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Solid Geometry with MATLAB Programming

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Solid Geometry with
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Falguni S. Acharya MATLAB Programming
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Nita H. Shah
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Solid Geometry with MATLAB
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Solid Geometry with MATLAB
Programming

Nita H. Shah
Gujarat University, India

Falguni S. Acharya
Parul University, India

River Publishers
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 Contents

Preface ix

1 Plane 1
1.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 General Equation of the First Degree in x, y, z Represents
a Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 Transformation of General form to Normal Form . . . . . . 3
1.4 Direction Cosines of the Normal to a Plane . . . . . . . . . 4
1.5 Equation of a Plane Passing through a Given Point . . . . . . 5
1.6 Equation of the Plane in Intercept Form . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.7 Reduction of the General Equation of the Plane to the
Intercept Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.8 Equation of a Plane Passing through three Points . . . . . . 10
1.9 Equation of any Plane Parallel to a Given Plane . . . . . . . 15
1.10 Equation of Plane Passing through the Intersection of Two
Given Planes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.11 Equation of the Plane Passing through the Intersection . . . 17
1.12 Angle between Two Planes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.13 Position of the Origin w.r.t. the Angle between Two Planes . 23
1.14 Two Sides of a Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.15 Length of the Perpendicular from a Point to a Plane . . . . . 26
1.16 Bisectors of Angles between Two Planes . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.17 Pair of Planes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1.18 Orthogonal Projection on a Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
1.19 Volume of a Tetrahedron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

2 Straight Line 45
2.1 Representation of Line (Introduction) . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.2 Equation of a Straight Line in the Symmetrical Form . . . . 45

v
vi Contents

2.3 Equation of a Straight Line Passing through Two Points . . . 46

2.4 Transformation from the Unsymmetrical to the Symmetrical
Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.5 Angle between a Line and a Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.6 Point of Intersection of a Line and a Plane . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.7 Conditions for a Line to Lie in a Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.8 Condition of Coplanarity of Two Straight Lines . . . . . . . 56
2.9 Skew Lines and the Shortest Distance between Two Lines . . 69
2.10 Equation of Two Skew Lines in Symmetric Form . . . . . . 72
2.11 Intersection of Three Planes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

3 Sphere 89
3.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
3.2 Equation of Sphere in Vector Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
3.3 General Equation of the Sphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
3.4 Equation of Sphere Whose End-Points of a Diameter
are Given . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
3.5 Equation of a Sphere Passing through the Four Points . . . . 93
3.6 Section of the Sphere by a Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
3.7 Intersection of Two Spheres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
3.8 Intersection of Sphere S and Line L . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
3.9 Tangent Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
3.10 Equation of the Normal to the Sphere . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
3.11 Orthogonal Sphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

4 Cone 133
4.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
4.2 Equation of a Cone with a Conic as Guiding Curve . . . . . 133
4.3 Enveloping Cone to a Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
4.4 Equation of the Cone whose Vertex is the Origin
is Homogeneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
4.5 Intersection of a Line with a Cone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
4.6 Equation of a Tangent Plane at (α, β, γ) to the Cone
with Vertex Origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
4.7 Conditions for Tangency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
4.8 Right Circular Cone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
 Contents vii

5 Cylinder 167
5.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
5.2 Equation of the Cylinder whose Generators Intersect
the Given Conic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
5.3 Enveloping Cylinder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
5.4 Right Circular Cylinder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

6 Central Conicoid 185

6.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
6.2 Intersection of a Line with the Central Conicoid . . . . . . . 185
6.3 Tangent Lines and Tangent Plane at a Point . . . . . . . . . 186
6.4 Condition of Tangency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
6.5 Normal to Central Conicoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
6.6 Plane of Contact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
6.7 Polar Plane of a Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

7 Miscellaneous Examples using MATLAB 203

Index 227

About the Authors 229

 Preface

Solid geometry is applied to analyze, predict and calculate the volume,

location, and surface area of all the objects in the three-dimensional space.
Its fundamental use is for defining three-dimensional real-life objects.
The authors have designed the book following the significance of the
subject in day-to-day life and the challenges students face to learn Solid
Geometry. The book is formulated not only for students of bachelor level
but also for all levels coherently with ample examples. The content includes
both generic and advanced topics of Solid Geometry.
It is a handy reference book and will serve as a fundamental resource for
advanced-level studies. The book can aid learning’s in various fields such as
engineering, interior designing, and architecture.
Unlike many competitive books in the market, this book involves MAT-
LAB programming. Authors have avoided unnecessary information and
diverting topics, providing a lucid and informative explanation for theoretical
aspects. The book has seven chapters, out of which the first six chapters
include basics, applications, and advanced level of topics. The seventh chap-
ter focuses entirely on programming through MATLAB, which gives this
book a touch of uniqueness.
The author is hopeful that this book will suffice the requirement of
elementary knowledge to students and learners from diverse genres. It is a
one-stop platform to understand solid geometry for beginners. The author
welcomes suggestions for improvements and observed errors.

ix
 1
Plane

1.1 Definition
A locus is a plane such that if any two points P and Q are on the locus then
every point of the line P Q lies on the locus.

1.2 General Equation of the First Degree in x, y, z

Represents a Plane
Let the first-degree equation of the plane in x, y, z be ax + by + cz + d = 0,
where a, b and c are given nonzero real numbers i.e., a2 + b2 + c2 = 0.
Theorem: Every equation of the first degree in x, y, z represents the a plane.
Proof: Let us consider the first-degree equation in x, y, z.

ax + by + cz + d, a2 + b2 + c2 = 0. (1.1)

Let P (x1 , y1 , z1 ), and Q (x2 , y2 , z2 ) be two points on the locus, so we get

ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d = 0, (1.2)

ax2 + by2 + cz2 + d = 0. (1.3)

Multiplying Equation (1.2) by m and adding to Equation (1.1), we get

a (x1 + mx2 ) + b (y1 + my2 ) + c (z1 + mz2 ) + d (1 + m) = 0,

     
+mx2 +my2 +mz2
∴ a x11+m + b y11+m + c z11+m + d = 0.

Suppose m + 1 = 0. i.e., m = −1, which clearly shows that the point

 
x1 + mx2 y1 + my2 z1 + mz2
, , ,
1+m 1+m 1+m

1
2 Plane

is a point on the locus for every value of m = −1.

Thus, we have proved that if P (x1 , y1 , z1 ) , and Q (x2 , y2 , z2 ) lies on
(1.1) then every point R of the line joining P and Q lies on (1.1).
i.e., Every point on the straight line joining any two arbitrary points on
the locus also lies on the locus.
∴ The given Equation (1.1) represents a plane.
i.e., The general equation of the first degree in x, y, z represents a plane.
Converse: (Normal form)
The equation of every plane is of the first degree.
i.e., of form ax + by + cz + d = 0 where a2 + b2 + c2 = 0.
Proof: Let us consider any plane and P be the length of the perpendicular
from the origin to the plane and l, m, n be the direction cosines of this
perpendicular.

We shall prove that for any point (x, y, z) on the plane, we have the
relation
lx + my + nz = p.
i.e., The equation of the plane is of the first degree.
Let Q be the foot of the perpendicular from the origin O to the plane.
Let OQ = p and l, m, n be its direction cosines.
Let P (x, y, z) be any point on the plane.
∴ P Q lies in the plane.

⇒ P Q⊥OQ

⇒ The projections of OP on OQ = OQ = p.
 1.3 Transformation of General form to Normal Form 3

Also, the projection of the segment OP joining the points O (0, 0, 0) and
P (x, y, z) on the line OQ with direction cosines l, m, n is
l (x − 0) + m (y − 0) + n (z − 0) = lx + my + nz,
i.e., lx + my + nz = p which satisfies the coordinates of any point P (x, y, z)
on the given plane.
∴ This equation is the equation of the plane.
Remark:
1) An equation lx + my + nz = p is in the normal form if
1.1 (coefficient of x)2 + (coefficient of y)2 + (coefficient of z)2 = 1
i.e., l2 + m2 + n2 = 1.
1.2 constant term on the R.H.S. is positive, i.e., p > 0.
2) If the plane passes through the origin (0,0,0) then d = 0 and equation of
a plane passing through the origin is ax + by + cz + d = 0.
3) Equation of any plane parallel to the plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 is given
by ax + by + cz + d1 = 0.

1.3 Transformation of General form to Normal Form

To transform the equation
ax + by + cz + d = 0; a2 + b2 + c2 = 0, (1.4)
to the normal form
lx + my + nz = p. (1.5)
Equations (1.4) and (1.5) represent the same plane so comparing the
coefficient we get
a b c −d
= = = ,
l m n p
−pa −pb −pc
∴l= ;m = ;n = .
d d d
l, m, and n are direction cosines of the normal to the plane
∴ l2 + m2 + n2 = 1
∴ p 2 a 2 + p2 b 2 + p 2 c 2 = d 2
d2
∴ p2 = a2 +b2 +c2
∴p= ± √a2 +b
d
2 +c2
.
4 Plane

Case (i): If d is positive then p is also positive

√ d
i.e., p = a2 +b2 +c2
,
−a √ −b −c
∴l= √
a2 +b2 +c2
;m = a2 +b2 +c2
and n= √
a2 +b2 +c2
.

Substituting the values of l, m, and n in (1.5), we get ax + by + cz = d.

Case (ii): If d is negative then p is always positive
−d
∴p= √
a2 +b2 +c2
,
∴l= √ a
a2 +b2 +c2
;m = √ b
a2 +b2 +c2
and n= √ c
a2 +b2 +c2.

Substituting the values of l, m and n in (1.4), we get ax + by + cz + d = 0.

Remark:
To reduce general form to normal form

1) Shift the constant term to R.H.S. and make it positive (if it is not)
√
2) Divide throughout by a2 + b2 + c2 .

1.4 Direction Cosines of the Normal to a Plane

The direction cosines of the normal to a plane are proportional to the
coefficients of x, y, z in the equation.
∴ a, b, c are direction ratios of the normal to the plane ax+by+cz+d = 0.
1) If the axes are rectangular and P is the point (2, 3, −1) find the equation
to the plane through P at right angles to OP .
Sol. Given O (0, 0, 0) and P (2, 3, −1)
∴ Direction ratios of OP are 2 − 0, 3 − 0, −1−0.
i.e., Direction ratios of OP are 2, 3, −1.
∴ The equation of the plane is 2x + 3y − z + d = 0.
Since the plane passes through point P (2, 3, −1), we get

2 (2) + 3 (3) − (−1) + d = 0

∴ d = −14.

∴ The required equation of the plane is 2x + 3y − z − 14 = 0.

 1.5 Equation of a Plane Passing through a Given Point 5

1.5 Equation of a Plane Passing through a Given Point

Let the equation of a plane in general form be

ax + by + cz + d = 0, (1.6)

and let it passes through the point (x1 , y1 , z1 ) .

i.e., Equation (1.6) will become

ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d = 0. (1.7)

Subtracting (1.7) from (1.6), we get

a (x1 − x) + b (y1 − y) + c (z1 − z) = 0.

2) Find the ratios in which the coordinate planes divide the line joining
(−2, 4, 7) and (3, −5, 8).
Sol. Let R be the point which divides P (−2, 4, 7) and Q (3, −5, 8) in the
ratio m = 1.  
∴ Coordinates of R are 3m−2
m+1 , −5m+4 8m+7
m+1 , m+1 .
(a) If R lies on the XY plane i.e., z = 0, we have 8m+7 = 0 ⇒ m = −7
8 .
∴ XY plane divides P Q externally in the ratio 7 : 8.
(b) If R lies on the Y Z plane i.e., x = 0, we have 3m−2 2
m+1 = 0 ⇒ m = 3 .
∴ Y Z plane divides P Q internally in the ratio 2:3.
(c) If R lies on the ZX plane i.e., y = 0, we have −5m+4 4
m+1 = 0 ⇒ m = 5 .
∴ ZX plane divides P Q internally in the ratio 4:5.
3) Find the equation of the plane through the points (1, −2, 4) and (3, −4, 5)
and parallel to the x axis.
Sol. Let the equation of the plane parallel to the x axis be

by + cz + d = 0. (1.8)

Since it passes through the points (1, −2, 4) and (3, −4, 5), we get

− 2b + 4z + d = 0, (1.9)

− 4b + 5z + d = 0. (1.10)
−d
Solving Equations (1.9) and (1.10), we get b = and 6 c = −2d
6
Substituting the values of b and c in Equation (1.9), we get −d −dz
6 y 6 + d = 0.
6 Plane

∴ y + 2z − 6 = 0 is the required equation of the plane.

4) Find the equation of the plane that passes through (2, −3, 1) and is
perpendicular to the line joining the points (3, −4, 1) and (2, −1, 5).
Sol. The equation of the plane passing through the point (2, −3, 1) is

a (x − 2) + b (y + 3) + c (z − 1) = 0 (1.11)

The direction ratios of the line joining points P (3, 4, −1) and Q (2, −1, 5)
are x1 − x2 , y1 − y2 , z1 − z2 = 1, 5, −6.
The required equation of the plane is perpendicular to the line P Q.
∴ The normal to the plane (1.11) whose direction ratios are a, b, c is parallel
to P Q whose direction ratios are 1, 5, −6.
a b c
∴ = = = t.
1 5 −6
Substituting a, b, and c in Equation (1.11), we get

t (x − 2) + 5t (y + 3) − 6t (x − 1) = 0
∴ x − 2 + 5y + 15 − 6z + 6 = 0
∴ x + 5y + 6z + 19 = 0

is the required equation of the plane.

1.6 Equation of the Plane in Intercept Form

Let ABC be a plane intersecting the coordinate axes OX, OY, OZ at A, B,
and C respectively, and let OA = a, OB = b, and OC = c.
 1.7 Reduction of the General Equation of the Plane to the Intercept Form 7

Then the coordinates of A, B, C are (a, 0, 0), (0, b, 0) and (0, 0, c)

respectively.
Let the equation of the plane be

P x + Qy + Rz + S = 0. (1.12)

Since it passes through point A (a, 0, 0) , we get

P (a) + Q (0) + R (0) + S = 0

∴ P = −Sa .

Similarly, the plane passes through points C (0, b, 0) and D (0, 0, c) so

−S −S
Q= and R =
b c
.
Substituting values of P, Q, and R in Equation (1.12), we get
−S
a x − Sb y − Sc z + S = 0
∴ xa + yb + zc = 1

is the required equation of the plane in the intercept form.

Remark:
If the plane passes through the origin, then S = 0, and the equation cannot
be expressed in intercept form.

1.7 Reduction of the General Equation of the Plane to the

Intercept Form
Let the general equation of the plane by

ax + by + cz + d = 0 (1.13)

Dividing Equation (1.13) by (−d), we get

ax by cz
−d+ −d + −d = 1,
y
∴ −d + −d + −d
x z
= 1.
a b c

which is of the form

x y z
+ + = 1, (1.14)
A B C
8 Plane

where A = −d −d −d
a , B = b , and C = c are the lengths of the intercepts of
(1.13) on the axes respectively.
The Equation (1.14) is the intercept form of the general Equation (1.13).
5) A variable plane moves so that the sum of reciprocals of its intercepts on
the three co-ordinates axes is constant. Show that it passes through a fixed
point.
Sol. Let the variable plane be
x y z
+ + = 1. (1.15)
a b c
∴ a, b, and c are the intercepts on the axes.
Given a1 + 1b + 1c = constant = 1t . (Suppose)
t t t
∴ + + = 1. (1.16)
a b c
∴ The Equation (1.16) shows that (t, t, t) satisfies Equation (1.15) of the
plane.
i.e., plane (1.15) passes through the fixed point (t, t, t).
6) A plane meets the coordinate axes at A, B, C such that the centroid of the
triangle ABC is the point (a, b, c). Show that the equation of the plane is
x y z
+ + = 3.
a b c
Sol. Let the equation of the plane be
x y z
+ + = 1. (1.17)
r s t
It meets the axes in A (r, 0, 0) , B (0, s, 0) , and C (0, 0, t) .
 r+0+0 
0+s+0 0+0+t
Let
r s t  the centroid G of the ΔABC be 3 , 3 , 3 =
3, 3, 3 .
But it is given that the centroid of ΔABC is (a, b, c).
r s t
∴ = a ⇒ r = 3a, = b ⇒ s = 3b, = c ⇒ t = 3c
3 3 s
Substituting the values of r, s, t in (1.17), we get
x y z
+ + =1
3a 3b 3c
 1.7 Reduction of the General Equation of the Plane to the Intercept Form 9

x y z
∴ + + =3
a b c
is the required equation of the plane.
7) A variable plane is at a constant distance p from the origin and meets the
axes in A, B, C. Through A, B, C planes are drawn parallel to the coordinate
planes. Prove that the locus of their point of intersection is x12 + y12 + z12 = p12 .
Sol. Let the variable plane at distance p from the origin be
lx + ny + nz = p, (1.18)
where l, m, n are the direction cosines of the normal to the plane.
The plane (1.18) meets the x axis (i.e., y = 0, z = 0), we get lx = p ⇒
x = pl  
∴ The coordinates of A are pl , 0, 0 .  p 
Similarly,
  coordinates of B and C on the y axis and z axis are 0, m , 0
and 0, 0, np respectively.  
∴ The equation of the plane through A pl , 0, 0 , and parallel to the Y Z
plane is x = pl .

 p   
Similarly, the equations of the plane through B 0, m , 0 and C 0, 0, np
p
parallel to ZX and XY planes respectively are y = m and z = np .
These three planes meet at the point
 
P x = pl , y = m p
, z = np
∴ l = xp ; m = yp ; n = p
z .
10 Plane

We know that l2 + m2 + n2 = 1 ( ∵ l, m, and n are direction cosines)

p2 2 2
∴ x2
+ yp2 + zp2 = 1
1
∴ x2
+ y12 + z12 = p12

1.8 Equation of a Plane Passing through three Points

(x1 , y1 , z1 ), (x2 , y2 , z2 ), and (x3 , y3 , z3 )
Let the equation of the plane be

ax + by + cz + d = 0. (1.19)

Since it passes through (x1 , y1 , z1 ), (x2 , y2 , z2 ) , and (x3 , y3 , z3 ), we get

ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d = 0, (1.20)

ax2 + by2 + cz2 + d = 0, (1.21)

ax3 + by3 + cz3 + d = 0. (1.22)
Eliminating a, b, c, and d from (1.19), (1.20), (1.21), and (1.22), we get
 
 x y z 1 
 
 x1 y 1 z 1 1 
 
 x 2 y 2 z2 1  = 0
 
 x 3 y 3 z3 1 

which is the required equation of the plane.

Corollary:
Four points (x1 , y1 , z1 ), (x2 , y2 , z2 ), (x3 , y3 , z3 ) and (x4 , y4 , z4 ) will be
coplanar if  
 x 1 y1 z 1 1 
 
 x2 y 2 z 2 1 
 
 x3 y 3 z 3 1  = 0.
 
 x 4 y 4 z4 1 

Remark:

1) The equation of the xy plane is z = 0. The equation of the yz plane is

x = 0 and the equation of the xz plane is y = 0.
 1.8 Equation of a Plane Passing through three Points 11

2) The equation of the plane parallel of the XOY plane is z = constant.

Similarly, the equation of the plane parallel to the ZOX plane is y =
constant.
3) The equation of planes parallel to the x axis, y axis, and z axis is by +
cz + d = 0, ax + cz + d = 0 and ax + by + d = 0 respectively.

8) Find the equation of the plane through the three points (1, 1, 1), (1, −1, 1),
(−7, −3, −5).
Sol. Let the required equation of the plane passing through the point
(1, 1, 1) be
a (x − 1) + b (y − 1) + c (z − 1) = 0. (1.23)
It passes through (1, 1, 1)
∴ a (0) + b (−2) + c (0) = 0 ⇒ b = 0
It passes through (−7, −3, −5)
−3c
∴ −8a − 4b − 6c = 0 ∴ a =
4
∴ The Equation (1.23) becomes;
−3c
4 (x − 1) + c (z − 1) = 0
∴ −3x + 3 + 4z − 4 = 0
∴ 3x − 4z + 1 = 0.

