TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION

Overhead Transmission Line Characteristics

Determination
of
Overhead Transmission Line
Characteristics
(220 kV)
Connection: Al Ain PS to Al Hayer SS

ADWEA STANDARD (ANNEX 1): CALC-OHTL-220-AAPS-HAY (Rev.0-2005)

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 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
Overhead Transmission Line Characteristics

CONTENTS

1. Configuration of OHTL 3

2. Assumptions 4

3. Calculations 6

3.1 General Calculations 6

3.2. Calculation of +/- Sequence Impedance 5

3.3 Calculation of Zero-Sequence Impedance 8

3.4 Calculation of Transmission Capacity 11

3.5 Calculation of Earth-Wire Screening Factor 13

3.6 Calculation of Earth-Wire Impedance 13

4. Site Measurement Calculations of OHTL Parameters 13

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 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
Overhead Transmission Line Characteristics

1. Configuration of Overhead Transmission Line

Technical Details:

CONTRACTOR: SAE-SADELMI - Italy

INSTALLATION PLACE: U.A.E.
CONNECTION: Al Ain PS to Al Hayer SS
CONDUCTOR/OPGW TYPE: AAAC (DIN 48201-6) / AGW
CROSS-SECTION: 2 * 242 / 200.45 (19 * No.7 AWG) mm2
Tower Type: Latice

e1
0

h1

1(r) 7 4(R)

h2

2(s) 8 5(S)

h3

3(t) 9 6(T)

h4

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 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
Overhead Transmission Line Characteristics

2. Assumptions

Variable

S e := 150 , 160 .. 300 MVA (variable power transmission capacity)

Ue := 220 kV (Phase to phase voltage)

f := 50 Hz (System frequency)

Ith := 450 A (Thermal current rating) [F&G]

pf := 0.8 cos (Power factor)

l := 45.5 km (OHTL length)

lspan := 450 m (Typical Span lenght, m)

RTower := 5 (Tower footing resistance)

:= 100 , 200 .. 1000 (Specific earth resistivity)

RPHdc := 0.1385 (DC Resistance of conductor at 20 degC)

km

rPH := 0.01015 m (Conductor radius)

(Number of sub-conductors in bundle conductor)

n := 2
a := 0.4 m (Spacing of sub-conductors in bundle conductor)

t := 20 , 22 .. 50 degC (Variable conductors temperature)

µ c := 1 mH (Relative permeability of conductor)

c := 0.004 (Temperature coefficient of electrical resistivity at 20

degC per degC of temperature difference for the
conductor)

ROPGWdc := 0.435 (DC Resistance of earth-wire at 20 degC)

km

ropgw := 0.0089 m (Earth-Wire radius)

µ q := 7 mH (Relative permeability of earth-wire)

q := 0.0036 (Temperature coefficient of electrical resistivity at 20

degC per degC of temperature difference for the
earth-wire)

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 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
Overhead Transmission Line Characteristics

d47 := 6.45 m (Horicontal Distance: Phase R to Tower centre)

d17 := 6.45 m (Horicontal Distance: Phase r to Tower centre)

d28 := 6.6 m (Horicontal Distance: Phase s to Tower centre)

d58 := 6.6 m (Horicontal Distance: Phase S to Tower centre)

d39 := 7.1 m (Horicontal Distance: Phases t to Tower centre)

d69 := 7.1 m (Horicontal Distance: Phases t to Tower centre)

h1 := 11.58 m (Vertical Distance: Earth-Wire to Phases r or R)

h2 := 6.5 m (Vertical Distance: Phases r & R to s & S)

h3 := 6.5 m (Vertical Distance: Phases s & S to t & T)

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Overhead Transmission Line Characteristics

3. Calculations (according to HAPPOLDT-OEDING)

3.1. General Calculations

4 (space permeability, H/km)

µ 0 := 4 10 3
µ 0 = 1.257 × 10

:= 2 f (angular frequency, Hz)

= 314.159

d41 := d47 + d17 (distance between phases r and R, m)

d41 = 12.9

d63 := d69 + d39 (distance between phases T and t, m)

d63 = 14.2
d52 := d58 + d28 (distance between phases S and s, m)
d52 = 13.2
d79 := h2 + h3 (distance between phases R,r and T.t m)
d79 = 13

