LIDE Learning Center, Inc.

LIDE, Isabel, Leyte

FIRST QUARTER: MATHEMATICS 10

LEARNING ACTIVITY PACKET

Name: _____________________________________________________ Score: __________________

Grade Level: __________________________________________ Time Frame: Day 1 (August, 2022)

Title/Topic: Counting Techniques

THE FUNDAMENTAL COUNTING PRINCIPLE

Learning Objectives:
After completing the lessons, I can:
A. Determine the number of ways a compound event may occur.
B. Use a tree diagram in determining all possible outcomes of a compound event.
C. State the Fundamental Principle of Counting
D. Solve counting problems using the Fundamental Principle of Counting

Introduction
The notion of counting in mathematics goes beyond counting from 1 to 100. It also includes
determining the number of ways that an event can occur.
Now, you will explore counting methods that will help you count outcomes of an event.

Launcher
Sarah Geronimo is a popular concert artist. Suppose she is planning a concert tour in
three cities – Manila, Cebu, and Davao. If you are the manager of Sarah G., in how many ways
can you arrange her tour schedule?

Key Concepts
Probability is the underlying concepts and skills on which important methods of inferential
statistics are founded. In considering probability, procedural steps in events such as rolling a die,
drawing a card, answering multiple-choice test, etc., are observed. Determining the probability of
any event requires counting. In simple experiments, this may be easily determined, but some
require more complex counting techniques.
BASIC CONCEPTS
• Outcome is the result of an experiment. It is also called simple event.
• Sample Space is the set of all possible outcomes.
• Event is a subset of all possible outcomes.
• Compound event occurs when an event is composed of two or more outcomes, such as
flipping a coin followed by flipping another coin.
• There are four counting techniques: table of values, tree diagram, systematic listing, and
The Fundamental Principle of Counting.

Page 1 of 4
This learning plan is a property of LIDE LEARNING CERTER, INC. (LLCI). No part of this material may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written consent of LIDE LEARNING CENTER, INC. Any error or oversight that might
have been made was unintentional and will be corrected in future printing. Rectification is welcome at LIDE LEARNING CENTER, INC.
 Table of Values
One technique in counting events is to tabulate values.

Example 1. Find the number of outcomes in tossing a coin twice.

Solution:
When a coin is tossed, there are two possible outcomes: Head (H) or Tail (T). If the coin
is tossed twice, the possible outcomes can be determined by using a grid table. A grid table is
also called a product table. In the grid table below, the rows represent the possible outcomes in
the second toss.

Second Toss
Head (H) Tail (T)
First Toss Head (H) HH HT
Tail (T) TH TT

Each cell is an intersection of a row and a column. The first cell contains the outcome HH,
the second cell contains the outcome HT, the third cell contains the outcome TH, and the fourth
cell contains the outcome TT. Therefore, there are four possible outcomes: {HH, HT, TH, TT}.

Tree Diagram
Another technique in counting is drawing a tree diagram. A tree diagram is a picture off all
possible outcomes as an event unfolds. The use of line segments emanating from an event to an
outcome helps in counting all possible outcomes. This technique can only be used for events that
do not affect the outcome of each other.

Example 2: A student is choosing between Science (S) or Math (M) as a course of study and
intend to enroll in at UP, DLSU, or ADMU. How many ways can a course and a school be chosen?

Solution:
The two events: choosing a course and choosing a school do not affect each other’s
outcome.

Thus, there are six possible choices (outcomes).

Page 2 of 4
This learning plan is a property of LIDE LEARNING CERTER, INC. (LLCI). No part of this material may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written consent of LIDE LEARNING CENTER, INC. Any error or oversight that might
have been made was unintentional and will be corrected in future printing. Rectification is welcome at LIDE LEARNING CENTER, INC.
 Systematic Listing
This counting technique involves coming up with an actual list of all possible outcomes.
This is used only for events that involve fairly short lists.