9) Show that the points (0, −1, 0), (2, 1, −1), (1, 1, 1) and (3, 3, 0) are
coplanar.
Sol. First, we will find the equation of a plane through three points
(0, −1, 0), (2, 1, −1) and (1, 1, 1).
Let the equation of the plane passing through (0, −1, 0) is
a (x − 0) + b (y + 1) + c (z − 0) = 0. (1.24)
It passes through point (2, 1, −1)
∴ 2a + 2b − c = 0, (1.25)
and it passes through point (1, 1, 1)
∴ a + 2b + c = 0. (1.26)
12 Plane

∴ By cross multiplication, we get

a b c
 = = 
4 − 8    
 −8 − 6 −6 4
2 − 7  −7 − 7  −7 2
a b c
∴ = =
−28 + 16 56 − 42 −12 + 28
a b c
∴ = =
−12 14 16
Substituting value of a, b and c in (1.24), we get

4x − 3 (y + 1) + 2z = 0

∴ 4x − 3y + 2z − 3 = 0. (1.27)
Four given points are coplanar if the fourth point (3, 3, 0) lies on the
plane (1.27).
i.e., 4 (3) − 3 (3) + 2 (0) − 3 = 0.
∴ The given four points are coplanar.
10) Show that the four points (6, −4, 4), (0, 0, −4) intersects the join of
(−1, −2, −3), (1, 2, −5).
Sol. Let P (6, −4, 4), Q (0, 0, −4), R (−1, −2, −3) , and S (1, 2, −5) be the
given four points.
To prove that, the line joining P, Q intersects the line joining R, S.
The line P Q intersects RS, if the points P, Q, R, S lie on the same.
i.e., we have to prove that the given four points are coplanar.
Let the required equation of the plane passing through the point
P (6, −4, 4) is

a (x − 6) + b (y + 4) + c (z − 4) = 0. (1.28)

It passes through the point (0, 0, −4)

∴ −6a + 4b − 8c = 0. (1.29)

It passes through the point (−1, −2, −3)

∴ −7a + 2b − 7c = 0. (1.30)
 1.8 Equation of a Plane Passing through three Points 13

∴ By cross multiplication, we get

a b c
 = = 
 4 −8   −8 − 6   −6 4 
     
 2 −7   −7 − 7   −7 2 

a b c
∴ = =
−28 + 16 56 − 42 −12 + 28
a b c
∴ = =
−12 14 16
Substituting the values of a, b, and c in (1.28), we get

−12 (x − 6) + 14 (y + 4) + 16 (z − 4) = 0

∴ −12x + 72 + 14y + 56 + 16z − 64 = 0

∴ −12x + 14y + 16z + 64 = 0
∴ 6x − 7y − 8z − 32 = 0. (1.31)
Four given points are coplanar if the fourth point (1, 2, −5) lies on the
plane (1.31).

∴ 6 (1) − 7 (2) − 8 (−5) − 32 = 6 − 14 + 40 − 32 = 0.

∴ P, Q, R, S are coplanar.
∴ P Q intersects RS.
11) If from the point P (a, b, c), perpendiculars P L, M P be drawn to Y Z
and ZX planes, find the equation of the plane OLM .
Sol. The coordinate of L, the foot of the perpendicular from P (a, b, c) on Y Z
plane (x = 0) are (0, b, c). The coordinate of M , the foot of the perpendicular
from P (a, b, c) on XZ plane (y = 0) are (a, 0, c).
∴ We have L (0, b, c) , M (a, 0, c) , and O (0, 0, 0).
The equation of the plane through O (0, 0, 0) is

A (x − 0) + B (y − 0) + C (z − 0) = 0

∴ Ax + By + Cz = 0. (1.32)
It passes through the point L (0, b, c)

∴ bB + cC = 0. (1.33)
14 Plane

It passes through the point M (a, 0, c)

∴ aA + cC = 0. (1.34)

∴ By cross multiplication, we get

A B C
= = .
bc ac −ab
Substituting the values of A, B, and C in (1.32), we get
x y z
bcx + acy − abz = 0 ∴ + − =0
a b c
is the required equation of the plane OLM .
12) Show that (−1, 4, −3) is the circumcenter of the triangle formed by the
points (3, 2, −5) , (−3, 8, −5) , and (−3, 2, 1).
Sol. Let P (−1, 4, −3) is the circumcenter of the triangle formed by the
points A (3, 2, −5) , B (−3, 8, −5) , and C (−3, 2, 1) if P A = P B = P C
and P, A, B, and C are coplanar.
√
∴ PA = (3 + 1)2 + (2 − 4)2 + (−5 + 3)2 = 2 6
√ √
Similarly, P B = 2 6, P C = 2 6

∴ P A = P B = P C.

Let the equation of the plane passing through the point A (3, 2, 5) is

a (x − 3) + b (y − 2) + c (z + 5) = 0. (1.35)

It passes through the point B (−3, 8, −5)

∴ −6a + 6b = 0 ⇒ a = b. (1.36)

It passes through the point C (−3, 2, −1)

∴ −6a + 6c = 0 ⇒ a = c. (1.37)

Substituting in (1.35), we get

a (x − 3) + a (y − 2) + a (z + 5) = 0
 1.9 Equation of any Plane Parallel to a Given Plane 15

∴ x + y + z = 0. (1.38)
The point P (−1, 4, −3) lies on the plane (1.38), if it satisfies equation
(1.38).
i.e., −1 + 4 − 3 = 0.
∴ The points P, A, B, C are coplanar.
∴ Both the conditions for P to be the circumcenter of ΔABC are
satisfied.
∴ P is the circumcenter of ΔABC.

1.9 Equation of any Plane Parallel to a Given Plane

Let the given equation of the plane be

ax + by + cz + d = 0. (1.39)

Let the equation of plane parallel to (1.39) be

a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d = 0. (1.40)

Since the planes are parallel, we get

a1 b1 c1
= = =t
a b c
∴ a1 = at, b1 = bt, c1 = ct.
∴ Equation (1.40) becomes,

tax + tby + tcz + d = 0

d
∴ ax + by + cz + =0
t
i.e., ax + by + cz + d1 = 0 where d1 = dt .
∴ The equation of any plane parallel to the plane
ax + by + cz + d = 0 is

ax + by + cz + d1 = 0.

13) Find the equation of the plane through the point (x1 , y1 , z1 ) and parallel
to the plane ax + by + cz + d = 0.
16 Plane

Sol. The given equation of the plane is

ax + by + cz + d = 0, (1.41)

and let the given point be P (x1 , y1 , z1 ).

The equation of any plane parallel to the plane (1.41) is

ax + by + cz + d1 = 0.

It passes through point P (x1, y1 z1 ) then ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d1 = 0.

i.e., ax1 + by1 + cz1 = −d1 .
∴ The equation of any plane parallel to the plane (1.41) and passing
through point (x1 , y1 , z1 ) is given by

ax + by + cz − (ax1 + by1 + cz1 ) = 0

∴ a (x − x1 ) + b (y − y1 ) + c (z − z1 ) = 0.

14) Find the equation of the plane through the point (2, 3, 4) and parallel to
the plane 5x − 6y + 7z = 3.
Sol. The equation of any plane parallel to the plane 5x − 6y + 7z = 3 and
passing through the point (2, 3, 4) is given by

5 (x − 2) − 6 (y − 3) + 7 (z − 4) = 0

∴ 5x − 6y + 7z − 20 = 0
is the required equation of the plane.

1.10 Equation of Plane Passing through the Intersection of

Two Given Planes
Let
P1 : a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d1 = 0, (1.42)
and
P2 : a2 x + b2 y + c2 z + d2 = 0, (1.43)
be the two given planes.
The equation of the plane passing through the intersection of two planes
is given by P1 + λP2 = 0; where λ is any constant.
Remark: If two planes are parallel then P1 = 0 or P2 = 0.
 1.11 Equation of the Plane Passing through the Intersection 17

1.11 Equation of the Plane Passing through the

Intersection of Two Given Planes and Passing
through a Given Point
Let the equation of two given planes be

a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d1 = 0, (1.44)

and
a2 x + b2 y + c2 z + d2 = 0, (1.45)
and let P (x1 , y1 , z1 ) be any given point.
The Equation of any plane passing through the intersection of the planes
given by (1.44) and (1.45) can be represented as

(a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d1 ) + k (a2 x + b2 y + c2 z + d2 ) = 0, (1.46)

where k is any arbitrary constant.

Equation (1.46) passes through point P (x1 , y1 , z1 )

∴ (a1 x1 + b1 y1 + c1 z1 + d1 ) + k (a2 x1 + b2 y1 + c2 z1 + d2 ) = 0

which gives the value of k.

Substituting the value of k in Equation (1.46), we get the required
equation of the plane.
15) Find the equation of the plane through the intersection of the planes x +
y + z = 6 and 2x + 3y + 4z + 5 = 0 and the point (1, 1, 1).
Sol. Let the equation of the plane through the intersection of the planes is

(x + y + z − 6) + k (2x + 3y + 4z + 5) = 0. (1.47)

It passes through the point (1, 1, 1)

∴ 20x + 23y + 26z − 69 = 0

is the required equation of the plane.

16) Find the equation of the plane through the intersection of the planes x −
3y + 2z + 3 = 0 and 3x − y − 2z − 5 = 0 and the origin.
Sol. Let the equation of the plane through the intersection of the planes is

(x − 3y + 2z + 3) + k (3x − y − 2z − 5) = 0. (1.48)
18 Plane

It passes through the origin.

3
∴ 3 − 5k = 0 ⇒ k =
5
Substituting the value of k in Equation (1.47), we get
3
(x − 3y + 2z + 3) + (3x − y − 2z − 5) = 0
5
∴ 14x − 18y + 4z = 0
∴ 7x − 9y + 2z = 0
is the required equation of the plane.
17) Find the equation of the plane through the points (1, −2, 4) and (3, −4, 5)
and parallel to the y axis.
Sol. Let the equation the plane parallel to y axis is

ax + cz + d = 0. (1.49)

It passes through the points (1, −2, 4) and (3, −4, 5)

∴ a + 4c + d = 0 and 3a + 5c + d = 0
By cross multiplication,
a c d
 =   
 4 1   1 1 = 1 4 
     
 5 1   1 3   3 5 

a c d
∴ = =
−1 2 −7
d −2
∴ a = ,c = d
7 7
Substituting in Equation (1.49), we get d7 x − 87 dz + d = 0

∴ x − 8z + 7 = 0

is the required equation of the plane.

18) Find the equation of the plane passing through (−2, 3, 10) and through
the z axis.
Sol. Let the equation of the plane through the z axis is ax + by = 0.
 1.11 Equation of the Plane Passing through the Intersection 19

3b
It passes through the point (−2, 3, 10); we get −2a + 3b = 0 ⇒ a = 2
Substituting in equation ax + by = 0, we get 3b 2 x + by = 0

3x + 2y = 0
is the required equation of the plane.
19) Find the equation of the plane through the intersection of the planes x +
y + z = 1, 2x + 3y + 5z = 5, and perpendicular to the planex − y + z = 0.
Sol. The equation of the plane through the intersection of planes is given by
(x + y + z − 1) + k (2x + 3y + 5z − 5) = 0. (1.50)
The direction ratios of normal to the plane (1.50) are
(1 + 2k, 1 + 3k, 1 + 5k), and the direction cosines of normal to the plane
x − y + z = 0 are 1, −1, 1.
Since plane (1.50) is perpendicular to x − y + z = 0, we get
(1 + 2k) (1) + (1 + 3k) (−1) + (1 + 5k)(1) = 0
∴ 1 + 2k − 1 − 3k + 1 + 5k = 0
∴ 4k + 1 = 0
−1
∴k= .
4
Substituting the value of k in Equation (1.50), we get
(x + y + z − 1) − 14 (2x + 3y + 5z − 5) = 0
∴ 2x + y + 9z + 1 = 0.

20) Find the equation of the plane passing through points (1, 1, 2) and (2, 4, 3)
and perpendicular to the plane x − 3y + 7z + 5 = 0.
Sol. The equation of a plane passes through the point (1,1,2) is
a (x − 1) + b (y − 1) + c (z − 2) = 0 (1.51)
Since plane (1.51) passes through the point (2, 4, 3), we get
a + 3b + c = 0. (1.52)
Moreover, plane (1.51) is perpendicular to x − 3y + 7z + 5 = 0, we get
a − 3b − 7c = 0. (1.53)
20 Plane

By cross multiplication, we get

a b c
 = = 
 3 
1     1 
  1 1   3 
 −3 7   7 1   1 −3 

∴ a
24
b
= −6 c
= −6
∴ a
−4 = b
1 = c
1 = t ⇒ a = −4t, b = t, c = t.
Substituting the value of a, b, c in Equation (1.51), we get 4x − y − z = 1
which is the required equation of the plane.
21) Find the equation to the plane through the point (−1, 3, 2) and perpen-
dicular to the planes x + 2y + 2z = 5 and 3x + 3y + 2z = 8.
Sol. The equation of the plane passes through the point (−1, 3, 2)

∴ a (x + 1) + b (y − 3) + c (z − 2) = 0. (1.54)

Since plane (1.54) is perpendicular to the planes x + 2y + 2z = 5 and

3x + 3y + 2z = 8, we get

a (1) + b (2) + c (2) = 0, (1.55)

and
a (3) + b (3) + c (2) = 0. (1.56)
a
By cross multiplication, we get −2 = 4b = −3
c

Substituting the values of a, b, c in Equation (1.54), we get

2 (x + 1) − 4 (y − 3) + 3 (z − 2) = 0

∴ 2x − 4y + 3z + 8 = 0
which is the required equation of the plane.
22) The plane x − y + z = 2 is rotated through a right angle about its line of
intersection with the plane 2x + y − 3z = 1. Find the equation of the plane
in its new position.
Sol. The equation of the plane through the line of intersection of the plane
x − y + z = 2 and 2x + y − 3z = 1
is given by
(x − y + z − 2) + k (2x + y − 3z − 1) = 0
 1.12 Angle between Two Planes 21

∴ (1 + 2k) x + (−1 + k) y + (1 − 3k) z − (2 + k) = 0. (1.57)

Since (1.57) is the right angle to the plane x − y + z = 2 .

∴ (1 + 2k) (1) + (−1 + k) (−1) + (1 − 3k) (1) = 0

3
∴k=
2
Substituting the value of k in Equation (1.57), we get
       
3 3 3
(1 + 3) x + −1 + y+ 1−3 z− 2+ =0
2 2 2
y 7 7
∴ 4x + − z− =0
2 2 2
8x + y − 7z − 7 = 0
is the required equation of the plane.

1.12 Angle between Two Planes

Let two planes be given by

a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d1 = 0, (1.58)

a2 x + b2 y + c2 z + d2 = 0. (1.59)
The angle between two planes is equal to the angle between their normal
The direction ratios of the normal to the plane (1.58) and (1.59) are
a1 , b1 , c1 , and a2 , b2 , c2 respectively.
∴ The angle θ between the plane is given by
a 1 a 2 + b1 b 2 + c 1 c 2
cos θ = .
a21 + b21 + c21 a22 + b22 + c22

Remark:
1) Condition of Perpendicularity:
If two planes are perpendicular then their normals are also perpendicular.
i.e., the normals are perpendicular if a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c1 c2 = 0.
∴ The planes are perpendicular if a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c1 c2 = 0.
22 Plane

2) Condition of Parallelism:
If two planes are parallel then their normals are also parallel.
a1 b1 c1
i.e., = = .
a2 b2 c2

23) Find the angle between the planes 2x − y + 2z = 3 and

3x + 6y + 2z = 4.

Sol. The given planes are 2x − y + 2z = 3 and 3x + 6y + 2z = 4.

The direction ratios of the normals to the planes are 2, −1, 2, and 3, 6, 2.
∴ The angle between the planes is given by
2 (3) + (−1) (6) + 2 (2) 4
cos θ = √ √ =
4 + 1 + 4 9 + 36 + 4 21
 
4
∴ θ = cos−1 .
21

24) Find the angle between the planes 3x − 4y + 5z = 0 and

2x − y − 2z = 5.
Sol. The given planes are 3x − 4y + 5z = 0 and 2x − y − 2z = 5.
∴ The direction ratios of the normals to the planes are 3, −4, 5 and 2, −1, −2.
∴ The angle between the planes is given by
3 (2) + (−4) (−1) + 5 (−2)
cos θ = √ √ =0
9 + 16 + 25 4 + 1 + 4 .
∴ θ = π/2.

25) A plane passes through the point (4, −1, 2) and is perpendicular to the
line joining (1, −5, 10) , and (2, 3, 4). Find the equation of the plane and the
angles which it makes with the coordinate planes.
Sol. Let the equation of the plane passing through the point P (4, −1, 2) be

a (x − 4) + b (y + 1) + c (z − 2) = 0. (1.60)

The direction ratios of the line joining (1, −5, 10) and (2, 3, 4) are −1, 8, −6.
a b c
∴ = =
+1 8 −6
 1.13 Position of the Origin w.r.t. the Angle between Two Planes 23

∴ Equation (1.60) becomes, +1 (x − 4) + 8 (y + 1) − 6 (z − 2) = 0

∴ x + 8y − 6z + 16 = 0. (1.61)

Direction ratios of normal to this plane are 1, 8, −6.

Let the plane (1.61) make angle α, β, and γ with coordinate axes x = 0,
y = 0 and z = 0 respectively.
 
(1) (1) + 8 (0) + (−6) (0) 1 1
∴ cos α = =√ ⇒ α = cos−1 √
(1)2 + (8)2 + (−6)2 101 101

Similarly,  
8 1
cos β = √ ⇒ β = cos−1 √
101 101
and  
−6 −6
cos γ = √ ⇒ γ = cos−1 √ .
101 101

1.13 Position of the Origin w.r.t. the Angle between Two

Planes
Let the given planes be

a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d1 = 0, (1.62)

and
a2 x + b2 y + c2 z + d2 = 0, (1.63)
where d1 , d2 are both positive.
1. If the origin lies in the acute angle between the planes, then θ is obtuse
i.e., cos θ is negative or a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c1 c2 is negative.
2. If the origin lies in the obtuse angle between the planes the angle θ is
acute i.e., cos θ is positive or a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c1 c2 is positive.

26) Is the origin in the acute or obtuse angle between the planes
x + y − z = 3 and x − 2y + z = 3.
Sol. Rewriting the given equation of the planes for making constant term
positive, we get
24 Plane

−x − y + z + 3 = 0 and −x + 2y − z + 3 = 0.

∴ a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c1 c2 = (−1) (−1) + (−1) (2) + (1) (−1) = −2 < 0.

∴ The origin lies in the acute angle between the planes.

1.14 Two Sides of a Plane

To determine a criterion for two given points to lie on the same or different
sides of a given plane.
Let P (x1 , y1 , z1 ) and Q (x2 , y2 , z2 ) be two points that lie on the same or
different sides of the plane

ax + by + cz + d = 0, (1.64)

according to the expressions

ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d and ax2 + by2 + cz2 + d,

are of the same sign or different signs.

Let the line P Q meet the given plane at R in the ratio m = 1 then the
coordinates of R are
 
mx2 + x1 my2 + y1 mz2 + z1
, ,
m+1 m+1 m+1
lies on the same plane, we get
     
mx2 + x1 my2 + y1 mz2 + z1
a +b +c +d=0
m+1 m+1 m+1

∴ m (ax2 + by2 + cz2 + d) + (ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d) = 0

 
ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d
∴m=− .
ax2 + by2 + cz2 + d

Case (i): If ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d and ax2 + by2 + cz2 + d are of opposite
signs then m is positive.
∴ The plane (1.64) divides P Q internally in the ratio m : 1.
∴ P and Q lie on the opposite sides of the plane.
 1.14 Two Sides of a Plane 25

Case (ii): If ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d and ax2 + by2 + cz2 + d are of the same
sign, then m is negative.
∴ P Q divides the plane (1.64) externally at R in the ratio m = 1.
∴ P and Q lies on the same side of the plane.

27) Show that the origin and the point (2, −4, 3) lie on different sides of the
plane x + 3y − 5z + 7 = 0.
Sol. The equation of the given plane is

x + 3y − 5z + 7 = 0. (1.65)

For the origin (0, 0, 0);

L.H.S of (1.65) becomes (0) + 3 (0) − 5 (0) + 7 > 0.
For the point (2, −4, 3) ;
L.H.S of (1.65) becomes 2 + 3(−4) − 5(3) + 7 < 0.
Since the two signs are opposite; the given points lie on the opposite side
of the given plane.
28) Prove that the points (1, 2, 3) and (0, 5, 1) on the same slide of the plane
y + z − 4 = 0.
26 Plane

Sol. The equation of the given plane is

y + z − 4 = 0. (1.66)
For the point (1, 2, 3); L.H.S of (1.66) becomes 2 + 3 − 4 > 0.
For the point (0, 5, 1) ; L.H.S of (1.66) becomes 5 + 1 − 4 > 0.
Since the two signs are the same; the given points lie on the same side of
the given plane.

1.15 Length of the Perpendicular from a Point to a Plane

(a) To find the perpendicular distance of the point (x1 , y1 , z1 ) from the plane
lx + my + nz = p.
Let P (x1 , y1 , z1 ) be the given point and let lx + my + nz = p be the
plane ABC.

From P , draw P M perpendicular on the plane ABC and let P M = d

the required perpendicular distance.
From O draw ON perpendicular to the plane ABC so that ON = P and
direction cosines on ON are l, m, n.
Through P draw a plane A1 B 1 C 1 parallel to the plane A1 B 1 C 1 parallel
to plane ABC to meet ON produced in N 1 .
Then ON 1 = ON + N N 1 = ON + M P = p + d.
Also, the direction cosines of ON 1 are the same as those of ON
i.e., l, m, n
 1.15 Length of the Perpendicular from a Point to a Plane 27

∴ Equation of the plane A1 B 1 C 1 is lx + my + nz = p + d.

It passes through P (x1 , y1 , z1 )

∴ lx1 + my1 + nz1 = p + d

∴ d = lx1 + my1 + nz1 − p. (1.67)

P and O are on the same side of the plane, then

d = − (lx1 + my1 + nz1 − p) . (1.68)

Combining (1.67) and (1.68), the perpendicular distance formula is

d = ± (lx1 + my1 + nz1 − p) .