2 2
d45 := h2 + ( d58 d47) (distance between phase R and S, m)

d45 = 6.502
2 2
d46 := d79 + ( d69 d47) (distance between phase R and T, m)

d46 = 13.016

2 2
d56 := h2 + ( d69 d58) (distance between phase S and T, m)

d56 = 6.519

2 2
d53 := h2 + ( d39 + d58) (distance between phase S and t, m)

d53 = 15.164
2 2
d62 := h2 + ( d69 + d28) (distance between phase T and s, m)

d62 = 15.164
2 2
d43 := ( h2 + h3) + ( d47 + d39) (distance between phase R and t, m)

d43 = 18.778
2 2 (distance between phase R and s, m)
d42 := h2 + ( d47 + d28)
d42 = 14.579

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Overhead Transmission Line Characteristics

3.2 Calculation of +/- Sequence Impedance:

a) Positive Sequence Phase Reactance

0.33333
d := ( d45 d46 d56)
(mean geometric distance, m) [F9.19]

d = 8.202
0.33333
d1 := ( d41 d52 d63)
(mean geometric distance, m)

d1 = 13.422
0.33333
d2 := ( d42 d43 d53)
(mean geometric distance, m)

8 f d2 = 16.071
x ( t) := 0.01
RPHdc 1 + c (t 20)

2 3
K ( t) := 0.99609 + 0.018578 ( x ( t) ) 0.030263 x ( t) + 0.020735 x ( t)

Rac ( t) := RPHdc 1 + c (t 20) K ( t) (active resistance per phase as function of ambient

temperature, W/km) [F9.13]

Rac ( t)
R1 ( t) := (active resistance per phase as function of ambient
n temperature, W/km) [F9.13]

a
rt := (radius of circle passing through midpoints of strands of a
bundle [see Page 91 (ABB_88)]
2 sin
n
rt = 0.2
1

(
re := n rPH rt )
n 1 n (equivalent radius for 1 conductor in the bundle, m) [TAB.9.3]

re = 0.064

µ0 d 1
L1 := ln + (inductance per phase, H/km)
2 re 4 n

XL1 := L1 (inductive reactance per phase, /km) [F9.24]

XL1 = 0.313

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 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
Overhead Transmission Line Characteristics

b) +/- Sequence Impedance Results:

Z1 ( t) := R1( t) + i XL1 [ /km ] [F9.24]

[ /km per phase] [ ]

t= Z1 ( t) = Z1 ( t) l =
20 0.07+0.313i 14.592
22 0.07+0.313i 14.597
24 0.071+0.313i 14.603
26 0.071+0.313i 14.608
28 0.072+0.313i 14.614
30 0.072+0.313i 14.619
32 0.073+0.313i 14.625
34 0.073+0.313i 14.631
36 0.074+0.313i 14.637
38 0.075+0.313i 14.642
40 0.075+0.313i 14.648
42 0.076+0.313i 14.654
44 0.076+0.313i 14.66
46 0.077+0.313i 14.666
48 0.077+0.313i 14.672
50 0.078+0.313i 14.678

3.3 Calculation of Zero-Sequence Impedance (according to PALLACZEK):

t := 30 (ambient temperature, degC)

2 2
d4e := d47 + h1 (distance between phase R and earth-wire, m)
d4e = 13.255

2 2
d5e := ( d58) + ( h1 + h2) (distance between phase S and earth-wire, m)
d5e = 19.247

2 2
d6e := ( d69) + ( d79 + h1) (distance between phase T and earth-wire, m)

d6e = 25.585

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Overhead Transmission Line Characteristics

Dab := d1 d2 Dab = 14.687

1
3
Dm := ( d4e d5e d6e) (mean geometric distance, m)
Dm = 18.689
1.85
( ) :=
0.001 (earth current penetration, m) [F9.28]
µ0

µ0 ( ) µc
X0 ( ) := 3 ln + (zero sequence reactance, /km)
2 1 4 n
(re d2) 3

RPHdc 1 + c (t 20) µ0
R0 ( t) := +3 (zero sequence resistance, /km)
n 8

Rq ( t) := ROPGWdc 1 + q (t 20) (AC-resistance of earth-wire, /km)

µ0 µ0 ( ) (Mutual Impedance between line

Zab ( ) := +i ln
8 2 Dab circuit and two earth wires, /km)

Rq ( t) := ROPGWdc 1 + q (t 20) (AC-resistance of earth-wire, W/km)