Example 3: How many three-digit even numbers can be formed using the digits 0, 1, 2, and 3?
Solution:
There are four digits: 0, 1, 2, 3
There are only three digits to choose from for the first digit of the even number: 1, 2, 3.
There are four digits to choose from for the second digit of the even number: 0, 1, 2, 3.
There are only two digits to choose from for the third digit of the even number: 0, 2.
The even numbers are: 100, 102, 110, 112, 120, 122, 130, 132, 200, 202, 210, 212, 220,
222, 230, 232, 300, 302, 310, 312, 320, 322, 330, 332.
Therefore, there are 24 three-digit even numbers.
In the preceding examples, observe:
1. The events are independent events – they do not affect each other’s outcome.
2. The number of ways that these events can occur is simply the product of the number of
outcomes of each event.

The Fundamental Principle of Counting

The observations made in the preceding examples are the conditions of the Fundamental
Principle of Counting.
Fundamental Principle of Counting
If one event can occur in 𝑚 ways, and another event can occur in 𝑛 ways, then,
these events can occur in 𝑚𝑛 ways, provided that the two events are independent events.
Example 4: Two-digit numbers are formed from the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9.
a. How many two-digit numbers can be formed?
Solution:
The 1st digit is a non-zero digit. The 2nd digit has no restriction.
For the 1st digit: 9 options
For the 2nd digit: 10 options
By FPC, 9 × 10 = 𝟗𝟎 two-digit numbers.
b. How many of these are even?
Solution:
The last digit of an even number is either 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8. The first digit is a non-zero
digit.
For the 1st digit: 9 options
For the 2nd digit: 5 options
By FPC, 9 × 5 = 𝟒𝟓 two-digit even numbers.
c. How many of these are odd?
Solution:
The last digit of an odd number is either 1, 3, 5, 7, or 9.
The first digit is a non-zero digit.
For the first digit: 9 options
For the second digit: 5 options
By FPC, 9 × 5 = 45 two-digit odd numbers.
d. How many of these are less than 50?
Solution:
The first digit of two-digit numbers that are less than 50 is either 1, 2, 3, or 4. The
second digit has no restriction.
For the first digit: 4 options
For the second digit: 10 options
By FPC, 4 × 10 = 40 two-digit numbers less than 50.

Page 3 of 4
This learning plan is a property of LIDE LEARNING CERTER, INC. (LLCI). No part of this material may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written consent of LIDE LEARNING CENTER, INC. Any error or oversight that might
have been made was unintentional and will be corrected in future printing. Rectification is welcome at LIDE LEARNING CENTER, INC.
 e. How many of these are greater than 49 but less than 70?
Solution:
The first digit of two-digit numbers that are greater than 49 but less than 70 is either 5
or 6. The second digit has no restriction.
For the first digit: 2 options
For the second digit: 10 options
By FPC, 2 × 10 = 20 two-digit numbers greater than 49 but less than 70

Example 5: A cell phone service provider offers two free smart phone apps. If there are 24
different apps to choose from, how many different combinations of two apps can a client have?
Solution:
The two independent events are: choosing the first app from the 24 options, and choosing
nd
the 2 app from the 23 options left after the first selection is made.
By FPC, 24 × 23 = 552 combinations.

Example 6: In Make-Your-Own Pizza Parlor, a customer can choose between either a thin or
thick crust. For the meat topping, the parlor offers a choice of bacon, pepperoni, sausage, or
ground beef. For the veggie topping, the choices are mushroom, onion, or green pepper. And for
the cheese topping, one can choose from mozzarella, provolone, blue cheese, or cream cheese.
How many different kinds of pizza can be made?
Solution:
For the crust: 2 options.
For the meat: 4 options
For the veggie: 3 options
For the cheese: 4 options
By the FPC, 2 × 4 × 3 × 4 = 96 different kinds of pizza can be made

Page 4 of 4
This learning plan is a property of LIDE LEARNING CERTER, INC. (LLCI). No part of this material may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written consent of LIDE LEARNING CENTER, INC. Any error or oversight that might
have been made was unintentional and will be corrected in future printing. Rectification is welcome at LIDE LEARNING CENTER, INC.