(b) To find the perpendicular distance of the point (x1 , y1 , z1 ) from the plane
ax + by + cz + d = 0.
The equation of the given plane is

ax + by + cz + d = 0. (1.69)
√
Dividing (1.69) by a2 + b2 + c2 , equation (1.69) reduces to normal form,
a b c
√ x+ √ y+√ z
a2 2
+b +c 2 2 2
a +b +c 2 a + b2 + c 2
2

d
+√ =0
a 2 + b2 + c 2
a b c −d
∴√ x+ √ y+ √ z=√
a 2 + b2 + c 2 a 2 + b2 + c 2 a 2 + b2 + c 2 a 2 + b2 + c 2
which is the equation of the plane in the normal form
ax + by + cz + d
√ =0
a 2 + b2 + c 2
∴ Perpendicular distance of (x1 , y1 , z1 ) from the plane is
ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d
p=± √ .
a 2 + b2 + c 2
28 Plane

Remark:
Distance of a point from a plane means perpendicular distance (if any other
condition is not specified).
29) Find the distance of the point (1, 1, 4) from the plane 3x − 6y+
2z + 11 = 0.
Sol. The perpendicular distance of the point (1, 1, 4) from the plane
3x − 6y + 2z + 11 = 0 is given by
ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d
p=± √
a 2 + b2 + c 2
3(1) − 6(1) + 2(4) + 11 16
∴p= = 7 .
(3)2 + (−6)2 + (2)2

30) Show that distances between the parallel planes 2x − 2y + z + 3 = 0 and

4x − 4y + 2z + 5 = 0 is 16 .
Sol. The given planes
2x − 2y + z + 3 = 0 (1.70)
and 4x − 4y + 2z + 5 = 0 are parallel.
∴ The distance between two parallel planes is
|p − p1 | |3 − 5/2| 1/2 1
√ = = = .
a 2 + b2 + c 2 (2)2 + (2)2 + (1)2
3 6

1.16 Bisectors of Angles between Two Planes

To find the equation of the bisectors of the angle between the planes
ax + by + cz + d = 0
a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d1 = 0.
Let P (x, y, z) be a point on any one of the planes bisecting the angles
between the planes.
∴ The perpendicular from P (x, y, z) to the two planes must be equal.
ax + by + cz + d a 1 x + b1 y + c 1 z + d 1
i.e., √ =
2 2
a +b +c 2 a21 + b21 + c21
are the equations of the two bisecting planes.
 1.16 Bisectors of Angles between Two Planes 29

Remark:

1) Of these two bisecting planes, one bisects the acute and the other the
obtuse angle between the planes.

2) The bisector of the acute angle makes with either of the planes an angle
which is less than 45 and the bisector of the obtuse angle makes with
either of them an angle which is greater than 45.

3) Position of origin w.r.t two non-parallel planes: Let θ be the angle

between the two normal drawn from the origin to the two given planes
then
a 1 a 2 + b1 b2 + c 1 c 2
cos θ =
a1 + b21 + c21 a22 + b22 + c22
2

(a) If a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c1 c2 < 0 then θ is obtuse then the angle between

the planes is (π − θ) must be acute.
i.e., Origin must lie in the acute angle made by the planes.
(b) If a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c1 c2 > 0 then θ is acute then the angle between
the planes is (π − θ) will be obtuse.
i.e., Origin must lie in the obtuse angle made by the planes.
If d1 and d2 are both positive, the origin will be in the acute or
obtuse angle between the planes a1 x + b1 y + c1 + d1 = 0 and
a2 x + b2 y + c2 z + d2 = 0.

i.e., a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c1 c2 < or > 0.

31) Determine whether the origin lies inside the acute or obtuse angle formed
by the planes x − 2y + 3z − 5 = 0 and 2x − y − z + 3 = 0.
Sol. Rewriting the equations of planes to make constant terms positive, we
get
−x + 2y − 3z + 5 = 0 and 2x − y − z + 3 = 0
∴ a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c1 c2 = (−1) (2) + (2) (−1) + (−3) (−1) = −1 < 0.
∴ The origin lies in the acute angle between two given planes.
32) Show that the plane 14x − 8y + 13 = 0 bisects the obtuse angle between
the planes 3x + 4y − 5z + 1 = 0 and 5x + 12y − 13z = 0.
30 Plane

Sol. The equations of the two bisecting planes are

3x + 4y − 5z + 1 5x + 12y − 13z
√ = ±√
9 + 16 + 25 25 + 144 + 169
3x + 4y − 5z + 1 5x + 12y − 13z
∴ √ =± √
5 2 13 2
∴ 13 (3x + 4y − 5z + 1) = ±5 (5x + 12y − 13z)
∴ 39x + 52y − 65z + 13 = ± (25x + 60y − 65z)
∴ 14x − 8y + 13 = 0 or 64x + 112y − 130z + 13 = 0.
Let φ be the angle between 3x + 4y − 5z + 1 = 0 and the bisector
14x − 8y + 13 = 0 then
(14) (3) + 4 (−8) 10 1
cos φ = = √ =√
(3)2 + (4)2 + (−5)2 (14)2 + (−8)2 10 130 130

√ √
∴ tan φ = sec2 θ − 1 = 130 − 1 =
129 > 1
π
∴Φ> .
4
∴ The angle between the two planes 3x + 4y − 5z + 1 = 0 and
14x − 8y + 13 = 0 is greater than 45◦ .
∴ The bisecting plane 14x − 8y + 13 = 0 is the bisector of the obtuse
angle between the given planes.
33) Show that the origin lies in the acute angle between the planes
x + 2y + 2z = 9 and 4x − 3y + 12z + 13 = 0. Find the planes bisecting the
angles between them and point out which bisects the acute angle.
Sol. Rewriting the given equation of the plane

−x − 2y − 2z + 9 = 0 and 4x − 3y + 12z + 13 = 0.

The equations of two bisecting planes are

−x − 2y − 2z + 9 4x − 3y + 12z + 13
=±
(−1)2 + (−2)2 + (−2)2 (4)2 + (−3)2 + (12)2

−x − 2y − 2z + 9 4x − 3y + 12z + 13
∴ =±
3 13
 1.17 Pair of Planes 31

∴ −13x − 26y + 26z + 117 = ± (12x − 9y + 36z + 39)

∴ 25x + 17y + 62z − 78 = 0 or x + 35y − 10z − 156 = 0.
Let φ be the angle between x + 2y + 2z − 9 = 0 and the bisecting plane
25x + 17y + 62z − 78 = 0 then
25 (1) + 17 (2) + 62 (2) 61
cos φ = √ =
68
1 + 4 + 4 (25)2 + (17)2 + (62)2

 √
68 2 903
tan φ = sec2 φ
−1= −1= <1
61 61
π
∴Φ< .
4
∴ The bisecting plane 25x + 17y + 62z − 78 = 0 is the bisector of the acute
angle.
∴ The origin lies in the acute angle.

1.17 Pair of Planes

To find an equation that will be satisfied if and only if a point lies on either of
the two planes. i.e., either on one plane or the other or both.
Let the equations of two planes be

P1 : ax + by + cz + d = 0,

and
P2 : a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d1 = 0
then any point on P1 = 0 or P2 = 0 will also satisfy P1 P2 = 0.
∴ P1 P2 = 0 is the equation of a pair of planes representing two planes
P1 = 0 and P2 = 0.
i.e., (ax + by + cz + d) (a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d1 ) = 0
Let point (x1 , y1 , z1 ) lie on P1 .

⇒ ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d = 0

∴ (ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d) (a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d1 ) = 0

Let point (x1 , y1 , z1 ) lie on P2 .

⇒ a 1 x 1 + b 1 y 1 + c 1 z1 + d 1 = 0
32 Plane

∴ (ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d) (a1 x1 + b1 y1 + c1 z + d1 ) = 0

⇒ the Point lies on P1 P2 = 0
i.e., ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d = 0 or a1 x1 + b1 y1 + c1 z1 + d1 = 0
⇒ (x1 , y1 , z1 ) lies on P1 or P2 .
Thus, a point (x, y, z) either lies on the plane P1 or the plane P2 .
∴ (ax + by + cz + d) (a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d1 ) = 0 is the equation of
two planes, which is the general equation of second degree in x, y, z.
To find the condition that a homogeneous equation of second degree in
x, y, z may represent a pair of planes: Let homogeneous second-degree
equation in x, y, z be given by
ax2 + by 2 + cz 2 + 2f yz + 2gzx + 2hxy = 0.
Let it represents two planes
l 1 x + m1 y + n 1 z = 0
l 2 x + m2 y + n 2 z = 0
2 2 2
∴ ax + by + cz + 2f yz + 2gzx + 2hxy = (l1 x + m1 y + n1 z)
(l2 x + m2 y + n2 z) .
Now equating coefficients, we get
l1 l2 = a, m1 m2 = b, n1 n2 = c, l1 m2 + l2 m1 = 2h, m1 n2 + m2 n1 = 2f
and n1 l2 + n2 l1 = 2g.
The required condition is essentially the condition for the consistency
of these equations is obtained on eliminating l1 , m1 , n1 ; l2 , m2, n2 from the
above six relations and this can be easily affected as follows.
   
 l1 l 0   l2 l 1 0 
 2   
 m1 m2 0  ×  m2 m1 0  = 0
   
 n1 n2 0   n2 n1 0 
 
 2l1 l2 l1 m2 + l2 m1 l1 n2 + l2 n1 

 l1 m2 + l2 m1 2m1 m2 m1 n2 + m2 n1  = 0

 l1 n2 + l2 n1 m1 n2 + m2 n1 2n1 n2 
 
 2a 2h 2g 
 
⇒  2h 2b 2f  = 0
 2g 2f 2c 
 1.17 Pair of Planes 33
 
 a h g 
 
⇒ 8  h b f  = 0
 g f c 

⇒ abc + 2f gh − af 2 − bg 2 − ch2 = 0
which is the required sufficient condition.
i.e., If the equation ax2 + by 2 + cz 2 + 2f yz + 2gzx + 2hxy = 0 represents
two planes, we have the condition
abc + 2f gh − af 2 − by 2 − ch2 = 0.
Let abc + 2f gh − af 2 − bg 2 − ch2 = 0 holds.
Now, the given equation can be expressed in terms of x as

− (gz + hy) ± (gz + hy)2 − a (by 2 + cz 2 + 2f yz)

x= ; a = 0.
a
Now, if the given condition is satisfied, then the expression under the radical
sign must be a perfect square. So, the given homogeneous equation can be
expressed as a product of two linear equations, and hence it will represent a
pair of planes.
Corollary: Angle between planes:
If θ be the angle between the planes represented by the equation
ax2 + by 2 + cz 2 + 2f yz + 2gzx + 2hxy = 0
we have if l1 l2 + m1 m2 + n1 n2 = 0 then

(m1 n2 − m1 n1 )2 + (n1 l2 + n2 l1 )2 + (l1 m2 − l2 m1 )2

tan θ = ±
l1 l2 + m1 m2 + n1 n2

2 f 2 + g 2 + h2 − ab − bc − ca
=± .
a+b+c
Remark:
1) If the two planes are orthogonal; i.e., right-angled to each other then
θ = 90 or cos θ = 0 or a + b + c = 0.
2) If θ = 0 or 180, tan θ = 0 then f 2 + g 2 + h2 = ab + bc + ca, and then
the two planes are parallel.
34 Plane

3) If tan θ = 0; i.e., f 2 + g 2 + h2 = ab + bc + ca, then the two planes are

intersecting.
34) Show that equation 12x2 − 2y 2 − 6z 2 − 2xy + 7yz + 6zx = 0 represents
a pair of planes and also finds the angle between each plane.
Sol. The given equation is 12x2 −2y 2 −6z 2 −2xy+7yz+6zx = 0 comparing
with ax2 + by 2 + cz 2 + 2f yz + 2gzx + 2hxy = 0 we get,
a = 12, b = −2, c = −6, 2f = 7, 2g = 6, 2h = −2
Condition for the homogeneous second-degree equation to represent a
pair of planes is
abc + 2f gh − af 2 − bg 2 − ch2 = 0.
∴ 12x2 − 2y 2 − 6z 2 − 2xy + 7yz + 6zx = 0 represents a pair of planes.
Let θ be the angle between
√
2 (f 2 +g 2 +h2 −bc−ca−ab)
tan θ = a+b+c
√
2 (7/2)2 +(3)2 +(−1)2 −(−2)(−6)−(−6)(12)−(12)(−2)
= 12−2−6
2(21/2)
= 4
−1
 21 
∴θ= tan 4 .
a b c
35) Show that the equation y−z + z−x + x−y = 0 represents a pair of planes.
Sol. Given equation is
a b c
+ + = 0.
y−z z−x x−y
Let y − z = X; z − x = Y and x − y = Z
⇒ X + Y + Z = 0 or Z = − (X + Y )
∴ Given equation becomes
a b c
+ + =0
X Y Z
a b c
i.e., + − =0
X Y X +Y
∴ ay (−X − Y ) + bX (−X − Y ) + cXY = 0
∴ aXY − aY 2 − bX 2 − bXY + cXY = 0
∴ bX 2 + aY 2 + (a + b − c) XY = 0
which is a homogenous equation of second degree in XY .
 1.18 Orthogonal Projection on a Plane 35

∴ The given equation represents a pair of planes.

1.18 Orthogonal Projection on a Plane

The foot of the perpendicular from a point to a given plane is called the
orthogonal projection of the point on the plane. The plane on which we
project is called the plane of the projection.
Remarks:

1) The projection of a curve on a plane is the locus of the projections on

the plane of any point on the curve.

2) The projection on a given plane of the area enclosed by a plane curve is

the area enclosed by the projection of the curve on the plane.

3) The projection of a straight line on a given plane is the locus of the feet
of the perpendiculars drawn from points on the line on the plane.

Remarks:

1) The projection of a straight line is a straight line.

2) If a segment AB is parallel to the plane of projection, then the length of

the projection is the same as that of AB.

3) The projection of the area A, enclosed by a curve in a plane is A cos θ

where θ is the angle between the plane of the curve containing the given
area and the plane of projection.

4) If Ax, Ay, Az be the areas of projections of on area A, on the three

coordinate planes then A2 = Ax2 + Ay 2 + Az 2 .

36) Find the areas of the triangles whose vertices are the points
(a, 0, 0) , (0, b, 0) , (0, 0, c).
Sol. The vertices of the projection of the triangle on the XY plane are
(a, 0, 0), (0, b, 0), and (0, 0, c).
 
 a 0 1 
1   1
 = (ab)
Ax =  0 b 1  2
2 0 0 1 
36 Plane

Similarly,  
 a 0 1 
1  1
Ay =  0 0 1  = (−ac)
2 0 c 1  2
 
 0 0 1 
1  1
Az =  b 0 1  = (bc) .
2 0 c 1  2
∴ The area of the triangle is given by
1
A= Ax2 + Ay 2 + Az 2 = a 2 b2 + a 2 c 2 + b2 c 2 .
2
1.19 Volume of a Tetrahedron
To find the volume of a tetrahedron when four vertices (x1 , y1 , z1 ) ,
(x2 , y2 , z2 ) , (x3 , y3 , z3 ) and (x4 , y4 , z4 ) are known.
Let ABCD be a tetrahedron joining the points A (x1 , y1 , z1 ),
B (x2 , y2 , z2 ), C (x3 , y3 , z3 ) and D (x4 , y4 , z4 ) then the volume of the
tetrahedron is given by
V = 13 .AN ΔBCD
= 13 p.Δ

where Δ is the area of the triangle BCD.

 1.19 Volume of a Tetrahedron 37

Let Δx, Δy, Δz be the projections of ΔBCD on co-ordinate planes x =

0, y = 0, z = 0 respectively then
     
y z 1 x z 1 x y 1
1  2 2  1  2 2  1  2 2 
Δx = y3 z3 1 ; Δy = x3 z3 1 ; Δz = x3 y3 1
2 y z 1 2 x z 1 2 x y 1
4 4 4 4 4 4

Δ = Δ2x + Δ2y , Δ2z

The equation of the plane BCD is given by
 
 x y z 1
 
x2 y2 z2 1
 
x3 y3 z3 1 = 0
 
x4 y4 z4 1
       
y2 z2 1 x2 z2 1 x2 y2 1 x2 y2 z2 
       
∴ x y3 z3 1 − y x3 z3 1 + z x3 y3 1 − x3 y3 z3  = 0
y4 z4 1 x4 z4 1 x4 y4 1 x4 y4 z4 
∴ The length of the perpendicular p = AN
       
y2 z2 1 x2 z2 1 x2 y2 1 x2 y2 z2 
       
x1 y3 z3 1 − y1 x3 z3 1 + z1 x3 y3 1 − x3 y3 z3 
y4 z4 1 x4 z4 1 x4 y4 1 x4 y4 z4 
∴ p = x1
4(Δ2x + Δ2y + Δ2z )
 
 x1 y 1 z1 1 
 
 x2 y2 z2 1 
 
 x3 y3 z3 1 
 
 x4 y4 z 4 1  D
= =
2Δ 2Δ
 
 x1 y 1 z 1 1 

 x2 y2 z 2 1 
where D = 
 x3 y3 z3 1 
 x4 y 4 z4 1 
38 Plane
 
 x1 y1 z1 1 
 
1
 x1 y2 z2 1 
1 1 D 1
∴ V= 3 Δ = 3 . 2Δ .Δ = 6 D = 6  
x3 y3 z3 1 
 
 x4 y4 z4 1 

−D 3
∴ V = 6D1 D 2 D3 D4
 
 D3 
∴ V =  6D1 D2 D3 D4  .

To find the volume of the tetrahedron when the equations of four faces are
given.
Let the equations of form faces be given by
a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d1 = 0, (1.71)
a2 x + b2 y + c2 z + d2 = 0, (1.72)
a3 x + b3 y + c3 z + d3 = 0, (1.73)
a4 x + b4 y + c4 z + d4 = 0. (1.74)
 
 a 1 b1 c 1 d 1 
 
 a 2 b2 c 2 d 2 
Let D =   

 a 3 b3 c 3 d 3 
 a 4 b4 c 4 d 4 
Solving three Equations of (1.71) to (1.74) in turns, we get the four
vertices
Let us solve the Equations (1.72), (1.73), and (1.74) to get one vertex.
∴ By Cramer’s law,
x y z −1
(1)
= (2)
= (3)
=
D1 D1 D1 D1
 
 a 2 b2 c 2 
 
where D1 = −  a3 b3 c3  = cofactor of d1 in D
 a 4 b4 c 4 
   
 d 2 b2 c 2   b 2 c 2 d 2 
   
D1 (1) =  d3 b3 c3  =  b3 c3 d3  = A1
 d 4 b4 c 4   b4 c 4 d 4 
   
 a2 d2 c 2   a 2 c 2 d2 
   
D1 (2) =  a3 d3 c3  = −  a3 c3 d3  = B1
 a4 d4 c 4   a 4 c 4 d4 
 1.19 Volume of a Tetrahedron 39
 
 a 2 b2 d 2 
 
D1 (3) =  a3 b3 d3  = C1

 a 4 b4 d 4 
−A1 −B1 −C1
∴x= ;y = ;z =
D1 D1 D1
where Ai , Bi , Ci , Di are cofactors of ai , bi , ci , di respectively
 in D. 
−A1 −B1 −C1
∴ Coordinates of the corresponding vertex will be D1 , D1 , D1 .
 
Similarly, the coordinates of the other vertices will be −A 2 −B2 −C2
, , ;
    D2 D2 D2
−A3 −B3 −C3
D3 , D3 , D3 and −A 4 −B4 −C4
D4 , D4 , D4
∴ The volume of the tetrahedron will be
   
 −A1 −B1 −C1 1   A1 B 1 C 1 D1 
 D1 D1 D1   
 −A −B −C   
 2
1  D2 D2 D2
2 2
1  −1  A B C D 2 
  2 2 2
.
V =  −A −B −C =
6  D 3 D 3 D 3 1  6D1 D2 D3 D4  A3 B3 C3 D3 
 3 3 3   
 −A4 −B4 −C4   A4 B 4 C 4 D 4 
 D4 D4 D4 1 

37) The vertices of a tetrahedron are (0, 1, 2) , (3, 0, 1) (4, 3, 6) , (2, 3, 2) ;

show that its volume is 6.
Sol. The volume of the tetrahedron is given by
   
 x 1 y 1 z1 1   0 1 21 
   
1  x2 y2 z2 1  1 
  3 0 11 

V =  =
6  x3 y3 z3 1  6  4 3 6 1 

 x 4 y 4 z4 1   2 3 2 1 
⎡      ⎤
 3 1 1   3 0 1   3 0 1 
1 ⎣   
 + 2

= −1  4 6 1  

4 3 1  − 1  4 3 6 ⎦
6  2 2 1   2 3 1   2 3 2 
1 1 1
= [−1 (6) + 2 (6) − 1 (−30)] = (−6 + 12 + 30) = (36) = 6.
6 6 6
38) A variable plane makes with the coordinate planes a tetrahedron of
constant volume k 3 . Show that the locus of the foot of the perpendicular
 3
from the origin to the plane is x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 6k 3 xyz.
40 Plane

Sol. Let the equation of the plane be

x y z
+ + =1 (1.75)
a b c
∴ The four vertices of the tetrahedron are given by (0, 0, 0) , (0, 0, 0) ,
(0, b, 0) , (0, 0, c).
∴ The volume of the tetrahedron is
 
 a 0 0 1 
 
1  0 b 0 1  abc
V =  =
6  0 0 c 1  6
 0 00 1 

Given,
abc
= k 3 ⇒ abc = 6k 3 . (1.76)
6
Let (α, β, γ) be the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular from the
origin then
α β γ
+ + =1 (1.77)
a b c
α−0 β−0 γ−0
and 1 = 1 = 1 =λ
a b c
i.e., aα = bβ = cγ = λ
λ λ λ
∴a= ; b = and c = (1.78)
α β γ
By Equation (1.77);
1 2 
α + β2 + γ2 = 1
λ
i.e., α2 + β 2 + γ 2 = λ (1.79)
By Equations (1.78) and (1.79), we get
(α2 +β 2 +γ 2 ) (α2 +β 2 +γ 2 ) (α2 +β 2 +γ 2 )
a= α ;b= β and c = γ
∴ Equation (1.76) becomes;
 2 3
α + β2 + γ2
= 6k 3
αβγ
 3
∴ α2 + β 2 + γ 2 = 6k 3 αβγ
 1.19 Volume of a Tetrahedron 41

∴The locus of the foot of the perpendicular will be

 2 3
x + y 2 + z 2 = 6k 3 xyz.