µ0 µ0 ( )
Zab ( ) := +i ln
8 2 Dab

µ0 µ0 ( )
Zaq ( ) := + ln i [F9.42]
8 2 Dm

µ0 µ0 ( ) µq (Impedance of the loop

Zq ( ) := Rq ( t) + + i ln + earth wire/earth, W/km)
8 2 ropgw 4 n

Z01 ( ) := R0 ( t) + i X0 ( ) (Zero-Sequence Impedance per cct [single cct

operation] without earth wire as a function of
earth resistivivty, /km)

2
Zaq ( ) (Zero-Sequence Impedance per cct [single cct
Z01q ( ) := Z01 ( ) 3 operation] with earth wire as a function of earth
Zq ( )
resistivivty, /km) [F9.43]

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Overhead Transmission Line Characteristics

Z02 ( ) := Z01 ( ) + 3 ( Zab ( ) ) (Zero-Sequence Impedance per cct [double

cct operation] without earth wire as a function
of earth resistivivty, /km) [F9.44]

2
Zaq ( ) (Zero-Sequence Impedance per phase
Z02q ( ) := Z02 ( ) 6 [double cct operation] with earth wire as a
Zq ( )
function of earth resistivivty, /km) [F9.44]
[F9.45]
Single cct operation Double cct operation [normal]
[ m] [ /km/cct] [ ] [ /km/cct] [ ]

= Z01q ( ) = Z01q ( ) l = Z02q ( ) = Z02q ( ) l =

100 0.255+1.005i 47.181 0.438+1.587i 74.922
200 0.265+1.04i 48.841 0.458+1.658i 78.242
300 0.271+1.06i 49.781 0.469+1.697i 80.124
400 0.275+1.074i 50.435 0.478+1.725i 81.433
500 0.278+1.084i 50.935 0.485+1.746i 82.434
600 0.281+1.093i 51.339 0.49+1.763i 83.243
700 0.284+1.1i 51.677 0.495+1.777i 83.92
800 0.286+1.106i 51.968 0.499+1.789i 84.501
900 0.288+1.111i 52.222 0.503+1.799i 85.011
1·10 3 0.289+1.116i 52.448 0.506+1.809i 85.464

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Overhead Transmission Line Characteristics

3.4 Calculation of POWER TRANSMISSION CAPACITY

µ0 d d1 1
L2 := ln + (inductance per phase [double cct], H/km)
2 re d2 4 n
4
L2 = 9.605 × 10

XL2 := L2 (inductive reactance per phase [double cct], W/km)

t := 50 (ambient temperature, degC)

2
sin := 1 cos ( acos( pf ) )
sin = 0.6

RPHdc 1 + c (t 20)
R0 := (D.C.resistance at t = 50 degC per phase, W/km)
n
R0 = 0.078
2 3
K := 0.99609 + 0.018578 ( x ( t) ) 0.030263 x ( t) + 0.020735 x ( t) (skin effect factor)

K = 1.003

Rac1 := R0 K (D.C.resistance at t = 50 degC per phase, W/km)

R0 K Rac1 = 0.078
Rac2 :=
2 Rac2 = 0.039

k1 := ( Rac1 pf + XL1 sin) (factor) k1 = 0.25

K1 := ( XL1 pf ) ( Rac1 sin) (factor) K1 = 0.204

k2 := ( Rac2 pf + XL2 sin) (factor) k2 = 0.212

K2 := ( XL2 pf ) ( Rac2 sin) (factor) K2 = 0.218

2
Se l 100 1 Se l 100
( )
d1V% Se :=
2
k1 +
200 2
K1 (voltage drop, %)
Ue Ue
[ONE cct=ON]

2
Se l 100 1 Se l 100 (voltage drop, %)
( )
d2V% Se :=
2
k2 +
200 2
K2
[TWO ccts=ON]
Ue Ue

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 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
Overhead Transmission Line Characteristics

Se
( )
I Se := 103
(variable current rating, A)
3 Ue

( )
d1S% Se :=
(3 I (S ) e
2
)
Rac1 l 100 (power loss, %)
6 [ONE cct=ON]
Se 10

d2S% ( S ) :=
(3 I (S ) e
2
)
Rac2 l 100 (power loss, %)
e 6 [TWO ccts=ON]
Se 10

Single cct operation Double cct operation

Current Rating/
phas e, A MVA Voltage drop, % Power loss, % MVA Voltage drop, % Power loss, %

