status in life. It means to have a fair distribution of resources and
services in counseling)
5. Nonmaleficence is not inflicting harm. Counselors have to make sure that techniques and
strategies used during sessions will not bring harm to clients. Counselors
should practice within their level of competence and area of expertise.
(counseling techniques, therapeutic techniques should not bring any harm
to the client)

ETHICAL PRINCIPLES FOR COUNSELORS

 RESPECT FOR THE RIGHTS & DIGNITYOF THE CLIENT – guidance counselors honor and
promote the fundamental rights, moral and cultural values, dignity, and worth of clients. They
respect clients’ rights to privacy, confidentiality, self-determination and autonomy, consistent with
the law. (Counselors primary responsibility is to respect and promote the welfare of clients, and
encourage growth of clients. Counselors do not engage or practice discrimination, they respect
differences and understand diverse cultural differences.)

 COMPETENCE – guidance counselors maintain and update their professional skills. (Counselors
must maintain a level of competence through training, and must work with in the limits of their
competence.)

 RESPONSIBILITY – guidance counselors are aware of their professional responsibility to act in a

trustworthy, reputable, and accountable manner towards clients, colleagues, and the community in
which they work and live. They avoid doing harm, take responsibility for their professional actions,
and adopt a systematic approach to resolving ethical dilemmas.

 INTEGRITY – guidance counselors seek to promote integrity and their practice. They represent
themselves accurately and treat others with honesty, straightforwardness, and fairness. They deal
actively with conflicts of interest, avoid exploiting others, and are alert to inappropriate behavior on
the part of colleagues.

References:

Cauyan, Brillon., et al (2017). Discipline and Ideas in the Applied Social Sciences, Vibal Group, Inc.
Dela Cruz, Fernandez., et al (2016) Discipline and Ideas in the Applied Social Sciences, K-12 Compliant for
the Senior High School, Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
Sampa, Elias M., Discipline and Ideas in the Applied Social Sciences, Rex Book Store, Inc.
DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN THE APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES

MODULE TITLE CLIENTELE AND AUDIENCES IN COUNSELING

4 SETTINGS, PROCESSES, METHODS, AND TOOLS IN
COUNSELING

Lecture 1

THE CLIENTELE AND AUDIENCES OF COUNSELING

Characteristics of the Clientele and Audiences of Counseling
 The clientele and audiences of counseling are normal people. They are not in need of clinical or
mental help. They maybe youth, adolescence, aged people, other clientele or audiences of
counseling are people in need of premarital and marital counseling, grief and loss, domestic violence
and other types of abuse, or coping with terminal illness, death and dying.
 The needs vary for each type of clientele and audiences of counseling.

CLIENTELE OF COUNSELING – can be classified according to the number of participants and

according to the areas of concern covered. The types of counseling according to the number of participants
are individual, group, multiple, couple, and family. The types of counseling according to areas of concern are
personal/social, academic/educational, and career/vocational/occupational. Meaning the clientele of a
counseling can be anyone, a student with academic concern, a couple with personal problems, a community
that experience a disaster, a group of LGBTs, a teacher, a father, a child can be a client of counseling. It only
varies on its classification and areas of concern.

The Individual as Client of Counseling

The individual who needs to be helped to manage well a life-changing situation or personal
problems or crisis and other support needs may undergo counseling as an individual. This is the common
type of counseling. People are vulnerable and may come out worse, even while simply going through natural
life transition like retirement and growing old. It means that everyone is considered as individual client.

The group and Organization as Client of Counseling

Group exist in communities, organizations, students in schools, teachers in school, and departments
in workplaces, and such entity can undergo group counseling to meet the needs on that level. The needs can
range from desire to reduce conflict or manage it, become more productive as a team or work better together.
Some of the group processes and procedures resembles those that are applied to individuals. However, some
are very unique to group and organizational context.

The community as Client of Counseling

When people experience something collective, which may be socially troubling and constitute the
danger of blocking their collective capacity to move on, counseling is necessary to be undertaken on a
community level.

THE COUNSELING SERVICES, PROCESS AND METHODS

Counseling offers wide range of services to individuals, groups, organizations, and communities. In all
services, several process are involved from needs assessment to intervention or program designing and a
selection of an array of methods available to the profession in dispensing the service appropriately.
DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN THE APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES

1. Conducting Needs Assessment for Individuals, Groups, Organizations, and Communities

 Needs assessment may range from a systematic observation of symptoms to conducting
formal surveys using a questionnaire to determine the felt needs of potential clients.
2. Monitoring and Evaluating for Counseling Effectively
 Monitoring is done through accurate documentation of all the details necessary to generate
data of factual evidence about the implementation. It assures that everything is being done as
designed based on the diagnostic procedure and resource alignment.
 Evaluation examines the results and finds out if the intended results are being met or not. It
is the basis to continue or to phase out the program.