39) A variable plane makes with the coordinate planes a tetrahedron of

constant volume 64λ3 . Find
1) The locus of the centroid of the tetrahedron and
2) The locus of the foot of the perpendicular from the origin to the plane.

Sol. Let the equation of the variable plane be

ax + by + cz = d. (1.80)
The points A, B, and  C dwhere
 the planed (1.80) meets the coordinate axes
d
are given by a , 0, 0 , 0, b , 0 and 0, 0, c .
∴ The volume of the tetrahedron OABC will be
 d 
 0 0 
1  a d  d3
V =  0 b 0 =
6 6abc
0 0 dc 
Given
d3
= 64λ3 (1.81)
6abc
1) Let (α, β, γ) be the coordinates of the centroid of the tetrahedron then
d
0+ +0+0 d
α= a
⇒a=
4 4α
d d
Similarly, b = 4β and c = 4γ .
Substituting the values of a, b, c in equation (1.81), we get αβγ = 6λ3
∴ The locus of (α, β, γ) is given by xyz = 6λ3 .
2) Let (x1 , y1 , z1 ) be the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular
from (0, 0, 0) to the plane, then its direction cosines are proportional to
(x1 , y1 , z1 ). Since the direction cosines to the normal to the plane (1.80)
are proportional to a, b, c, we get
x1 y1 z1
= = . (1.82)
a b c
42 Plane

Since (x1 , y1 , z1 ) lies on the plane (1.80), we get

ax1 + by1 + cz1 = d. (1.83)
From Equation (1.82), we get
x21 y12 z12 x21 +y12 +z12 x21 +y12 +z12
ax1 = by1 = cz1 = ax1 +by1 +cz1 = d
dy1
∴a= dx1
x21 +y12 +z12
; b = x21 +y12 +z12
; c = dz1
x21 +y12 +z22

Substituting the values of a, b and c in (1.81), we get

 2 3
x1 + y12 + z12 = 384λ3 x21 y12 z12
 3
∴ The locus of (x1 , y1 , z1 ) is x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 384λ3 xyz.
Exercise:

1) Find the equation of the plane through the points (2, 3, −4), (1, −1, 3)
and parallel to the x-axis.
Answer: 7y + 4z = 5
2) Find the equation of the plane passing the point (−2, 4, 5) and parallel
to the YZ plane.
Answer: x + 2 = 0
3) Find the equation of the plane passing through the points (0,1,1),
(2, 0, −3) and (3, −2, 0).
Answer: 11x + 10y + 3z = 13
4) Find the equation of the plane which passes through (−1, 1, 1) and
(1, −1, 1) and is perpendicular to the plane x + 2y + 2z = 5.
Answer: 2x + 2y − 3z + 3 = 0
5) A variable plane is at a constant distance P from the origin and meets
the co-ordinate axes in A, B, C. Show that the locus of the centroid of
the tetrahedron OABC is x12 + y12 + z12 = 16
p2
.

6) Find the equation of the plane which is perpendicular to the plane 5x +

3y + 6z + 8 = 0 and which contains the intersection of planes x + 2y +
3z − 4 = 0, 2x + y − z + 5 = 0.
Answer: 51x + 51y − 50z + 173 = 0
 Exercise 43

7) Show that the points (0, −1, −1), (4,5,1), (3,9,4) and (−4, 4, 4) lie on a
plane.

8) Prove that the line joining the points (2, 2, −1), (3,4,2) intersects the line
joining the points (7,0,6), (2,5,1).

9) Determine the value of λ and μ for which the two planes λx + y − 2z +

4 = 0 and 6x − μy − 4z = 0 are parallel.
Answer: λ = 3, μ = −2

10) Determine the value of h for which the planes 3x − 2y + hz = 1 and

x + hy + 5z = −2 may be perpendicular to each other.
Answer: h = −1

11) Show that the four points (0,4,3), (−1, −5, −3), (−2, −2, 1) and
(1, 1, −1) are coplanar.

12) A plane passes through a fixed point (p, q, r) and cuts the axes of
coordinates in A, B, C respectively. Show that the locus of the center
of sphere OABC is xp + yq + zr = 2.

13) Show that the bisector of the obtuse angle between the planes 2x + y −
2z = 4 and 2x − 3y + 6z + 2 = 0 is 10x − y + 2z − 11 = 0.

14) Find the volume of the tetrahedron whose vertices are (0,1,2), (1,0,2),
(1,2,0) and (1,2,1).
Answer: − 13

15) Find whether the two points (2, 3, −5) and (3,4,7) lie on the same side
or opposite sides of the plane x + 2y − 2z − 9 = 0.
Answer: Opposite side

16) Find the plane that bisects the acute angle between the planes 2x − y +
2z + 3 = 0 and 3x − 2y + 6z + 8 = 0.
Answer: 23x − 13y + 32z + 45 = 0

17) Find the angle that the plane x + 8y − 6z + 16 = 0 makes with the
coordinate planes.
1 3 6
Answer: cos−1 √101 , cos−1 √101 , cos−1 √101
44 Plane

18) Find the angle between the planes 2x − y + z = 6 and x + y + 2z = 7.

π
Answer: 3

19) Find the distance between the parallel plane

x − 4y + 8z − 9 = 0 and x − 4y + 8z + 18 = 0.
Answer: 3

20) Prove that the equation 2x2 −6y−12z 2 +18yz+2xz+xy = 0 represents

a pair of planes. Find the angle between them.
Answer: cos−1 √1621

21) Show that the equation 6x2 + 4y 2 − 10z 2 + 3yz + 4zx − 11xy = 0
represents a pair of planes. Find the angle between them.
Answer: 90◦

22) Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are (1,2,3), (−2, 1, −4),
(3, 4, −2).
√
1218
Answer: 2

23) Find the volume of the tetrahedron whose vertices are (1,0,0), (0,0,1),
(0,0,2) and (1,2,3).
1
Answer: 3
 2
Straight Line

2.1 Representation of Line (Introduction)

A straight line may be generated by the intersection of two non-parallel
planes. So, the general equation of a straight line is given by the combined
equations of two planes as given by

a 1 x + b1 y + c 1 z + d 1 = 0
a1 b1 c1
and a2 x + b2 y + c2 z + d2 = 0; provided =  = .
a2 b2 c2
Remark:
1) A straight line is also called a right line.
2) The x axis is the intersection of the XZ and XY planes, y = 0 and
z = 0 taken together are its equation. Similarly, x = 0, z = 0 are the
equations of the y axis, and x = 0, y = 0 are the equations of the z
axis.

2.2 Equation of a Straight Line in the Symmetrical Form

To find the equations of the line passing through a given point A (x1 , y1 , z1 )
and having direction cosines l, m, n:
Let A (x1 , y1 , z1 ) be the fixed point on a straight line and P (x, y, z) be
any given point on the given line and let AP = r.
Let l, m, n be the direction cosines of this line. Assuming projections of
AP on the coordinate axes, we get

x − x1 = lr; y − y1 = mr and z − z1 = nr (2.1)

x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
∴ = = =r
l m n

45
46 Straight Line

which is the equation of a straight line in symmetrical form.

The coordinates (x, y, z) of any points on the line is given by
x = x1 + lr ; y = y1 + mr and z = z1 + nr
i.e., (x1 + lr, y1 + mr, z1 + nr) ; r R
If l = 0, m = 0, n = 0 or equivalently lmn = 0,
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= =
l m n
are the two required equations of the line.
Remark:
1) The equation of the coordinate axes in symmetrical form can be
represented respectively by
x−0 y−0 z−0 x−0 y−0 z−0 x−0 y−0 z−0
1 = 0 = 0 ; 0 = 1 = 0 ; 0 = 0 = 1 .

2) (0, 0, 0) is the fixed point on the axes and the respective direction cosines
of the axes are (1, 0, 0) , (0, 1, 0) and (0, 0, 1).

2.3 Equation of a Straight Line Passing through Two

Points
To find the equations of the line through two points A (x1 , y1 , z1 ) and
B (x2 , y2 , z2 ):
The direction ratios of the line AB are x2 − x1 , y2 − y1 , z2 − z1
∴ The required equations of the line AB are
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= = .
x2 − x1 y 2 − y1 z 2 − z1

1) Find the equation of the lines joining the points (1, −6, 3), and (0, 2, 8) .
Sol. Let the equations of the lines joining the points A (1, −6, 3) , and
B(0, 2, 8) be
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= =
x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z 2 − z1
x−1 y − (−6) z−3
∴ = =
0−1 2 − (−6) 8−3
x−1 y+6 z−3
∴ = = .
−1 8 5
 2.3 Equation of a Straight Line Passing through Two Points 47

2) Find the equation of the line through the point (1, 3, 2) and parallel to the
x−5 y+4 z−1
3 = −2 = 4 .
Sol. The straight line parallel to
x−5 y+4 z−1
= = (2.2)
3 −2 4
is given by
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= = .
3 −2 4
It passes through the point (1, 3, 2)
x−1 y−3 z−2
∴ = =
3 −2 4
is the required equation of the straight line.
3) Find the equation of a straight line through the point (8, 9, −10) and
y−3 y−2
perpendicular of the two lines x−2 z+4 x+1
3 = 2 = 4 and 5 = −6 = 2 .
z+3

Sol. Let the equation of the line through the point (8, 9, −10) be
x−8 y−9 z + 10
= = . (2.3)
l m n
The line (2.3) is perpendicular to the lines
x−2 y−3 z+4 x+1 y−2 z+3
= = and = =
3 2 4 5 −6 2
∴ 3l + 2m + 4n = 0 and 5l − 6m + 2n = 0
l m n
∴ = =
4 + 24 20 − 6 −18 − 10
l m n
⇒ = =
28 14 −28
l m n
⇒ = =
2 1 −2
y−9
∴ The required equation of the line is x−8
2 = 1 = z+10
−2 .
x−1 y+6
4) Find the equation of the plane containing the straight line 3 = 4 =
z+1 x−2 y−1 z+4
2 and parallel to the straight line 2 = −3 = 5 .
48 Straight Line

y+6
Sol. Let the equation of the plane containing the line x−1
3 = 4 = z+1
2 be
given by
a (x − 1) + b (y + 6) + c (z + 1) = 0 (2.4)
where
3a + 4b + 2c = 0. (2.5)
Since the plane (2.4) is parallel to the line
x−2 y−1 z+4
= =
2 −3 5
⇒ 2a − 3b + 5c = 0 (2.6)
a b c
By solving Equations (2.5) and (2.6), we get 26 = −11 = −17
Substituting the values of a, b, and c in Equation (2.4), we get

26 (x − 1) − 11 (y + 6) − 17 (z + 1) = 0
∴ 26x − 11y − 17z = 109.

5) Find the equation of the straight line passing through the point (−1, 1, −3)
y+1
and perpendicular to the straight line x−3
−2 = 3 = −4 .
z−2

Sol. Any point on the given straight line is

x−3 y+1 z−2
= = (2.7)
−2 3 −4
is given by (−2k + 3, 3k − 1, −4k + 2).
Let this point be the foot of the perpendicular of the line drawn from the
pint (−1, 1, −3) on the line (2.7).
∴ The direction ratios of the perpendicular line are given by

−2r + 3 + 1; 3r − 1 − 1; −4r + 2 + 3

i.e., (−2r + 4, 3r − 2, −4r + 5)

The required line is perpendicular to (2.7),

∴ −2 (−2r + 4) + 3 (3r − 2) − 4 (−4r + 5) = 0

∴ 4r − 8 + 9r − 6 + 16r − 20 = 0
∴ 29r = 34
∴ r = 34
29
 2.4 Transformation from the Unsymmetrical to the Symmetrical Form 49

∴ The coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular are

         
34 34 34 19 73 −78
−2 + 3, 3 − 1, −4 +2 = , , .
29 29 29 29 29 29
The equation of the perpendicular line will be
 19the73equation
 of the straight
−78
line passing through the point (−1, 1, −3) and 29 , 29 , 29 is given by
x+1 y−1 z+3
19 = 73 = −78
29+1 29 − 1 29 + 3

x+1 y−1 z+3

∴ = = .
48 44 9

2.4 Transformation from the Unsymmetrical to the

Symmetrical Form
Let the equation of a straight line be given by

a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d1 = 0, (2.8)

a2 x + b2 y + c2 z + d2 = 0. (2.9)
To transform these equations to the symmetrical form we require
1) The direction ratios of the line and
2) The coordinates of any one point on it.
If (l, m, n) be the direction cosines of the line, since this line is perpendicular
to both the normals to the planes (2.8) and (2.9), we get

a 1 l + b1 m + c 1 n = 0

a 2 l + b2 m + c 2 n = 0
l m n
⇒ = = .
b 1 c 2 − b2 c 1 c 1 a2 − c 2 a1 a 1 b2 − a 2 b1
Now we require the coordinates of any one point on the line and there is an
infinite number of points from which we can choose.
Let us find the point of intersection of the line with the plane z = 0.
Since this point lies on the planes (2.8) and (2.9), we get

a1 x + b1 y + d1 = 0 and a2 x + b2 y + d2 = 0
50 Straight Line

x y 1
∴ = = .
b1 d 2 − b2 d 1 d1 a2 − d2 a 1 a 1 b2 − a 2 b1
 
∴ The coordinates of any fixed point on the line are ab11db22 −b 2 d1 d1 a2 −d2 a1
,
−a2 b1 a1 b2 −a2 b1 , 0 .
∴ The equation of the straight line in symmetrical form is
b1 d2 −b2 d1 d1 a2 −d2 a1
x− a1 b2 −a2 b1 y− a1 b2 −a2 b1 z−0
= = . (2.10)
b1 c 2 − b 2 c 1 c 1 a2 − c 2 a1 a 1 b2 − a 2 b1
Conversely, if the equation of any line be given in symmetric form
as x−a
l = y−bm = z−cn then simplifying the first and second ratios,
we get mx − ma = ly − lb

i.e., mx − ly = ma − lb (2.11)

and then equating second and third ratios, we get my − nb = mz − mc

i.e., ny − mz = nb − mc (2.12)

Equations (2.11) and (2.12) combinedly denotes the equation of the above
line in plane form.
6) Find a symmetrical form of the equations of the line x + y + z + 4 = 0;
2x + 3y + 4z + 10 = 0.
Sol. Let l, m, n be the direction ratios of the line
∴ l + m + n = 0 and 2l + 3m + 4n = 0
l m n
i.e., (1)(4)−(3)(1) = (1)(2)−(4)(1) = (1)(3)−(2)(1)
i.e., 1l = −2
m
= n1
Let the line meets the XY plane at (α, β, 0) then we get α + β + 4 = 0
and 2α + 3β + 10 = 0.
∴ α = −2 and β = −2
y+2
∴ The equation of the line in symmetric form is x+2
1 = −2 = 1 .
z

7) Obtain the symmetrical form of the equations of the line x − 2y + 3z = 4

and 2x − 3y + 4z = 5.
Sol. Let l, m, n be the direction ratios of the line l − 2m + 3n = 4 and
2l − 3m + 4n = 5.
l m n
i.e., (−2)(4)−(−3)(3) = (3)(2)−(1)(4) = (1)(−3)−(−2)(2)

l m n
∴ = = .
1 2 1
 2.4 Transformation from the Unsymmetrical to the Symmetrical Form 51

Let the line meets the XY plane at (α, β, 0) then we get α − 2β = 4 and
2α − 3β = 5.
∴ α = −2 and β = −3
y+3
∴ The equation of the line in symmetric form is x+2 z−0
1 = 2 = 1 .
8) Find the equations of the line through the point (1, 2, 4) parallel to the line
3x + 2y − z = 4 and x − 2y − 2z = 5 .
Sol. Let l, m, n be the direction ratios of the line 3l + 2m − n = 4 and
l − 2m − 2n = 5.
l m n
∴ = =
(2) (−2) − (−2) (−1) (−1) (1) − (−2) (3) (3) (−2) − (1) (2)
l m n
⇒ = =
−6 5 −8
y−2
∴ The equation of the line in symmetrical form is x−1
−6 = 5 = z−4
−8 .
9) Find the angle between the lines x − 4y + 3z = 0 = 3x + 2y + 2z and
2x + y − z = 0 = 2x − y − 2z.
Sol. The given lines are

x − 4y + 3z = 0
, (2.13)
3x + 2y + 2z = 0

and 
2x + y − z = 0
. (2.14)
2x − y − 2z = 0
Let l, m, n be the direction ratios of the line (2.13), then l − 4m + 3n = 0
and 3l + 2m + 2n = 0.
l m n
∴ = =
(−4) (2) − (3) (2) (3) (3) − (2) (1) (2) (1) − (3) (−4)
l m n
∴ = =
−14 7 14
l m n
∴ = =
−2 1 2
∴ Direction ratios of line (2.13) are −2, 1, 2.
Similarly, direction ratios of the line (2.14) are −3, −2, −4.
52 Straight Line

Let θ be the angle between the two lines then

l1 l2 + m1 m2 + n1 n2
cos θ =
l12 + m21 + n21 l22 + m22 + n22
(−2) (−3) + (1) (−2) + (2) (−4)
∴ cos θ = √ √ =0
4 + 1 + 4 9 + 4 + 16
∴ The angle between the line is π2 .
10) Find the angle between the lines
3x + 2y + z − 5 = 0 = x + y − 2z − 3
2x − y − z = 0 = 7x + 10y − 8z.
Sol. The given lines are

3x + 2y + z = 5
, (2.15)
x + y − 2z = 3
and 
2x − y − z = 0
. (2.16)
7x + 10y − 8z = 0
Let l1 , m1 , n1 be the direction ratios of the line (2.15) then
l1 m1 n1
= =
(2) (−2) − (1) (1) (1) (1) − (3) (−2) 3 (1) − (2) (1)
l1 m1 n1
∴ = = .
−5 7 1
∴ The direction ratios of the line (2.15) are −5, 7, 1.
Let l2 , m2 , n2 be the direction ratios of the line (2.16) then
l2 m2 n2
= =
(−1) (−8) − (−1) (10) (−1) (7) − (−8) (2) (2) (10) − (−1) (7)

l2 m2 n2
∴ = =
18 9 27
l2 m2 n2
∴ = = .
2 1 3
Let θ be the angle between the two lines then
l1 l2 + m1 m2 + n1 n2
cos θ =
l12 + m21 + n21 l22 + m22 + n22
 2.5 Angle between a Line and a Plane 53

(2) (−5) + (1) (7) + (3) (1)

∴ cos θ = √ √ =0
25 + 49 + 1 4 + 1 + 9
∴ The angle between the line is π2 .
11) Show that the condition for the lines x = az + b, y = cz + d and
x = a1 z + b1 , y = az + d1 to be perpendicular is aa1 + cc1 + 1 = 0.
Sol. The given lines are 
x − az = b
, (2.17)
y − cz = d
and 
x − a 1 z = b1
. (2.18)
y − c1 z = d1
Let l1 , m1 , n1 be the direction ratios of the line (2.17) then
l1 m1 n1
= =
(0) (−c) − (1) (−a) (−a) (0) − (−c) (1) (1) (1) − (0)
l1 m1 n1
∴ = =
a c 1
∴ The direction ratios of the line (2.17) are a, c, 1.
Similarly, the direction ratios of the line (2.18) are a1 , c1 , 1.
Since the given lines are perpendicular

l1 l2 + m1 m2 + n1 n2 = 0

∴ aa1 + cc1 + 1 = 0.

2.5 Angle between a Line and a Plane

To find the angle between the line x−x l
1
= y−y 1
m = n
z−z1

and the plane ax + by + cz + d = 0:

The angle between a line and a plane is the complement of the angle
between the line and the normal to the plane.
Since the direction cosines of the normal to the given plane and of the
given line are proportional to a, b, c, and l, m, n respectively we get
al + bm + cn
cos (90◦ − θ) = √ √
l2 + m2 + n 2 a 2 + b2 + c 2
where θ is the required angle between the plane and the line.
54 Straight Line
 
i.e.; θ = sin−1 √ al+bm+cn
√
l2 +m2 +n2 a2 +b2 +c2
.
Remark:
1) If the line is parallel to the plane, then θ = 0◦ then al + bm + cn = 0.
l m
2) If the line is perpendicular to the plane, then a = b = nc .

x+1 y z−3
11) Find the angle between the line 2 = 3 = 6 and the plane 3x + y +
z = 7.
Sol. The equation of the line and the plane are given by
x+1 y z−3
2 = 3 = 6 and 3x + y + z = 7.
Here (2) (3) + (3) (1) + (6) (1) = 15 = 0.
∴ The line is not parallel to the plane.
Also, 23 = 31 = 61
So, the line is not normal to the plane.
The angle between the line and the plane is given by

sinθ = √ al+bm+cn
√
a2 +b2 +c2 l2 +m2 +n2
= 2(3)+(3)(1)+(6)(1)
√ √
4+9+36 9+1+1
15
∴ sinθ = 7√11
 
15
∴ θ = sin−1 7√ 11
.