( )
I Se = Se = d1V% Se = ( ) d1S% Se =( ) Se = d2V% Se =( ) d2S% Se =( )
393.648 150 3.568 1.097 150 3.039 0.549
419.891 160 3.809 1.171 160 3.245 0.585
446.134 170 4.05 1.244 170 3.452 0.622
472.377 180 4.291 1.317 180 3.658 0.658
498.621 190 4.533 1.39 190 3.866 0.695
524.864 200 4.776 1.463 200 4.073 0.732
551.107 210 5.018 1.536 210 4.281 0.768
577.35 220 5.261 1.61 220 4.49 0.805
603.593 230 5.505 1.683 230 4.699 0.841
629.837 240 5.748 1.756 240 4.908 0.878
656.08 250 5.993 1.829 250 5.118 0.915
682.323 260 6.237 1.902 260 5.328 0.951
708.566 270 6.482 1.975 270 5.539 0.988
734.809 280 6.727 2.049 280 5.75 1.024
761.053 290 6.973 2.122 290 5.961 1.061
787.296 300 7.219 2.195 300 6.173 1.097

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Overhead Transmission Line Characteristics

3.5 Calculation of Screening Factor (ANSI/IEEE 367-1987, Eq.18)

:= 100

Zab ( )
r := 1 (reduction (screening factor)
Zq ( ) r = 0.714

3.6 Calculation of Earth Wire Impedance (BS 7354, Clause 7.4.4)

3 3
Z := 0.5 Zq ( ) lspan 10 + Zq ( ) lspan 10 RTower (effective impedance of the OHTL
eart wire and its connections to
earth via the tower footing
resistance, )

Z = 1.653

4. Site Measurement Calculations of OHTL Parameters (Power Source)

t = 50 (conductor temperature, degC)

:= 100 (specific earth resistivity, Ohm*m)

Z1 ( t) := ( R1( t) + i XL1) l (+/- Impedance, Ohm)

Z1 ( t) = 14.678
Z1 := Z1 ( t)
2
Zaq ( )
Z01q ( ) := Z01 ( ) 3 l (Zero Impedance, Ohm)
Zq ( )
Z01q ( ) = 47.181
Z0 := Z01q ( )

Iph := 5 , 6 .. 19 (variable min. secondary current per phase, A)

U1 := 400 (primary current, V)

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 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
Overhead Transmission Line Characteristics

a.) +/- Impedance

U2 ( Iph) := Iph 2 Z1 (secondary Voltage, V)

U2( Iph) Iph

I1 ( Iph) := (primary Current, A)
U1

I2 ( Iph) := Iph (secondary current, A)

3 (required power of the test set [kVA]

P ( Iph) := I1 ( Iph) U1 10

Test Transformer Layout

Primary Side Secondary Side Power

[V] [A] [U] [A] [kVA]

U1 = 400 I1 ( Iph) = U2 ( Iph) = I2 ( Iph) = P ( Iph) =

1.835 146.78 5 0.734
2.642 176.137 6 1.057
3.596 205.493 7 1.438
4.697 234.849 8 1.879
5.945 264.205 9 2.378
7.339 293.561 10 2.936
8.88 322.917 11 3.552
10.568 352.273 12 4.227
12.403 381.629 13 4.961
14.384 410.985 14 5.754
16.513 440.341 15 6.605
18.788 469.698 16 7.515
21.21 499.054 17 8.484
23.778 528.41 18 9.511
26.494 557.766 19 10.598

b.) Zero Impedance [3 phases in parallel]

Z0
U20 ( Iph) := Iph 3 (secondary Voltage, V)
3

I20 ( Iph) := Iph 3 (secondary current, A)

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 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
Overhead Transmission Line Characteristics

U20 ( Iph) I20 ( Iph)

I10 ( Iph) := (primary Current, A)
U1
3
P ( Iph) := U1 I10 ( Iph) 10 (required power of the test set, kVA)

Test Transformer Layout

Primary Side Secondary Side Power

[V] [A] [U] [A] [kVA]
I10 ( Iph) = U20 ( Iph) = I20 ( Iph) = P ( Iph) =
U1 = 400
8.846 235.905 15 3.539
12.739 283.086 18 5.096
17.339 330.267 21 6.936
22.647 377.448 24 9.059
28.662 424.629 27 11.465
35.386 471.81 30 14.154
42.817 518.991 33 17.127
50.956 566.172 36 20.382
59.802 613.353 39 23.921
69.356 660.534 42 27.742
79.618 707.715 45 31.847
90.588 754.896 48 36.235
102.265 802.077 51 40.906
114.65 849.258 54 45.86
127.743 896.44 57 51.097

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