STAGES OF COUNSELING

Stage 1. Relationship Building. The quality of a counseling relationship is one factor which can make or
brake the counseling process. At the onset of counseling, counselors establish an atmosphere where clients
feel safe so that the clients can share their innermost concerns, feelings, and thoughts. Rapport between
counselors and clients should be built.

Stage 2. Assessment and Diagnosis. During this stage, the counselor gain an in-depth understanding of their
clients through assessment. This can be done through the use of standardized and non-standardized means.
Diagnosis, on the other hand, is a clinical term and procedure which is best left to clinicians. Counselors use
information gathered from the clients in goal-setting and planning intervention strategies needed in
counseling.
Stage 3. Formulation of Goals. Goal-setting is a shared task and responsibility of counselor and clients.
Counseling goal can be categorized as process goals and outcome goals. Outcome goals are the intended
result of counseling. These are generally what the clients expect to accomplish after counseling. Process
goals, on the other hand, refer to the planned events by the counselor for achieving the outcome goals.

Stage 4. Intervention and Problem Solving. Once goals have been formulated, counselors and clients work
on defining intervention strategies to implement. Intervention refers to the deliberate process or method of
solving the client’s problems.

Stage 5. Termination and Follow Up. For every beginning, there is an end. It is said that the end goal of
counseling is to empower clients to reach the point where in they would have no need of counselor’s
assistance as they journey through life.

Stage 6. Research and Evaluation. Research and evaluation are essential aspects of counseling that
contribute to the advancement of the profession.

METHODS OF COUNSELING

1. CLASSIC THEORIES

A. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory

Freud’s approach in counseling and psychotherapy is popularly known as psychoanalysis which is
an analysis of the mind. Its objective is to restructure the personality by resolution of intrapsychic conflict,
which focuses on the internal forces such us unconscious processes. It focuses on personal adjustment
 DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN THE APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES

through reorganization of internal forces within the person to help him/her become aware of the unconscious
aspects of his/her personality. Psychoanalysis has three goals
a. to help clients gain insights about themselves
b. to help clients work unstuck issues, through developmental stage, not settled in the past
c. to help clients cope with the stresses of the society

B. Adler’s Individual Psychology

Adler’s approach in counseling and psychotherapy focuses on the role of cognition in
psychological functioning. Its objective is to gain understanding of the clients and assess why clients behave
and think in certain ways. Counselors use certain techniques to help clients reorient themselves toward
positive functioning. Adlerian counseling has four goals.
a. establishment and maintenance of an egalitarian relationship
b. analysis of client’s lifestyle
c. interpretation of client’s lifestyle in a way that promotes insight
d. reorientation and reeducation of the client with accompanying behavior change

C. Jung’s Analytic psychology

The counseling and psychology approach of Jung is referred to as psychotherapy. Jung’s
approach highlights the task of the unconscious processes in the “psychological functioning”. The approach
applies dreams and other procedures to determine the unconscious processes to utilize the result to boost the
functioning of personality and to enhance mental health and wellness. Its over-all goal is to work for the
client’s transcend and move towards self-realization by helping the self-emerge.

2. EXPERIENTIAL THEORIES

A. Roger’s Person-Centered Counseling

The Person-Centered Theory has been described as “if-the” approach because this approach
considers that if a certain condition exists in the counseling relationship, then the client will move toward
self-actualization. The client is ready to move towards self-actualization include: openness to experience,
self-trust, possesses internal source of evaluation, and willingness to grow. Rogers believe that the
counseling relationship can form core conditions that are necessary for self-actualization, the approach
utilizes listening to communicate appreciation.

B. Perls Gestalt Therapy

Gestalt’s counseling approach focuses on the here and now. It refers to a dialogue between the
therapist and the client wherein the client experiences from the inside what the therapist observes from the
outside. The approach is awareness on the environment, of responsibility for choices, of self and self-
acceptance. This approach is appropriate for people who lack awareness and have a feeling of “out of
touch”.

References:
Cauyan, Brillon., et al (2017). Discipline and Ideas in the Applied Social Sciences, Vibal Group, Inc.
Dela Cruz, Fernandez., et al (2016) Discipline and Ideas in the Applied Social Sciences, K-12 Compliant for
the Senior High School, Phoenix Publishing