2.6 Point of Intersection of a Line and a Plane

Let the equation of a line and a plane be given by
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= = (= k) , (2.19)
l m n
and
ax + by + cz + d = 0. (2.20)
The coordinates of any points on the line (2.19) can be written as
(x1 + lk, y1 + mk, z1 + nk) . (2.21)
If this point lies on the plane (2.20) then
a (x1 + lk) + b (y1 + mk) + c (z1 + nk) + d = 0
−ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d
∴k= .
al + bm + cn
 2.7 Conditions for a Line to Lie in a Plane 55

Substituting the value of k in (2.21) we get the coordinates of that point where
the line meets the plane.
Remark:
If the line (2.19) is parallel to the plane (2.20) then al + bm + cn = 0 and
hence, we get no finite value of k. So, there are infinite points of intersection.
(x−2) y−3 z−4
12) Show that the 3 = 4 = 5 is parallel to the plane 2x+y−2z = 3.
Sol. Here l = 3, m = 4, n = 5 and a = 2, b = 1, c = −2
al + bm + cn = (2) (3) + (1) (4) + 5 (−2) = 0.
y−3
∴ The line x−2
3 = 4 = z−4
5 is parallel to the plane 2x + y − 2z = 3.
13) Find the equations of the line through the point (−2, 3, 4) and parallel to
the planes 2x + 3y + 4z = 5 and 3x + 4y + 5z = 6.
Sol. Let l, m, n be the direction ratios of the planes
2l + 3m + 4n = 0 and 3l + 4m + 5n = 0
l m n
∴ = =
(3) (5) − (4) (4) (4) (3) − (5) (2) (2) (4) − (3) (3)
l m n
=∴ =
−1 2 −1
l m n
∴ = =
1 −2 1
∴ Required equations of the line pass through the point (−2, 3, 4) and parallel
y−3
to the planes is given by x+2
1 = −2 = 1 .
z−4

2.7 Conditions for a Line to Lie in a Plane

To find the conditions for the line
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= = (2.22)
l m n
to lie in the plane
ax + by + cz + d = 0. (2.23)
The line (2.22) entirely lies on the plane (2.23) if and only if every point of
the line is a point of the plane, i.e., the point (lk + x1 , mk + y1 , nk + z1 ) lies
on the plane for all values of k .
56 Straight Line

∴ Equation (2.23) becomes,

a (x1 + lk) + b (y1 + mk) + c (z1 + nk) + d = 0

∴ (ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d) + k (al + bm + cn) = 0


⇒ al + bm + cn = 0
ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d = 0
which are the required two conditions.
Remark:
Geometrically these conditions state that a line lies in a given plane if

1) The normal to the plane is perpendicular to the line and

2) Any one point of the line lies in the plane

Corollary:
The general equation of a plane containing the line
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= = (2.24)
l m n
is A (x − x1 ) + B (y − y1 ) + C (z − z1 ) = 0 where

Al + Bm + Cn = 0 (2.25)

Here A, B, C are parameters subject to the condition (2.25)

i.e., The set of planes containing the line (2.24) is

A (x − x1 ) + B (y − y1 ) + C (z − z1 ) = 0,
Al + Bm + Cn = 0

2.8 Condition of Coplanarity of Two Straight Lines

The necessary and sufficient condition that the two lines
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= = (2.26)
l1 m1 n1
x − x2 y − y2 z − z2
and = = (2.27)
l2 m2 n2
 2.8 Condition of Coplanarity of Two Straight Lines 57

will be coplanar is
 
 x 2 − x 1 y 2 − y 1 z2 − z 1 
 
 l1 m1 n1  = 0. (2.28)

 l2 m2 n2 

Necessary condition:
Let the two given lines be coplanar and the equation of any plane containing
the line (2.26) is

A (x − x1 ) + B (y − y1 ) + c (z − z1 ) = 0 (2.29)

where A, B, C are not all zero satisfying the condition

Al1 + Bm1 + Cn1 = 0 (2.30)

The plane (2.29) will contain the line (2.27) if

(a) the point (x2 , y2 , z2 ) lies on it

i.e., A (x2 − x1 ) + B (y2 − y1 ) + C (z2 − z1 ) = 0 (2.31)

(b) the line is perpendicular to the normal to the plane

i.e., Al2 + Bm2 + Cn2 = 0. (2.32)

Two lines will be coplanar if the three linear homogeneous Equations (2.30),
(2.31), (2.32) in A, B, C are consistent so that
 
x2 − x1 y 2 − y1 z2 − z1
 
 l1 m1 n1  = 0

 l2 m2 n2 

which is the required condition for the lines to intersect.

Let this condition be satisfied then the required equation of the plane
containing the two lines is
 
x2 − x1 y 2 − y1 z2 − z1
 
 l1 m n  = 0.
 1 1 
 l2 m2 n2 
58 Straight Line

Sufficient condition:
Two lines are coplanar if and if they intersect or are parallel.
Let us first consider the case of intersection.
The general coordinates of the points on the lines (2.26) and (2.27)
respectively for all values of k1 and k2 is given by
(l1 k1 + x1 , m1 k1 + y1 , n1 k1 + z1 ) ,
and
(l2 k2 + x2 , m2 k2 + y2 , n2 k2 + z2 ) .
The lines (2.26) and (2.27) intersect so these points should coincide for
the same values of k1 and k2 , we get
(x1 − x2 ) + l1 k1 − l2 k2 = 0
(y1 − y2 ) + m1 k1 − m2 k2 = 0
(z1 − z2 ) + n1 k1 − n2 k2 = 0
 
x 1 − x 2 l1 l 
 2 
⇔  y1 − y2 m1 m2  = 0

 z1 − z 2 n 1 n 2 
 
 x2 − x1 y 2 − y1 z 2 − z1 

⇔  l1 m1 n1  = 0.
 l2 m2 n2 
which represents the plane.
∴ The lines (2.26) and (2.27) are coplanar.
This condition is satisfied if lines are parallel.
Remark:
1) In general, the equation
 
 x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 

 l1 m1 n1  = 0

 l2 m2 n2 
represents the plane that passes through the line (2.26) and is parallel to the
line (2.27), and the equation.
 
 x − x 2 y − y 2 z − z2 
 
 l1 m n =0
 1 1 
 l2 m2 n2 
 2.8 Condition of Coplanarity of Two Straight Lines 59

represents the plane that passes through the line (2.27) and is parallel to the
line (2.26).
In case the lines are coplanar then the point (x2 , y2 , z2 ) lies on the first
plane and the point (x1 , y1 , z1 ) on the second. Moreover, these two equations
are then identical.
∴ The plane containing two coplanar lines is the one that passes through
one line and is parallel to the other or through one line and any point on the
other.
2) Two lines will intersect if and if, there exists a point whose coordinates
satisfy the four equations, two of each line so that for intersection, we require
that the four linear equations in three unknowns should be consistent.
3) The condition for the lines whose equations, given in the unsymmetrical
form are

a 1 x + b1 y + c 1 z + d 1 = 0 = a 2 x + b2 y + c 2 z + d 2

and a3 x + b3 y + c3 z + d3 = 0 = a4 x + b4 y + c4 z + d4
to intersect
 is the condition
 for the consistency of these four equations.
 a 1 b1 c 1 d 1 
 
 a 2 b2 c 2 d 2 

i.e.,   = 0.

 a 3 b3 c 3 d 3 
 a 4 b4 c 4 d 4 
x+2 y+3 z−4
14) Find the equation of the plane containing the line 2 = 3 = −2 and
the point (0, 6, 0).
Sol. The general equation of the plane containing the given line
x+2 y+3 z−4
2 = 3 = −2 is

A (x + 2) + B (y + 3) + C (z − 4) = 0 (2.33)

where A, B, C are parameters subjected to the condition Al + Bm + Cn = 0

i.e.,
2A + 3B − 2C = 0 (2.34)
The plane (2.33) passes through the point (0, 6, 0), we get

2A + 9B − 4C = 0 (2.35)
60 Straight Line

Eliminating A, B, C from (2.33), (2.34), and (2.35), we get

 
 x+2 y+3 z−4 
 
 2 3 − 2 =0
 
 2 9 −4 
∴ −6 (x + 2) + 4 (y + 3) + 12 (z − 4) = 0
∴ 3x + 2y + 6z − 12 = 0
is the required equation of the plane.
8−y
15) Show that the line x + 10 = 2 = z lies in the plane x + 2y + 3z = 6.
Sol. The line x+10
1 = y−8 z−0
−2 = 1 = k lies in the plane x + 2y + 3z = 6 if
and only if every point of the line is a point of the plane.
i.e., (k − 10, −2k + 8, k) lie on the planes for all values of k.
i.e., k − 10 + 2 (−2k + 8) + 3k − 6 = 0.
∴ The given line lies in the plane x + 2y + 3z = 6 .
16) Prove that the plane through (α, β, γ), and the line x = py + q = rz + s
is given by  
 x py + q rz + s 
 
 α pβ + q rγ + s  = 0.
 
 1 1 1 
Sol. Given line q can be written as
q s
x y+ p z+ r
= 1 = 1 . (2.36)
1 p r

Let the equation of any plane be

Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 (2.37)
It will pass through line (2.37), if
   
−q −s
A (0) + B +C + D = 0, (2.38)
p r
and    
1 1
A (1) + B +C = 0. (2.39)
p r
The plane will pass through (α, β, γ) if
Aα + Bβ + Cγ + D = 0. (2.40)
 2.8 Condition of Coplanarity of Two Straight Lines 61

Subtracting (2.38) from (2.39) and (2.40), we get

  
q s
Ax + B y + +C z+ = 0, (2.41)
p r
  
q s
Aα + B β + +C γ+ = 0. (2.42)
p r
Eliminating A, B, C from (2.39), (2.41), and (2.42), we get
 
 x y + pq z + rs 
 
 α γ + pq γ + rs  = 0
 
 1 1 1 
p r
 
 x py + q zr + s 
 
⇒  α pβ + q rγ + s  = 0.
 1 1 1 
y+2
17) Show that the line x+1
−2 = 3 = z+5
4 lies on the plane x + 2y − z = 0.
Sol. The given line is
x+1 y+2 z+5
= = (2.43)
−2 3 4
and the given plane is
x + 2y − z = 0 (2.44)
The line (2.43) lies in the plane (2.44) if

(i) al + bm + cn = 0.
(ii) One point (−1, −2, −5) on the line lies on the plane.

Direction ratios l, m, n of a line are −2, 3, 4 respectively.

∴ al + bm + cn = (1) (−2) + 2 (3) + (−1) (4) = 0
Moreover; the point (−1, −2, −5) lies on the plane (2.45) if −1 + 2 (−2) −
(−5) = 0.
∴ The line (2.43) lies in the plane (2.44).
y−3
18) Find the equation of the plane containing the line x+1 z+2
−3 = 2 = 1 and
the point (0, 7, −7) and show that the line x1 = y−7 z+7
−3 = 2 also lies in the
same plane.
62 Straight Line

Sol. The given line is

x+1 y−3 z+2
= = . (2.45)
−3 2 1
Now any plane containing the line (2.45) is
A (x + 1) + B (y − 3) + C (z + 2) = 0 (2.46)
where − 3A + 2B + C = 0 (2.47)
Since the plane passes through the point (0, 7, −7) , we get
A + 4B − 5C = 0 (2.48)
Solving (2.47) and (2.48), we get
A B C A B C
= = ⇒ = =
−10 − 4 1 − 15 −12 − 2 1 1 1
Substituting these values of A, B, and C in (2.46), we get
1 (x + 1) + 1 (y + 3) + 1 (z + 2) = 0
(2.49)
∴x+y+z =0
is the required equation.
Let the line
x y−7 z+7
= = (2.50)
1 −3 2
lies on the plane (2.49) if
(a) one point (0, 7, −7) lies on the plane (2.49)
(b) al + bm + cn = 0
Now point (0, 7, −7)lies on the plane (2.49) is 0 + 7 − 7 = 0
al + bm + cn = (1) (1) + (1) (−3) + (1) (2) = 0.
∴ The line (2.50) lies in the plane (2.49).
19) Find the equation to the plane which passes through the z axis and is
x−1 y+2 z−3
perpendicular to the line cos α = sin α = 0 .
Sol. The equations of z axis are
x = 0, y = 0. (2.51)
 2.8 Condition of Coplanarity of Two Straight Lines 63

Any plane through (2.51) is

λx + λy = 0. (2.52)
x−1 y+2 z−3
If (2.52) is perpendicular to the line cos α = sin α = 0
1 0
then cos α = sin α = 0 . ⇒ λ = tan α
α

∴ Equation (2.52) becomes,

x + (tan α ) y = 0
∴ xcos α + ysin α = 0.
y+3 y−4
20) Prove that the lines x+1 z+5
3 = 5 = 7 and 1 = 3 =
x−2 z−6
5 intersect.
Find their point of intersection and the plane in which they lie.
Sol. The given lines are
x+1 y+3 z+5
= = (2.53)
3 5 7
and
x−2 y−4 z−6
= = . (2.54)
1 3 5
The equation of the plane which contains the line (2.53) and is parallel to
(2.54) is given by  
 x+1 y+3 z+5 
 
 3 5 7  = 0

 1 3 5 
∴ (x + 1) (25 − 21) − (y + 3) (15 − 7) + (z + 5) (9 − 5) = 0
∴ 4x − 8y + 4z = 0
∴ x − 2y + z = 0. (2.55)
The plane (2.55) passes through (2, 4, 6) a point on the line (2.54) if
2 − 2 (4) + 6 = 0 or if 0 = 0 which is true.
∴ Given two lines are coplanar and lie in the plane x − 2y + z = 0.
y−3 y−7
21) Show that the lines x+1 z+2 x
−3 = 2 = 1 and 1 = −3 = 2 intersect.
z+7

Find the coordinates of the point of intersection and the equation to the plane
containing them.
Sol. The given lines are
x+1 y−3 z+2
= = = k, (2.56)
−3 2 1
64 Straight Line

and
x y−7 z−7
= = . (2.57)
1 −3 2
Any point on the line (2.56) is given by

(−3k − 1, 2k + 3, k − 2) (2.58)

It lies on the line (2.57) if

−3k − 1 2k − 4 k+5
= = (2.59)
1 −3 2
From (2.56) and (2.57),

9k + 3 = 2k − 4 ⇒ k = −1.

Substituting the value of k in (2.59), we get

3−1 −2 − 4 −1 + 5
= =
1 −3 2
⇒ 2 = 2 = 2 which is true.
∴ Two lines intersect and from (2.58), the point of intersection is
(−3 (−1) − 1, 2 (−1) + 3, −1 − 2) = (2, 1, −3).
Moreover, the plane containing the lines (2.56) and (2.57) is
 
 x+1 y−3 z+2 
 
 −3 2 1  = 0

 1 −3 2 

∴ (x + 1) (4 + 3) − (y − 3) (−6 − 1) + (z + 2) (+9 − 2) = 0
∴ 7x + 7y + 7z = 0
∴x+y+z =0
is the required equation of the plane containing the given two lines.
22) Prove that the two lines x = az+b, y = cz+d and x = αz+β, y = γz+δ
intersect if (β − b) (γ − c) = (δ − d) (α − a).
Sol. The first line is x = az + b, y = cz + d
x−b y−d
⇒ = z and =z
a c
 2.8 Condition of Coplanarity of Two Straight Lines 65

x−b y−d
⇒ = = z. (2.60)
a c
The given second line is x = αz + β, y = γz + δ
x−β y−δ
⇒ = z, =z
α γ
x−β y−δ
⇒ = = z. (2.61)
α γ
The equation of the plane through the line (2.60) and parallel to (2.61) is
given by  
 x−b y−d z 
 
 α γ 1  = 0. (2.62)

 a c 1 
The two lines will be coplanar if the point (β, δ, 0) on the second line lies on
the plane (2.62).
∴ The required condition is
 
 β−b δ−d 0 
 
 α γ 1 =0
 
 a c 1 

∴ (β − b) (γ − c) − (δ − d) (α − a) = 0.
y+1
1 = 2 = 3 and x + 2y + 3z − 8 = 0 =
23) Prove that the lines x+1 z+1

2x + 3y + 4z − 11 are coplanar and find the coordinates of the point of

intersection find also the equation of the plane containing them.
Sol. The given lines are
x+1 y+1 z+1
= = , (2.63)
1 2 3
and 
x + 2y + 3z − 8 = 0
. (2.64)
2x + 3y + 4z − 11 = 0
Any plane through the line (2.64) is

x + 2y + 3z − 8 + k (2x + 3y + 4z − 11) = 0. (2.65)

The line (2.63) lies on this plane if

66 Straight Line

1) The point (−1, −1, −1) on the line (2.63) lies on this plane.

2) al + bm + cn = 0.

Now the point (−1, −1, −1) lies on the plane (2.63) if

−1 − 2 − 3 − 8 + k (−2 − 3 − 4 − 11) = 0
−7
∴k= .
10
Substituting the value of k in (2.65), we get
7
x + 2y + 3z − 8 − (2x + 3y + 4z − 11) = 0
10
∴ 10x + 20y + 30z − 80 − 14x − 21y − 28z + 77 = 0
∴ −4x − y + 2z − 3 = 0
∴ 4x + y − 22 + 3 = 0.
Now, al + bm + cn = 4 (1) + 1 (2) + (−2) (3) = 0.
∴ The two lines are coplanar and the equation of the plane in which they
lie is 4x + y − 2z + 3 = 0.
The two lines (2.63) and (2.64) will intersect at a point where the line
(2.63) meets one of the planes of the second line.
Now any point on the first line is

(r − 1, 2r − 1, 3r − 1) (2.66)

If this lies on the first plane of the 2nd line,

r − 1 + 2 (2r − 1) + 3 (3r − 1) − 8 = 0

∴ r = 1.
∴ Substituting the value of r in (2.66), we get (0, 1, 2) as the point of
intersection of two lines.
24) A, A1 , B, B 1 , C, C 1 are points on the axes, shows that the lines of
intersection of the plane A1 BC, AB 1 C 1 , B 1 CA, BC 1 A1 , C 1 AB, CA1 B
are coplanar.
   
Sol. Let A (a, 0, 0) , A1 a1 , 0, 0 , B (0, b, 0) , B 1 0, b1 , 0 , C (0, 0, c) and
C 1 (0, 0, c1 ) be the given point.
 2.8 Condition of Coplanarity of Two Straight Lines 67

The equation of the plane A1 BC is

x y z
1
+ + =1 (2.67)
a b c
and the equation of the plane AB 1 C 1 is
x y z
+ + =1 (2.68)
a b1 c 1
Adding (2.67) and (2.68), we get
     
1 1 1 1 1 1
x + +y + +z + =2 (2.69)
a a1 b b1 c c1
Thus, the line of intersection of the planes (2.67) and (2.68) lies on the plane
(2.69).
By symmetry, the line of intersection of the planes B 1 CA, BC 1 A1 and
C AB 1 , C 1 AB also lie on the plane (2.69).
1

∴ All the lines of the given planes are coplanar.

25) Show that the line of intersection of the first two planes is coplanar with
the line of intersection of the later two x + 2y − z − 3 = 0, 3x − y + 2z − 1 =
0, 2x − 2y + 3z − 2 = 0, x − y + z + 1 = 0 are four planes. and find the
equation of the plane containing the two lines.
Sol. The line of intersection of the first two planes is

x + 2y − z − 3 = 0
(2.70)
3x − y + 2z − 1 = 0

and the line of intersection of the last two planes is


2x − 2y + 3z − 2 = 0
(2.71)
x−y+z+1=0

Now to prove that the two lines (2.70) and (2.71) are coplanar we reduce the
line (2.70) in symmetrical form.
To find direction ratios of the line (2.70), we omit constant,
i.e., x + 2y − z = 0

3x − y + 2z = 0
x y z
∴ = =
(4 − 1) (−3 − 2) (−1 − 6)
68 Straight Line
x y z
∴ = =
3 −5 −7
∴ The direction ratios of the line are 3, −5, −7.
For one point on the line (2.70), Let z = 0 in (2.70), we get
x − 2y − 3 = 0
3x − y − 1 = 0
y 1
∴ x
−5 = −8 = −7
∴x = 57 , y = 87 , z =
0
5 
∴ One point on the line (2.70) is 7 , 87 , 0
Hence the equations of the line (2.70) in the symmetrical form are
5
x− 7 y − 87 z−0
= = . (2.72)
3 −5 −7
Now any plane through the line (2.71) is
2x − 2y + 3z − 2 + k (x − y + z + 1) = 0. (2.73)
This plane contains the line (2.72) if
(i) al + bm + cn = 0
 
(ii) One point 57 , 87 , 0 on the line (2.72) line on this plane.
Now coefficients x, y, z in the plane (2.73) are 2 + k, −2 − k, 3 + k
and direction ratios of the line (2.73) are 3, −5, −7.
∴ al + bm + cn = 0 gives
3 (2 + k) + (−5) (−2 − k) + (−7) (3 + k) = 0
∴k−5=0
∴ k = 5.
Substituting k = 5 in (2.73), we get
2x − 2y + 3z − 2 + 5 (x − y + z + 1) = 0
∴ 7x − 7y + 8z + 3 = 0. (2.74)
5 8

The point lies on (2.74) if 5 − 8 + 0 + 3 = 0
7, 7, 0
or 0 = 0 which is true.
∴ The two lines are coplanar and they lie in the plane 7x−7y+8z+3 = 0.
 2.9 Skew Lines and the Shortest Distance between Two Lines 69

2.9 Skew Lines and the Shortest Distance between Two

Lines

Skew lines:
Two straight lines are said to be skewed if they are neither parallel nor
intersecting.
i.e., the lines which do not lie in a plane.
Shortest distance between two lines:
To show that the length of the line intercepted between two lines which are
perpendicular to both is the shortest distance between them.
Let AB and CD be two skew lines given by

x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= = (2.75)
l1 m1 n1
and
x − x2 y − y2 z − z1
= = . (2.76)
l2 m2 n2
Let LK be the line of shortest distance. If (l, m, n) be the direction of
LK then LK is perpendicular to both AB and CD so,

ll1 + mm1 + nn1 = 0,

and ll2 + mm2 + nn2 = 0

l m n
⇒ = =
m1 n2 − m2 n1 n1 l 2 − n2 l 1 l1 m2 − l2 m1
70 Straight Line

m1 n 2 − m 2 n 1 n1 l 2 − n2 l 1
⇒l=  , m= 
2
(m1 n2 − m2 n1 ) (m1 n2 − m2 n1 )2
l1 m2 − l2 m1
and n =  . (2.77)
(m1 n2 − m2 n1 )2

Let the coordinates of A and C are (x1 , y1 , z1 ) and (x2 , y2 , z2 ) respec-

tively then

LK = Length of the shortest distance

= Projection of AC on P Q
= (x2 − x1 ) l + (y2 − y1 ) m + (z2 − z1 ) n
 
 x2 − x1 y2 − y 1 z2 − z1 

 l1 m1 n1 

 l2 m2 n2 
= 
(m1 n2 − m2 n1 )2

To find the equation of the line of shortest distance, we observe that it is

coplanar with both the given lines.
∴ The equation of the plane containing LK and AB will be
 
 x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 

 l1 m1 n1  = 0, (2.78)

 l m n 

and that of the plane containing the coplanar lines LK and AB will be
 
 x − x2 y − y2 z − z2 

 l2 m2 n2  = 0. (2.79)

 l m n 

Since LK is the line of intersection of the planes (2.78) and (2.79), so the
equation of the line of shortest distance will be
   
 x − x1 y − y1 z − z1   x − x2 y − y2 z − z2 
 
 l1 m1 n1  = 0 =  l2 m2 n2 

 l m n   l m n 

where l, m, n are given by (2.77).

 2.9 Skew Lines and the Shortest Distance between Two Lines 71

Corollary:
If the lines (2.75) and (2.76) are coplanar, then the length of the shortest
distance is zero.
∴ The condition (2.77) becomes
 
 x 2 − x 1 y 2 − y 1 z 2 − z1 
 
 l1 m1 n1  = 0.

 l2 m2 n2 

Alternative Method:
We now find the length of shortest distance and the equation of shortest
distance in another way which is very useful to solve numerical problems.
Let the equations of two skew lines AB and CD be

x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= = = (k1 ) (2.80)
l1 m1 n1
and
x − x2 y − y2 z − z2
= = = (k2 ) (2.81)
l2 m2 n2
Let LK be the line of shortest distance. Now the coordinates
of L and K may be taken as (x1 + l1 k1 , y1 + m1 k1 , z1 + n1 k1 ), and
(x2 + l2 k2 , y2 + m2 k2 , z2 + n2 k2 ) respectively.
∴ The direction ratios of LK will be (x2 + l2 k2 − x1 − l1 k1 ,
y2 + m2 k2 − y1 − m1 k1 , z2 + m2 k2 − z1 − m1 k1 ).
Now since LK is perpendicular to both (2.80) and (2.81), we get
l1 (x2 + l2 k2 − x1 − l1 k1 ) + m1 (y2 + m2 k2 − y1 − m1 k1 ) +
(2.82)
n1 (z2 + m2 k2 − z1 − m1 k1 ) = 0
72 Straight Line

and
l2 (x2 + l2 k2 − x1 − l1 k1 ) + m2 (y2 + m2 k2 − y1 − m1 k1 ) +
(2.83)
n2 (z2 + m2 k2 − z1 − m1 k1 ) = 0.
Solving (2.82) and (2.83), we get the values of k1 and k2 .
Substituting k1 and k2 we get coordinates of L and K. Let coordinates of
L and K be (α1 , β1 , γ1 ) and (α2 , β2 , γ2 ) respectively then
LK = Length of the shortest distance

= (α2 − α1 )2 + (β2 − β1 )2 + (γ2 − γ1 )2 .

∴ The equation of the line of shortest distance will be
x − α1 y − β1 z − γ1
= = .
α2 − α1 β2 − β1 γ2 − γ1

2.10 Equation of Two Skew Lines in Symmetric Form

The equation of two skew lines can be written in the form y = mx, z = c,
and y = −mx, z = −c by a special choice of axes; where 2c is the length of
the shortest distance between two lines.
Let AB and CD be two skew lines and LK be their line of shortest
distance and also let the length of shortest distance be 2c.
The Special choice of axes:
Let us consider the middle point LK as the origin O and this line of shortest
distance as z - axis.

Through O let us draw two lines A1 OB 1 and C 1 OD1 is perpendicular to

LK. In this plane, let us take the internal and external bisectors of the angle
B 1 OD1 as x − axis and y − axis respectively.
 2.10 Equation of Two Skew Lines in Symmetric Form 73

Let ∠B 1 OD1 = 2α.

∴ {OX, OY, OZ} is a new set of rectangular axes by special choice.
Now the line OB 1 or AB makes angles α, π2 − α, π2 with the coordinate
axes OX, OY and OZ respectively.
Similarly, OD1 or CD makes angles −α, π2 + α, π2 with respective axes.
∴
 The direction
 cosines
 of AB
 and CD will be   
cosα, cos π2 − α , cos π2 and cos (−α) , cos π2 + α , cos π2
i.e., (cos α , sin α , 0) and (cos α , −sin α , 0) respectively.
Now OL = OK = c (∵ LK = 2c) and since LK is taken as z − axis,
so the coordinates of the point L and K will be (0, 0, c) and (0, 0, −c)
respectively.
Since the line AB is a straight line passing through (0, 0, c) and having
direction cosines (cos α , sin α , 0), so its equation will be
x−0 y−0 z−c
= = (2.84)
cos α sin α 0
and similarly, the equation of the other line will be
x−0 y−0 z+c
= = . (2.85)
cos α −sin α 0
The Equations (2.84) and (2.85) can also be written as

y = xtan α , z = c (2.86)

and
y = −xtan α , z = −c. (2.87)
Let us assume m = tan α, so Equations (2.86) and (2.87) becomes

y = mx, z = c (2.88)

and
y = −mx, z = −c. (2.89)
Equations (2.88) and (2.89) can also be expressed in compact form as

y = ±mx, z = ±c.

Remark:
In parametric form, any point on (2.86) and (2.87) can be written as
(k, tan α , c) and (k1 , −k1 tan α , −c).
74 Straight Line

Alternative Methods:
We can also determine the length and equations of the shortest distance
between two given lines by the following methods:
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= =
l1 m1 n1
x − x2 y − y2 z − z2
= = .
l2 m2 n2

I) Method of Intersection:
The general coordinates of points on the two lines are

P (x1 + l1 k, y1 + m1 k, z1 + n1 k), and Q(x2 + l2 k1 , y2 + m2 k1 , z2 + n2 k1 )

(2.90)
The direction ratios of P Q are x1 −x2 +l1 k−l2 k1 , y1 −y2 +m1 k−m2 k1 , z1 +
n1 k − n2 k 1 .
Since P Q is perpendicular to AB and CD both, we get two equations
which may be solved for k, k1 . Substituting the values of k and k1 in equation
(2.90) we get the coordinates of the points P and Q.
We can find the shortest distance by distance formula.
i.e., The length of the shortest distance = P Q
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= = .
x2 − x1 y 2 − y1 z 2 − z1

II) Method of parallel plane:

The length of the shortest distance can be obtained by using the fact that it
is equal to the perpendicular from any point on the first line upon the plane
drown through the second line parallel to the first.
Remark:

1) If only the shortest distance and its equations are required and the two
given lines are in the symmetrical form then the method of projection
should be used.

2) If points of intersection of the line of shortest distance with the given

lines are also required, then the method of intersection should be used.
 2.10 Equation of Two Skew Lines in Symmetric Form 75

3) If one or both the lines are given in the general form and only the length
of the shortest distance is required then the method of the parallel plane
should be preferred.

26) Find the length and the equation of the shortest distance between the lines
x−3 y+15 z−9 x+1 y−1 z−9
2 = −7 = 5 ; 2 = 1 = −3 .
Sol. The given lines are
x−3 y + 15 z−9
= = , (2.91)
2 −7 5

and
x+1 y−1 z−9
= = . (2.92)
2 1 −3
Let A (3, −15, 9) , and C (−1, 1, 9) be the points on the line (2.91) and (2.92)
Let l, m, n be the direction cosines of the shortest distance, then since the
shortest distance is perpendicular to both the lines (2.91) and (2.92), we get

2l − 7m + 5n = 02l + m − 3n = 0
l m n
∴ = =
21 − 5 +10 + 6 16
l m n
∴ = =
16 16 16
∴ l = m = n.
∴ The direction ratios of the shortest distance are 1, 1, 1.
76 Straight Line

∴ The direction cosines of P Q are √13 , √13 , √13 .

∴ The length of shortest distance = Projection of AC on the line P Q √of
shortest distance = √13 (−1 − 3)+ √13 (1 + 15)+ √113 (9 − 9) = √ 12
3
= 4 3.
The line of shortest distance is the line of intersection of the planes
through (2.91) and the shortest distance and the plane through (2.92) and
the shortest distance.
∴ Equation of the plane through (2.91) and the shortest distance is
 
 x − 3 y + 15 z − 9 
 
 2 −7 5  = 0.

 1 1 1 
∴ (x − 3) (−7 − 5) − (y + 15) (2 − 5) + (z − 9) (2 + 7) = 0
∴ −12x + 36 + 3y + 45 + 9z − 81 = 0
∴ −12x + 3y − 9z = 0
∴ 4x − y − 3z = 0, (2.93)
and the equation of the plane through (2.92) and the shortest distance is
 
 x+1 y−1 z−9 
 
 2 1 − 3  = 0

 1 1 1 
∴ (x + 1) (1 + 3) − (y − 1) (2 + 3) + (z − 9) (2 − 1) = 0
∴ 4x + 4 − 5y + 5 + z − 9 = 0
∴ 4x − 5y + z = 0. (2.94)
Thus from (2.93) and (2.94), the equations of the shortest distance are
4x − y − 3z = 0, 4x − 5y + z = 0.

27) Find the length and equations of the line of the shortest distance between
y−6 y
the lines x+3 z x+2
−4 = 3 = 2 ; −4 = 1 = 1 .
z−7

Sol. The given lines are

x+3 y−6 z
= = (2.95)
−4 3 2
and
x+2 y z−7
= = . (2.96)
−4 1 1
 2.10 Equation of Two Skew Lines in Symmetric Form 77

Let A (−3, 6, 0) and C (−2, 0, 7) be the points on the line (2.95) and (2.96).
Let l, m, n be the direction cosines of the shortest distance; then since the
shortest distance is perpendicular to both the lines (2.95) and (2.96), we get

−4l + 3m + 2n = 0

−4l + m + n = 0
l m n
∴ = =
3−2 −8 + 4 −4 + 2
l m n
∴ = = .
1 −4 8
∴ The direction ratios of the shortest distance
 1 −4are 1, −4, 8.
8
∴ The direction cosine’s of P Q are 9 , 9 , 9 .
∴ The length of shortest distance = 19 (−2 + 3) − 49 (0 − 6) + 89 (7 − 0)
1 24 56 81
= + + = = 9.
9 9 9 9
The line of shortest distance is the line of intersection of the planes through
(2.95) and shortest distance and the plane through (2.96) and the shortest
distance.
∴ Equation of the plane through (2.95) and the shortest distance is
 
 x−3 y−6 z 
 
 −4 3 2  = 0.

 1 −4 8 

∴ (x + 3 (24 + 8 ) − (y − 6) (−32 − 2) + z (16 − 3) = 0

∴ 32x + 34y + 13z − 108 = 0 (2.97)
and the equation of the plane through (2.96) and the shortest distance is
 
 x+2 y z−7 
 
 −4 1 1  = 0.

 1 −4 8 

(x + 2) (8 + 4) − y (−32 − 1) + (z − 7) (16 − 1) = 0
∴ 12x + 33y + 15z − 81 = 0. (2.98)
Equations (2.97) and (2.98) are required equations of the line of the shortest
distance.
78 Straight Line

28) Find the magnitude and equation of the line of the shortest distance
between the lines x4 = y+1
3 = 2 and 5x − 2y − 3z + 60 = x − 3y + 2z − 3.
z−2

Sol. The given equation of lines are

x y+1 z−2
= = (2.99)
4 3 2
and 
5x − 2y − 3z + 6 = 0
. (2.100)
x − 3y + 2z − 3 = 0
The equation of a plane through the line (2.100) is given by

5x − 2y − 3z + 6 + k(x − 3y + 2z − 3) = 0

(5 + k) x + (−2 − 3k) y + (−3 + 2k) z + 6 − 3k = 0. (2.101)

If Equation (2.101) is parallel to the (2.99), then

4 (5 + k) + 3 (−2 − 3k) + 2 (−3 + 2k) = 0

20 + 4k − 6 − 9k − 6 + 4k = 0
−k + 8 = 0
∴ k = 8.
∴ Equation (2.101) becomes,

13x − 26y + 13z − 18 = 0. (2.102)

Now, the shortest distance is the distance of the point

√
(0, −1, 2) from the
13(0)−26(−1)+13(2)−18 34 17 6
plane (2.102) = √ 2 2 2
= 13√6 = 39
(13) +(−26) +(13)
∴ Equation of the plane through (2.99) and perpendicular to (2.102) is
given by  
 x y+1 z−2 
 
 4 3 2  = 0

 13 − 26 1 
 
 x y+1 z−2 
 
⇒ 13  4 3 2  = 0
 1 −2 1 
∴ 7x − 2y − 11z + 20 = 0. (2.103)
 2.10 Equation of Two Skew Lines in Symmetric Form 79

If the Equation (2.101) is perpendicular to (2.102) then we get

13 (5 + k) + 26 (2 + k) + 13 (−3 + 2k) = 0,
−2
∴k= .
3
∴ Equation (2.101) becomes,

13x − 13z + 24 = 0. (2.104)

Planes (2.103) and (2.104) give the equation of shortest distance.

28) Find the shortest distance between the axis of z and the line ax + by +
cz + d = 0 and a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d1 = 0.
Sol. The given equations of the line are

ax + by + cz + d = 0 and a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d1 = 0. (2.105)

Let the equation of a plane through the given lines be

 
ax + by + cz + d + k a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d1 = 0

i.e.,
     
a + ka1 x + b + kb1 y + c + kc1 z + d + kd1 = 0. (2.106)

If this line is parallel to z-axis then

     
a + ka1 (0) + b + kb1 (0) + c + kc1 (1) = 0
−c
∴k= .
c1
Substituting the value of k in Equation (2.106), we get the equation of
 the
1 1
plane  through a given line and parallel to z-axis as ac − ca x +
passing
bc1 − cb1 y + dc1 − cd1 = 0.
The shortest distance = the distance of this plane from the point (0, 0, 1)

dc1 − cd1
= .
(ac1 − ca1 )2 + (bc1 − b1 c)2
80 Straight Line

2.11 Intersection of Three Planes

Let the three planes be given by

a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d1 = 0, (2.107)

a2 x + b2 y + c2 z + d2 = 0, (2.108)
a3 x + b3 y + c3 z + d3 = 0. (2.109)
There are three cases in respect to the intersection of planes:

1) The three planes intersect in a common point (Fig (i))

2) The three planes have a line in a common (Fig (ii))

3) The three planes form a triangular prism (Fig (iii))

Three planes are said to form a triangular prism if the three lines of
intersection of the three planes, taken in pairs, are distinct and parallel.
To find the line of intersection of (2.107) and (2.108) in the symmetrical
form
a1 x + b1 y + c1 z = 0; a2 x + b2 y + c2 z = 0
x y z
∴ = =
b1 c 2 − b2 c 1 c1 a2 − a1 c2 a 1 b2 − a 2 b1
∴ The direction ratios of the line of intersection of (2.107) and (2.108) are
b1 c 2 − b2 c 1 , c 1 a 2 − a 1 c 2 , a 1 b2 − a 2 b1 .
Substituting z = 0 in (2.107) and (2.108), we get

a 1 x + b1 y + d 1 = 0

a 2 x + b2 y + d 2 = 0
 2.11 Intersection of Three Planes 81

x y 1
∴ = =
b1 d 2 − b2 d 1 a 2 d1 − a1 d2 a 1 b2 − a 2 b1
b 1 d 2 − b2 d 1 a2 d1 − a 1 d2
∴x= ,y = , z = 0.
a 1 b2 − a 2 b1 a 1 b2 − a 2 b1
∴ One point on the line of intersection of (2.107) and (2.108) is
 
b1 d 2 − b 2 d 1 a 2 d 1 − a 1 d 2
, ,0 .
a 1 b2 − a 2 b1 a 1 b2 − a 2 b1
∴ The equations of the line of intersection of (2.107) and (2.108) in the
symmetrical form are
b1 d2 −b2 d1 a2 d1 −a1 d2
x− a1 b2 −b1 a2 y− a1 b2 −a2 b1 z−0
= = (2.110)
b 1 c 2 − b2 c 1 c1 a2 − a1 c2 a 1 b 2 − a 2 b1

(i) Condition for the three planes to meet at a point:

The three planes (2.107), (2.108), and (2.109) will intersect in a point if the
line of intersection of (2.107) and (2.108).
i.e., the line (2.110) cuts the plane (2.109) at a point, and for this (2.110)
should not be parallel to the plane (2.109).
i.e., al + bm + cn = 0
i.e., a3 (b1 c2 − b2 c1 ) + b3 (a2 c1 − a1 c2 ) + c3 (a1 b2 − a2 b1 ) = 0
 
 a 1 b1 c 1 
 
⇒ 4 =  a2 b2 c2  = 0.
 a 3 b3 c 3 

Solving the Equations (2.107), (2.108), and (2.109) by determinants, we get

x y z −1
 = = = 
 b1 c 1 d 1   a1 c 1 d1   a 1 b1 d 1   a 1 b1 c 1 
       
 b2 c 2 d 2   a2 c 2 d2   a 2 b2 d 2   a 2 b2 c 2 
       
 b3 c 3 d 3   a3 c 3 d3   a 3 b3 d 3   a 3 b3 c 3 

x −y z −1
=∴ = =
1 2 3 4
−1 2 −3
∴x= ,y = , and z = .
4 2 4
If the planes intersect at a point, the coordinates of their point of
intersection are finite.
82 Straight Line

∴ The 4 = 0 which is the required condition.

(ii) Condition for the three planes to form a triangular plane:
If the planes (2.107), (2.108), and (2.109) form a triangular prism, then the
line of intersection of (2.107) and (2.108)
i.e., the line (2.110) should be parallel to the plane (2.109);

(a) al + bm + cn = 0 and

(b) one point on the line (2.110) should not lie in the plane (2.109).

Now (a) al + bm + cn = 0 if

a3 (b1 c2 − c1 b2 ) + b3 (c1 a2 − a1 c2 ) + c3 (a1 b2 − b1 a2 ) = 0

 
 a 1 b1 c 1 
 
i.e., =  a2 b2 c2  = 0
 a 3 b3 c 3 
 
and (b) one point ab11db22 −d 1 b2 a2 d1 −d2 a1
,
−a2 b1 a1 b2 −b1 a2 , 0 on the line (2.110) will not lie on
the plane (2.109) if
   
b1 d 2 − d 1 b 2 a 2 d1 − d2 a 1
a3 + b3 + c3 (0) + d3 = 0
a 1 b2 − a 2 b1 a 1 b2 − b1 a 2

i.e., a3 (b1 d2 − d1 b2 ) + b3 (a2d1 − d2 a1 ) + d3 (a1 b2 − a2 b1 ) = 0

 a 1 b1 d 1 
 
i.e., if 4 =  a2 b2 d2  = 0.
 a 3 b3 d 3 
 
(ii) Let the point ab11db22 −d 1 b2 a2 d1 −d2 a1
,
−a2 b1 a1 b2 −b1 a2 , 0 on the line (2.110) lies on the
plane (2.109) if
   
b1 d 2 − d 1 b 2 d1 a2 − a1 d2
a3 + b3 + c1 (0) + d1 = 0
a 1 b2 − a 2 b1 a 1 b 2 − a 2 b1

∴ a3 (b1 d2 − d1 b2 ) + b3 (d1 a2 − a1 d2 ) + d1 (a1 b2 − a2 b1 ) = 0

 
 a 1 b1 d 1 
 
∴ 3 =  a2 b2 d2  = 0.
 a 3 b3 d 3 
Hence the required conditions are 4 = 0 and 1 = 2 = 3 = 0.
 2.11 Intersection of Three Planes 83

The Working rule for finding the nature of the intersection of the three
planes:
Let the three planes be

a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d1 = 0,

a2 x + b2 y + c2 z + d2 = 0,
a3 x + b3 y + c3 z + d3 = 0.

Step I: Write down the coefficients in the equations to get the rectangular
array  
 a1 b1 c1 d1 

=  a2 b2 c2 d2  .
 a3 b3 c 3 d 3 

Step II: Omit the fourth column to get the determinant

 
 a 1 b1 c 1 
 
4 =  a2 b2 c2  .
 a 3 b3 c 3 

Now if 4 = 0, the planes intersect in a point.

Step III: But if 4 = 0, then omit the third column in  to get
 
 a 1 b1 d 1 
 
3 =  a2 b2 d2  .
 a 3 b3 d 3 

If 3 = 0, the planes form a triangular prism.

If 3 = 0, the planes intersect in a line.
30) Examine the nature of the intersection of the following sets of planes:
1) 2x + 3y − z − 2 = 0, 3x + 3y + z − 4 = 0, x − y + 2z − 5 = 0
2) 4x − 5y − 2z − 2 = 0, 5x − 4y + 2z + 2 = 0, 2x + 2y + 8z − 1 = 0
3) 5x + 3y + 7z − 4 = 0, 3x + 26y + 2z − 9 = 0, 7x + 2y + 10z − 5 = 0

Sol. 1) The given equations of planes are

2x + 3y − z − 2 = 0
84 Straight Line

3x + 3y + z − 4 = 0
x − y + 2z − 5 = 0
 
 2 3 −1 
 
∴ 4 =  3 3 1  = 2 (3 + 1) − 3 (6 − 1) − 1 (−3 − 3) = −1 = 0

 1−1 2 
∴ The given three planes intersect at a point.
2) The given equation of planes are

4x − 5y − 2z − 2 = 0

5x − 4y + 2z + 2 = 0
2x + 2y + 8z − 1 = 0
 
 4 −5 −2 
 
∴ 4 =  5 − 4 2  = 4 (−32 − 4) + 5 (40 − 4) − 2 (10 + 8)
 2 2 8 
= −144 + 180 − 36 = 0
 
 4 −5 −2 
 
3 =  5 − 4 2  = 4 (4 − 4) + 5 (−5 − 4) − 2 (10 + 8) = 0
 2 2 8 
Since 4 = 0 and 3 = 0
∴ The three planes form a triangular prism.
1) The given equations of the planes are

5x + 3y + 7z − 4 = 0

3x + 26y + 2z − 9 = 0
7x + 2y + 10z − 5 = 0
 
 5 3 7 
 
∴ 4 =  3 26 2  = 5 (260 − 4) − 3 (30 − 14) + 7 (6 − 182) = 0

 7 2 10 
 
 5 3 −4 
 
3 =  3 26 − 9  = 5 (−130 + 18) − 3 (−15 + 63) − 4 (6 − 182)

 7 2 −5 
=0
 2.11 Intersection of Three Planes 85

Since 4 = 0 and 3 = 0
∴ The three planes intersect in a line.
31) Show that the planes ax+hy +gz = 0, hx+by +f  z = 0, gz +f y +cz =
 a h g 
 
0 have a common line of the intersection if =  h b f  = 0 and the
 gf c 
l2 2 n2
direction ratios of the line satisfy the equations ∂ = m∂ = ∂ .
∂a ∂b ∂c

Sol. Let given equations of plane be

ax + hy + gz = 0, (2.111)

hx + by + f z = 0, (2.112)
gx + f y + cz = 0. (2.113)
Let l, m, n be the direction cosines of the line of intersection of the planes
(2.111) and (2.112) then al + hm + gn = 0 and hl + bm + f n = 0.
l m n
⇒ = = . (2.114)
hf − bg gl − af ab − h2
But the three planes pass through a common point (0, 0, 0).
∴ The line of intersection of planes (2.111) and (2.112)
 will be in the
plane (2.113) if g (hf − bg) + f (gh − af ) + c ab − h2 = 0

∴ abc + 2f gh − af 2 − bg 2 − ch2 = 0
 
 a h g 
 
=  h b f  = 0.
 gf c 
From equation (2.111), we get

l2 m2 n2
= = (2.115)
(hf − bg)2 (gh − af )2 (ab − h2 )2

(hf − bg)2 = h2 f 2 + b2 g 2 − 2hf bg

 
= h2 f 2 + b2 g 2 − b af 2 + bg 2 + ch2 − abc
  
= ab − h2 bc − f 2
(From (2.114))
86 Straight Line
  
Similarly, (gh − af ) = ab − h2 ca − g 2
Substituting these values in (2.115), we get
l2 m2 n2
= =
(ab − h2 ) (bc − f 2) (ab − h2 ) (ca − g2) (ab − h2 )2
l2 m2 n2
∴ = =
bc − f 2 ca − g 2 ab − h2
l2 m2 n2
∴ ∂
= ∂
= ∂
∂a ∂b ∂c
where = abc + 2f gh − af 2 − bg 2 − ch2
∴ ∂ 2 ∂ 2 2
∂a = bc − f , ∂b = ac − g , and ∂c = ab − h .
∂

32) Prove that the planes x = cy + bz, y = az + cx and z = bx + ay pass

through one line if a2 + b2 + c2 + 2abc = 1. Show that the equations of this
x y z
line are √1−a 2
= √1−b 2
= √1−c 2
.
Sol. The three given planes can be written as
x − cy − bz = 0, (2.116)
cx − y + az = 0, (2.117)
bx + ay − z = 0. (2.118)
Solving (2.116) and (2.117) we get a line of intersection of the plane (2.116)
and (2.117),
x y z
= =
−ac − b −bc − a −1 + c2
i.e.,
x y z
= = (2.119)
ac + b bc + a 1 − c2
The three planes will intersect in a line if the line of intersection of (2.116)
and (2.117).
i.e., the line (2.119) lies in the plane (2.118).
The point (0, 0, 0) on (2.119) satisfies (2.118).
∴ The line (2.119) will lie in the plane
 (2.118)
 if al + bm + cn = 0
i.e., if b (ac + b) + a (bc + a) − 1 1 − c2 = 0

∴ a2 + b2 + c2 + 2abc = 1 (2.120)
which is the required condition.
 2.11 Intersection of Three Planes 87

Now to find the line of intersection (2.119) in the given form:

√ √
ac + b = (ac + b)2 = a2 c2 + b2 + 2abc = a2 c2 + 1 − a2 − c2
(From (2.120))
∴ ac + b = (1 − a2 ) (1 − c2 )
Similarly, bc + a = (1 − b2 ) (1 − c2 )
Substituting these values in (2.119), the required line of intersection is
√ x
=√ y z
= 1−c 2
(1−a2 )(1−c2 ) (1−b2 )(1−c2 )
y
∴ √1−ax
2
= √
1−b2
z
= √1−c2 .

Exercise:
1) Find the equations of the straight line joining the points (−2, 1, 3) and
(3, 1, −2) .
x+2 y−1 z−3
Answer: 1 = 0 = −1

2) Find the equations of a straight line through the point (3, 1, −6) and
parallel to each of the planes x+y +2z −4 = 0 and 2x−3y +z +5 = 0.
x−3 y−1 z+6
Answer: 7 = 3 = −5

3) Find the equations of the plane through (3, 1, −1) perpendicular to the
line of the planes 3x + 4y + 7z + 4 = 0 and x − y + 2z − 3 = 0.
Answer: 15x + y − 7z − 53 = 0
4) Find the equations of the line through the point (1, 1, 1) and perpendic-
ular to the line x − 2y + z = 2, 4x + 3y − z + 1 = 0.
Answer: x − 5y − 11z + 15 = 0
5) Find the symmetrical form of the line 3x + 2y − z − 5 = 0 = x + y −
2z − 3.
x+1 y−4 z
Answer: −5 = 7 = 1
x y z x y
6) Find the angle between the lines 1 = 0 = −1 and 3 = 4 = z5 .
1
Answer: θ = cos−1 5

7) Find the angle between the lines in which the planes 3x − 7y − 5z =

1, 5x − 13y + 3z + 2 = 0 cut the plane 8x − 11y + z = 0.
Answer: 90◦
88 Straight Line

x−1 y−2 z+3

8) Find the point where the line 2 = −3 = 4 meets the plane 2x +
4y − z + 1 = 0.
 10 
Answer: 3 , −3 5
2 ,3

9) Show that the equation of the plane which passes through the line x−1
3 =
y+6 y−1
4 = z+1
2 and is parallel to the line x−2
2 = −3 = z+4
5 , is 26x − 11y −
17x − 109 = 0.
10) Find the distance of the point (−1, −5, −10) from the point of
intersection of the line x−2
3 = y+1 4 = z−212 and the plane
x − y + z = 5.
Answer: 13
y+5 y+1
11) Show that the lines x+3 z−7 x+1
2 = 3 = −3 , 4 = 5 =
z+1
−1 are coplanar
and find the equation of the plane containing them.
Answer: 6x − 5y − z = 0
y+1
12) Prove that the lines x−1
2= =−3
z+10
= y+3
x−4
8 ;; 1
z+1
−4 = 7 intersect.
Find also their point of intersection and the plane through them.
Answer: (5, −7, 6) ; ; 11x − 6y − 5z = 67
y−3
13) Show that the plane containing the two parallel lines x − 4 = −4 =
y+2
5 ; ; x − 3 = −4 = 5 is 11x − y − 3z = 35.
z−2 z

y−4
14) Prove that the line x−3
2 = 3 = z−5
4 lies in the plane 4x + 4y − 5z
−3 = 0.
15) Find the equation of the plane which passes through the point (1, 2, −1)
y−1
and which contains the line x+1
2 = 3 = −1 .
z+2

Answer: x − y − z = 0
16) Find the length and the equations of the shortest distance between 5x −
y − z = 0 = x − 2y + z + 3; ; 7x − 4y − 2z = 0 = x − y + z − 3.
Answer: √13 ; ; 17x + 20y − 19z − 39 = 0 = 8x + 5y − 31z + 67
75

17) Examine the nature of the intersection of the following sets of planes:
(i) 4x + 3y + 2z + 7 = 0, 2x + y − 4z + 1 = 0, x − 7z − 7 = 0
(ii) x + y + z + 3 = 0, 3x + y − 2z + 2 = 0, 2x + 4y + 7z − 7 = 0
Answer: (i) Line (ii) Prism
 3
Sphere

3.1 Definition
The sphere is a locus of a point that moves so that its distance from a fixed
point always remains constant.
The fixed point is called the center of the sphere and the constant distance
is called the radius of the sphere.

3.2 Equation of Sphere in Vector Form

Consider a sphere S with center C and radius ‘a’. Let P be any point on the
sphere. Let →
−c and → −
r be the position vectors of C and P respectively with
respect to O; the origin of reference.

−−→ −−→ −−→

∴ CP = OP − OC
−−→ − →
∴ CP = →
r − −c
−−→
 
But radius CP = CP  = a.

∴ |→
−
r −→
−c | = a (3.1)

89
90 Sphere

∴ |→
−
r −→ −c | 2 = a2

∴ (→
−
r −→−c ) . (→
−r −→ −c ) = a2

∴→
−
r .→
−
r −→ − r .→
−c − → −c .→
−
r +→ −c .→
−c = a2

∴ |→
−
r | − 2→ −r .→
−c + |→−c |2 = a2
2

∴ |→
−r | − 2→ −r .→
−c + d = 0
2

∴ |→
−
r | − 2→
−
r .→
−c + |→
−c |2 = a2
2
(3.2)
where d = |→−c |2 − a2
is the equation of sphere in vector form.
Case 1): If O lies on the sphere, then OC = OP ;
i.e., c = a ⇒ d = 0
∴ The Equation of sphere is |→
−
r | − 2→
−
r .→
−c = 0
2

Case 2): If the center C is at the origin O, then c = 0 and d = −a2 .

∴ Equation of sphere is |→− 2
r | −a2 = 0.

|→
− 2
r | = a2
|→
−r | = a.

Equation of sphere in the cartesian form:

Consider a sphere S with center C (α, β, γ) , and radius ‘a’. Let P (x, y, z)
be any point on the sphere. Let →−x and →−c be the position vector of P and C
respectively with respect to O ; the origin of reference.
→
− →
− →
−
∴→ −
r =x i +y j +zk
−c = α→
→ − →
− →
−
i + β j + γ k.
The equation in vector form is |→
−
r −→
−c | = a.
 →
− →
− − 
→

∴ (x − α) i + (y − β) j + (z − γ) k  = a
∴ (x − α)2 + (y − β)2 + (z − γ)2 = a2
which is the equation of sphere S in cartesian form with center C (α, β, γ),
and radius ‘a’.
Remark:
When center C is origin i.e., α = β = γ = 0 then the equation of the sphere
is x2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2 .
 3.4 Equation of Sphere Whose End-Points of a Diameter are Given 91

3.3 General Equation of the Sphere

The general equation of the sphere is

x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0 (3.3)

∴ x2 + 2ux + u2 + y 2 + 2vy + v 2 + z 2 + 2wz + w2 + d = u2 + v 2 + w2

∴ (x + u)2 + (y + v)2 + (z + w)2 = u2 + v 2 + w2 − d
∴ (x + u)2 + (y + v)2 + (z + w)2 = a2
where a2 = u2 + v 2 + w2 − d
which is the equation of sphere with the center (−u, −v, −w) and radius

a= u2 + v 2 + w2 − d.

Remark:

1) Characteristics of the equation of the sphere:

1.1 The equation of sphere is a second-degree equation in x, y, and z.
1.2 Coefficients of x2 , y 2 , and z 2 are the same.
1.3 The products terms xy, yz, and zx are absent.

2) Equation of the sphere with the center origin and radius a is

x2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2 .

3) Make the coefficients of x2 , y 2 , and z 2 one if they are not before finding
the center and radius of the sphere.

3.4 Equation of Sphere Whose End-Points of a Diameter

are Given
−−→
Let O be the origin of the vector. Let AB be a diameter of a sphere S with
→
−
center C. Let →−a and b be position vectors of points A and Brespectively.
Let P be any point on the sphere with position vector →
−
r . ∠AP B is an angle
inscribed in a semi-circle.
92 Sphere

∴ ∠AP B is the right angle.

−→ −−→
∴ The vectors AP andBP are perpendicular.
−→ −−→ −→ − →
∴ AP = OP − OA = →
r −−a
−−→ −−→ −−→ → − →
−
BP = OP − OB = r − b

∴ By condition of perpendicularity;
−→ −−→
AP .BP
 = 0→
− (3.4)
∴ ( r − a ). →
→
− →
− −
r − b =0

which is the equation of a sphere whose end-points of a diameter are given.

Let P (x, y, z) ; A (x1 , y1 , z1 ) ; B (x2 , y2 , z2 ) be coordinates of points
then →
−
→
− →
− →
−
r =x i +y j +zk
→
− →
− →
− →
−
a = x1 i + y1 j + z1 k
→
− →
− →
− →
−
b = x2 i + y2 j + z2 k.
∴ Equation (3.4) becomes;
 →
− →
− −
→
(x − x1 ) i + (y − y1 ) j + (z − z1 ) k ·
 →
− →
− −
→
(x − x2 ) i + (y − y2 ) j + (z − z2 ) k = 0
∴ (x − x1 ) (x − x2 ) + (y − y1 ) (y − y2 ) + (z − z1 ) (z − z2 ) = 0

is the Cartesian equation of sphere with diameter AB.

 3.5 Equation of a Sphere Passing through the Four Points 93

3.5 Equation of a Sphere Passing through the Four Points

Let (x1, y1 , z1 ) , (x2 , y2 , z2 ) , (x3 , y3 , z3 ) and (x4 , y4 , z4 ) be the four non-
coplanar points. Let the required equation of a sphere be

x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0. (3.5)

It passes through (x1, y1 , z1 ) , (x2 , y2 , z2 ) , (x3 , y3 , z3 ) and (x4 , y4 , z4 )

so we get
x21 + y12 + z12 + 2ux1 + 2vy1 + 2wz1 + d = 0, (3.6)
x22 + y22 + z22 + 2ux2 + 2vy2 + 2wz2 + d = 0, (3.7)
x23 + y32 + z32 + 2ux3 + 2vy3 + 2wz3 + d = 0, (3.8)
x24 + y42 + z42 + 2ux4 + 2vy4 + 2wz4 + d = 0. (3.9)
By solving Equations (3.6), (3.7), (3.8), and (3.9) we get the value of
u, v, w, and d and we substitute u, v, w and d in equation (3.5) which is
the required equation of the sphere passing through four points.
1) Find the equation of the sphere whose center is (−1, 2, 3) , and radius 3.
Sol. Let P (x, y, z) be any point on the sphere whose center is C (−1, 2, 3)
and radius r is 3.
∴ CP = 3
∴ CP 2 = 9
∴ (x + 1)2 + (y − 2)2 + (z − 3)2 = 9
x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2x − 4y − 6z + 5 = 0.

2) Find the equation of the sphere whose center is ( 12 , −1, −1

2 ) and radius 1.
94 Sphere

Sol. Let P (x, y, z) be any point on the sphere whose center is ( 12 , −1, −1
2 )
and radius r is 1.
∴ CP = 1
∴ CP 2 = 1
 
1 2
 2
x− 2 + (y + 1)2 + z + 12 = 1
1 1
x2 −x+ 4 + y 2 + 2y + 1 + z 2 + z + 4 =1
1
x2 + y 2 + z 2 − x + 2y + z + 2 =0
∴ 2x2 + 2y 2 + 2z 2 − 2x + 4y + 2z + 1 = 0.

3) Find the center and radius of the following spheres:

(i) x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2x − 4y − 6z + 5 = 0
Comparing with general equations of the sphere
x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0
∴ 2u = 2; 2v = −4; 2w = −6; d = 5
∴ u = 1; v = −2; w = −3; d = 5

∴ Center C is (−u, −v, −w) = (−1, 2, 3)

√
Radius r = u2 + v 2 + w2 − d = (1)2 + (−2)2 + (−3)2 − 5 = 3.
(ii) 2x2 + 2y 2 + 2z 2 + 4x − 2y − 2z = 5
Comparing with general equations of the sphere
x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0
5
x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2x − y − z − 2 =0
−5
∴ 2u = 2; 2v = −1; 2w = −1; d = 2
∴ u = 1; v = −1
2 ; w =
−1
2 ; d= −5
2
 
∴ Center C is (−u, −v, −w) = −1, 12 , 12 .

1 1 5
r= u2 + v 2 + w 2 − d = 1+ + + = 2.
4 4 2

4) Obtain the equation of the sphere whose endpoints of the diameter are
A (2, −3, 4) and B (−5, 6, −7).
Sol. Suppose P (x, y, z) be any point on the sphere.
 3.5 Equation of a Sphere Passing through the Four Points 95

P A and P B are perpendiculars.

∴ By condition of perpendicularity; the equation of a sphere whose
diameter end-points are given is

(x − 2) (x + 5) + (y + 3) (y − 6) + (z − 4) (z + 7) = 0
∴ x2 + 3x − 10 + y 2 − 3y − 18 + z 2 + 3z − 28 = 0
∴ x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 3x − 3y + 3z − 56 = 0.

5) Find the equation of the sphere through the points (0,0,0); (1,0,0); (0,2,0)
and (0,0,3) and also find center.
Sol. Suppose the sphere and radius of the sphere passing through the given
points is
x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0. (3.10)
It passes through (0, 0, 0)

∴0+0+0+0+0+0+d=0
∴ d = 0.

It passes through (1, 0, 0)

∴ 1 + 0 + 0 + 2u + 0 + 0 + d = 0
∴ 2u = 1 ⇒ u = −1 2 .

It passes through (0, 2, 0)

∴ 0 + 4 + 0 + 0 + 4v + 0 + d = 0
∴ 4v + 4 = 0 ⇒ v = −1.
96 Sphere

It passes through (0, 0, 3)

∴ 0 + 0 + 9 + 0 + 0 + 6w + d = 0
∴ 6w = −9 ⇒ w = −3 2 .

Substituting the values of u, v, w, and d in (3.10), we get

x2 + y 2 + z 2 − x − 2y − 3z = 0
 
Center C (−u, −v, −w) = 12 , 1, 32
√
and radius r = u2 + v 2 + w2 − d = 14 + 1 + 94 = 14
4 = 7
2 .
6) Find the equation of the sphere through the points (0, 0, 0) ; (−a, b, c) ;
(a, −b, c) ; (a, b, −c) .
Sol. Suppose the sphere passing through the given points is

x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0. (3.11)

It passes through (0, 0, 0)

∴0+0+0+0+0+0+d=0
∴ d = 0.

It passes through (−a, b, c)

∴ a2 + b2 + c2 − 2ua + 2vb + 2wc = 0

 
∴ −2ua + 2vb + 2wc = − a2 + b2 + c2 . (3.12)
It passes through (a, −b, c)

∴ a2 + b2 + c2 + 2au − 2bv + 2cw = 0

 
∴ 2au − 2bv + 2cw = − a2 + b2 + c2 . (3.13)
It passes through (a, b, −c)

∴ a2 + b2 + c2 + 2au + 2bv − 2cw = 0

 
∴ 2au + 2bv − 2cw = − a2 + b2 + c2 (3.14)
Solving (3.12) and (3.13), we get
 
−2au + 2bv + 2cw = − a2 + b2 + c2
 3.5 Equation of a Sphere Passing through the Four Points 97

 
2au − 2bv + 2cw = − a2 + b2 + c2
 
∴ 4cw = −2 a2 + b2 + c2
 2 
a + b2 + c 2
∴w=− .
2c
Solving (3.13) and (3.14), we get
 
2au − 2bv + 2cw = − a2 + b2 + c2
 
2au + 2bv − 2cw = − a2 +
 
∴ 4au = −2 a2 + b2 + c2
Solving (3.12) and (3.14), we get
 
−2au + 2bv + 2cw = − a2 + b2 + c2
 
2au + 2bv − 2cw = − a2 + b2 + c2
 
∴ 4bv = −2 a2 + b2 + c2
 2 
a + b2 + c 2
∴v=− .
2b
∴ Equation (3.11) becomes,
   
2 2 2 −(a2 +b2 +c2 ) −(a2 +b2 +c2 )
x + y + z + 2x 2a + 2y 2b
 
2 2
−(a +b +c ) 2
+2z 2c =0
 2     
∴ x + y 2 + z 2 − xa a2 + b2 + c2 − yb a2 + b2 + c2
 
− zc a2 + b2 + c2 = 0
x2 +y 2 +z 2
∴ a2 +b2 +c2
− ( xa + yb + zc ) = 0.

7) Obtain the equation of the sphere circumscribing the tetrahedron whose

faces are x = 0, y = 0, z = 0; xa + yb + zc = 1.
Sol. Four faces of the tetrahedron are
x y z
x = 0; y = 0; z = 0 and + + =1
a b c
Solving three equations at a time we get points O (0, 0, 0) ; A (a, 0, 0) ;
B (0, b, 0) and C (0, 0, c) which are four vertices of a tetrahedron.
98 Sphere

Sphere passes through all four points.

The general equation of sphere is

∴ x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0. (3.15)

It passes through O (0, 0, 0)

∴0+0+0+0+0+0+d=0
∴ d = 0.

It passes through A (a, 0, 0)

∴ a2 + 0 + 0 + 2au + 0 + 0 + 0 = 0

∴ a2 + 2au = 0
−a
∴u= .
2
It passes through B (0, b, 0)

∴ 0 + b2 + 0 + 0 + 2bv + 0 + 0 = 0
∴ b2 + 2bv = 0
∴ v = −b2 .

It passes through C (0, 0, c)

∴ 0 + 0 + c2 + 0 + 0 + 2cw + 0 = 0
∴ c2 + 2cw = 0
∴ w = −c
2 .

∴ Equation (3.15) becomes;

   −b   −c 
x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2 −a
2 x+2 2 y+2 2 z =0
∴ x2 + y 2 + z 2 − ax − by − cz = 0

is the required equation of a sphere.

8) Obtain the equation of the sphere which passes through the three points
(1, 0, 0); (0, 1, 0); (0, 0, 1) and has its radius as small as possible.
Sol. Suppose the sphere passing through three points A(1, 0, 0); B(0, 1, 0);
C(0, 0, 1) is

x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0. (3.16)

 3.5 Equation of a Sphere Passing through the Four Points 99

It passes through A(1, 0, 0)

∴ 12 + 0 + 0 + 2u + 0 + 0 + d = 0
∴ 2u = −d − 1.

It passes through B(0, 1, 0)

∴ 0 + 1 + 0 + 0 + 2v + 0 + d = 0
∴ 2v = −d − 1.

It passes through C(0, 0, 1)

∴ 0 + 0 + 1 + 0 + 0 + 2w + d = 0
∴ 2w = −d − 1
√
Radius r = u2 + v 2 + w 2 − d
 −d−1 2  −d−1 2  2
= 2 + 2 + −d−1
2 −d
3(d2 +2d+1)−4d
= 4
3(d2 +2d+1)−4d
∴r= 4
2
∴r = 3d +2d+34 .

∴ Radius will be minimum if derivative of r = 0.

i.e., 6d + 2 = 0
−1
∴d=
3
+1 −2 +1 −2 +1 −2
∴ 2u = −1= ; 2v = −1= ; 2w = −1=
3 3 3 3 3 3
∴ The required equation of the sphere is
2 2 2 1
x2 + y 2 + z 2 − x − y − z − = 0
3 3 3 3
 2 
∴ 3 x + y 2 + z 2 − 2 (x + y + z) − 1 = 0.

10) Show that the equation of the sphere passing through the three points
(3, 0, 2) ; (−1, 1, 1) ; (2, −5, 4) and having its center on the plane
2x + 3y + 4z = 6 is x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 4y − 6z = 1.
100 Sphere

Sol. The general equation of sphere is

x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0. (3.17)

It passes through A (3, 0, 2)

∴ 32 + 0 + 22 + 6u + 0 + 4w + d = 0
(3.18)
∴ 6u + 4w + d = −13.

It passes through B (−1, 1, 1)

∴ 1 + 1 + 1 + (−2) u + 2v + 2w + d = 0
(3.19)
∴ −2u + 2v + 2w + d = −3.

It passes through C(2, −5, 4)

∴ 4 + 25 + 16 + 4u − 10v + 8w + d = 0
(3.20)
∴ 4u − 10v + 8w + d = −45.

The Center lies on the plane 2x + 3y + 4z = 6.

∴ Center (−u, −v, −w) satisfies the equation of a plane

∴ 2u + 3v + 4w = −6. (3.21)

Solving Equations (3.19) and (3.21), we get

∴ 5v + 6w + d = −9. (3.22)

Solving Equations (3.18) and (3.22), we get

−13 − d − 4w −1
6u + 4w + d = −3 ⇒ u = = (13 + d + 4w)
6 6
−9 − d − 6w −1
5v + 6w + d = −9 ⇒ v = = (9 + d + 6w) .
5 5
Substituting the values of u and v in Equation (3.20), we get
   −1 
∴ 4 −16 (13 + d + 4w) − 10 5 (9 + 6w + d) + 8w + d = −45
∴ −26 − 2d − 8w + 54 + 36w + 6d + 24w + 3d = −135
∴ 52w + 7d = −163. (3.23)
 3.5 Equation of a Sphere Passing through the Four Points 101

Substituting the values of u and v in Equation (3.21), we get

   −1 
∴ 2 −1 6 (13 + d + 4w) + 3 5 (9 + d + 6w) + 4w = −6
∴ −65 − 5d − 20w − 81 − 54w − 9d + 60w = −90
∴ −14w − 14d = 56
∴ w + d = −4. (3.24)
Solving (3.23) and (3.24), we get
45w = −135
∴ w = −3
∴ −3 + d = −4 ⇒ d = −1
−1 −1
∴u= (4w + d + 13) = (−12 − 1 + 13) = 0
6 6
−1 −1
∴v= (6w + d + 9) = (−18 − 1 + 9) = 2
5 5
∴ The Equation (3.17) becomes, x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 4y − 6z = 1.
11) Obtain the sphere having its center on the line 5y + 2z = 0 = 2x − 3y
and passing through the two points (0, −2, −4) ; (2, −1, −1).
Sol. Let the general equation of sphere be
x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0. (3.25)
∴ Center (−u, −v, −w) lies on the line 5y + 2z = 0 = 2x − 3y
∴ −5v − 2w = 0 and − 2u + 3v = 0
∴ 2w = −5v and 2u = 3v.
The Equation (3.25) passes through points (0, −2, −4) and (2, −1, −1)
∴ 0 + (−2)2 + (−4)2 + 0 − 4v − 8w + d = 0
∴ −4v + 8w + d − 20 = 0
∴ −4v + 20v + d + 20 = 0 ⇒ 16v + d = −20 (3.26)
and
(2)2 + (−1)2 + (−1)2 + 4u − 2v − 2w + d = 0
∴ 4u − 2v + 2w + d + 6 = 0
∴ 6v − 2v + 5v + d + 6 = 0
∴ 9v + d = −6. (3.27)
102 Sphere

Solving (3.26) and (3.27), we get

v = −2

9v + d = −6
∴ 9 (−2) + d = −6
∴ d = 12
But 2w = −5v and 2u = 3v;

∴ w = 5 and u = −3.

∴ The Equation (3.25) becomes;

x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 6x − 4y + 10z + 12 = 0.

12) A sphere of constant radius r passes through the origin O and cuts the
axes in A, B, C. Find the locus of the foot of the perpendicular from O to
the plane ABC.
Sol. Suppose the coordinates of the points A, B, C are (a, 0, 0) ; (0, b, 0) ;
(0, 0, c) respectively.
∴ The equation of sphere OABC is

x2 + y 2 + z 2 − ax − by − cz = 0. (3.28)

The equation of the plane is

x y z
+ + =1 (3.29)
a b c
The equation of the line through the origin perpendicular to this plane are
x y z
1 = 1 = 1 . (3.30)
a b c

Let P (x1 , y1, z1 ) be the coordinates of foot of perpendicular which

satisfies Equations (3.29) and (3.30)
x 1 y 1 z1
∴ + + = 1. (3.31)
a b c
x1 y1 z1
∴ 1 = 1 = 1 =λ
a b c
 3.5 Equation of a Sphere Passing through the Four Points 103

λ λ λ
∴a= ;b = ;c = .
x1 y1 z1
The radius r of the sphere is
 2  2  2
r2 = a2 + 2b + 2c
∴a2 + b2 + c2 = 4r2
1 1 1
∴ λ2 x21
+ y12
+ z12
= 4r2 . (3.32)

Substituting the values of a, b, and c in Equation (3.31), we get

y1
∴ x1
λ + λ =1+ z1
λ
x1 y1 z1
 
∴ λ1 x21 + y12 + z12 = 1
 2
∴ λ12 x21 + y12 + z12 = 1. (3.33)

Multiplying Equations (3.32) and (3.33), we get

 
 2 2

2 2 1 1 1
∴ x 1 + y 1 + z1 + + = 4r2
x21 y12 z12
 
 2 2

2 2 1 1 1
∴ x +y +z + + = 4r2
x2 y 2 z 2
which is the required locus.
13) If O be the center of a sphere of radius unity and A, B be two points in a
line with O such that OA.OB = 1 and if P be a variable point on the sphere,
show that P A : P B = constant.
Sol. Let O be the origin and line OAB be the x axis.  
∴ Coordinate of A are (a, 0, 0) and coordinate of B are a1 , 0, 0 .

∴ OA · OB = 1

∴ The equation of sphere with center origin and radius unity is

x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1.

Let P (x1 , y1 , z1 ) be any point of the sphere

∴ x21 + y12 + z12 = 1

104 Sphere

PA (x1 − a)2 + y12 + z12

∴ =  2
PB
x1 − a1 + y12 + z12
x21 + y12 + z12 − 2ax1 + a2
=
2x1 1
x21 + y12 + z12 − a + a2
√
1 − 2ax1 + a2
=
1 − 2xa1 + a12
√
a. 1 − 2ax1 + a2
= √
1 − 2ax1 + a2
= a = constant.

14) A sphere of constant radius 2k passes through the origin and meets the
axes in A, B, C. Show that the locus of the centroid of the tetrahedron OA
BC is the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = k 2 .
Sol. Suppose the coordinates of points A, B, C are (a, 0, 0) ; (0, b, 0) ;
(0, 0, c) respectively.
∴ The equation of sphere OA BC is x2 + y 2 + z 2 − ax − by − cz = 0.
 a 2  b 2  c 2 2 2 2
∴ Radius r = 2 + 2 + 2 = a +b4 +c .
Given r = 2k

a 2 + b2 + c 2
∴ 2k =
4 (3.34)
2 2 2 2
∴ 16k = a + b + c
Let P (x1 , y1 , z1 ) be the centroid of the tetrahedron OA BC then
a b c
x1 = ; y 1 = ; z1 =
4 4 4
∴ a = 4x1 ; b = 4y1 ; c = 4z1
∴ The Equation (3.34) becomes;
16k 2 = 16x21 + 16y12 + 16z12
∴ x21 + y12 + z12 = k 2
∴ x2 + y 2 + z 2 = k 2 .
 3.6 Section of the Sphere by a Plane 105

3.6 Section of the Sphere by a Plane

Consider a sphere with a center at C and radius a. Let A be a point on the
section of the sphere by the given plane. Let CP be the perpendicular distance
of the plane from the center C of the sphere. Since CP is perpendicular to
the plane.

∴ It is perpendicular to the line AP .

∴ ∠CP A = 90
∴ CP + AP = AC 2 = a2 (∵ AC is radius of sphere)
2 2

∴ AP 2 = a2 − CP 2 = constant
∴ the Locus of A is a circle with a center at P and radius AP .
∴ The plane section is a circle.
Remark:
1) If CP > a; i.e., AP 2 is negative, then the circle is imaginary.
2) x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0 and ax + by + cz + k = 0
taken together represents a circle.
3) The section of the sphere by a plane passing through its center is called
a great circle.
4) The center and radius of the great circle are the same as the center and
radius of the sphere.
5) The equation
 2 
x + y 2 + z 2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d + λ (ax + by + cz + k) = 0
represents a sphere passing through the circle
2
x + y 2 + z 2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0
ax + by + cz + k = 0.
106 Sphere

3.7 Intersection of Two Spheres

Consider two spheres whose equations are
S1 : x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2u1 x + 2v1 y + 2w1 z + d1 = 0,
S2 : x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2u2 x + 2v2 y + 2w2 z + d2 = 0.
Any point common to both the sphere; satisfies both the equation
S1 = 0 and S2 = 0.
∴ It satisfies
S1 − S2 = 2 (u1 − u2 ) x + 2 (v1 − v2 ) y + 2 (w1 − w2 ) z + d1 − d2 = 0
which is a linear equation in x, y, z .
∴ It is the equation of a plane.
Remark:
The points of intersections of two spheres S1 = 0 and S2 = 0 are the same as
the points of intersection of one of two spheres and the plane S1 − S2 = 0; ;
but the intersection of sphere and plane is a circle.
∴ The intersection of two spheres S1 = 0 and S2 = 0 is a circle.
15) Find the center and the radiu the circle
x + 2y + 2z = 15; x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 4z − 2y = 11.
Sol. Given the equation of the circle is
S : x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2y − 4z − 11 = 0
P : x + 2y + 2z − 15 = 0.

√
The center of the sphere is C (0, 1, 2) and r = 0 + 1 + 4 + 11 = 4
 3.7 Intersection of Two Spheres 107

The length of the perpendicular from the center (0, 1, 2) to the plane is
   
 0 (1) + 2 (1) + 2 (2) − 15   −9 
p =  √ = =3
  3 
12 + 22 + 22
∴ CP = 4 and CM = 3.
√ √ √
∴ The radius of the circle = P M = CP 2 − CM 2 = 16 − 9 = 7.
Equation of line through the center C and perpendicular to the given
plane is
x−0 y−1 z−2
= = =k
1 2 2
∴ x = k; y = 2k + 1; z = 2k + 2.
Coordinates of line satisfy the equation of the plane

i.e., x + 2y + 2z − 15 = 0

∴ k + 2 (2k + 1) + 2 (2k + 2) − 15 = 0
∴ k + 4k + 2 + 4k + 4 − 15 = 0
∴ 9k − 9 = 0
∴k=1
∴ The center of the circle is (1, 2 (1) + 1, 2 (2) + 2) = (1, 3, 6) .
16) Find the equation of the circle lying on the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2x +
4y − 6z + 3 = 0 and having its center at (2, 3, −4).
Sol. The given equation of sphere is

x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2x + 4y − 6z + 3 = 0.

∴ Comparing with the general equation

x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0

∴ 2u = −2; 2v = 4; 2w = −6; d = 3
∴ u = −1; v = 2; w = −3; d = 3
∴ The center of the sphere is C (1, −2, 3), and the center of the circle is
B (2, 3, −4) .
∴ Direction ratios of line BC are (1, 5, −7).
108 Sphere

∴ The plane through the point (2, 3, −4) and direction ratios (1, 5, −7) is

1 (x − 2) + 5 (y − 3) − 7 (z + 4) = 0

∴ x + 5y − 7z − 45 = 0.
∴ The equation of the circle is

S : x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2x + 4y − 6z + 3 = 0

P : x + 5y − 7z − 45 = 0.

17) Find the equation of the sphere through the circle

x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9; 2x + 3y + 4z = 5 and the point (1, 2, 3).
Sol. The equation of sphere is

S + λP = 0
 
∴ x2 + y2 + z2 − 9 + λ (2x + 3y + 4z − 5) = 0 (3.35)

It passes through the point (1, 2, 3)

∴ (1 + 4 + 9 − 9) + λ (2 + 6 + 12 − 5) = 0

∴ 5 + 15λ = 0
−1
∴λ=
3
∴ The Equation (3.35) becomes;
  −1
x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 9 (2x + 3y + 4z − 5) = 0
3
∴ 3x2 + 3y 2 + 3z 2 − 2x − 3y − 4z − 22 = 0.

18) Show that the two circles

x2 + y 2 + z 2 − y + 2z = 0, x − y + z − 2 = 0 and

x2 + y 2 + z 2 + x − 3y + z − 5 = 0, 2x − y + 4z − 1 = 0

lie on the same sphere and find its equation.

Sol. The equation of sphere is S + λP = 0.

∴ x2 + y 2 + z 2 − y + 2z + λ1 (x − y + z − 2) = 0 (3.36)
 3.7 Intersection of Two Spheres 109

x2 + y 2 + z 2 + x − 3y + z − 5 + λ2 (2x − y + 4z − 1) = 0). (3.37)

Equations (3.36) and (3.37) represents the same sphere, so comparing
coefficient; we get
λ1 = 2λ2 + 1; −λ1 − 1 = −3 − λ2 ; 2 + λ1 = 1 + 4λ2

∴ λ1 − 2λ2 = 1; −λ1 + λ2 = 2

∴ λ2 = 1 and λ1 = 3
Substituting the value of λ1 in equation (3.36), we get

∴ x2 + y 2 + z 2 − y + 2z + 3 (x − y + z − 2) = 0

∴ x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 3x − 4y + 5z − 6 = 0.

19) Find the equation of the sphere through the circle x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2x +

3y + 6 = 0; ; x − 2y + 4z − 9 = 0 and the center of the sphere x2 + y 2 +
z 2 − 2x + 4y − 6z + 5 = 0 .
Sol. The equation of the circle is

S : x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2x + 3y + 6 = 0

P : x − 2y + 4z − 9 = 0
∴ The equation of the circle is

S + λP = 0
 
∴ x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2x + 3y + 6 + λ (x − 2y + 4z − 9) = 0 (3.38)
The given equation of sphere is x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2x + 4y − 6z + 5 = 0.
∴ Center C = (1, −2, 3)
Sphere (3.38) passes through center C = (1, −2, 3).
∴ It satisfies the equation of the sphere
 
∴ (1)2 + (−2)2 + (3)2 + 2 (1) + 3 (−2) + 6

+λ [1 − 2 (−2) + 4 (3) − 9] = 0
∴ 16 + 8λ = 0
∴ λ = −2
110 Sphere

∴ Equation (3.38) becomes;

 2 
x + y 2 + z 2 + 2x + 3y + 6 − 2 (x − 2y − 4z − 9) = 0

∴ x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 7y − 8z + 24 = 0.

20) Show that the equation of the sphere having its center on the plane
4x − 5y − z = 3 and passing through the circle with equation x2 + y 2 +
z 2 − 2x − 3y + 4z + 8 = 0; x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 4x + 5y − 6z + 2 = 0 is
x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 7x + 9y − 11z − 1 = 0.
Sol. The given circle is the intersection of spheres

S1 : x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2x − 3y + 4z + 8 = 0, (3.39)

S2 : x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 4x + 5y − 6z + 2 = 0. (3.40)
The equation of the plane of the circle is S1 − S2 = 0

∴ −6x − 8y + 10z + 6 = 0
(3.41)
∴ 3x + 4y − 5z − 3 = 0.

The equation of sphere is S + λP = 0

 
∴ x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2x − 3y + 4z + 8 + λ (3x + 4y − 5z − 3) = 0

∴ x2 + y 2 + z 2 + (−2 + 3λ) x + (−3 + 4λ) y + (4 − 5λ) z

+ (8 − 2λ) = 0
 2−3λ 3−4λ −4+5λ 
∴ The center of the sphere is 2 ; 2 ;; 2
But given that center lies on the plane 4x − 5y − z = 3
     
2 − 3λ 3 − 4λ −4 + 5λ
∴4 −5 − =3
2 2 2
∴ 8 − 12λ − 15 + 20λ + 4 − 5λ = 6
∴ 3λ = 9
∴ λ = 3.
Substituting the value of λ, the equation becomes,
 
∴ x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2x − 3y + 4z + 8 + 3 (3x + 4y + 5z − 3) = 0
 3.7 Intersection of Two Spheres 111

∴ x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 7x + 9y − 11z − 1 = 0.

21) Obtain the equation of the sphere having the circle x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 10y −
4z − 8 = 0; x + y + z = 3 as a great circle.
Sol. The given equation of the circle is

S : x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 10y − 4z − 8 = 0 (3.42)

P : x + y + z − 3 = 0. (3.43)
The equation of sphere is S + λP = 0
 
∴ x2 + y 2 + z 3 + 10y − 4z − 8 + λ (x + y + z − 3) = 0 (3.44)

∴ x2 + y 2 + z 2 + λx + (10 + λ) y + (−4 + λ) z − 8 − 3λ = 0
 
∴ The center of the sphere is −λ 2 ;
−10−λ 4−λ
2 ; 2
The given circle will be the great circle of (3.44) if the center of the sphere
lies on the plane (3.43).
∴ Center satisfies the equation of the plane
   
−λ 10 + λ 4−λ
− + −3=0
2 2 2
∴ −λ − 10 − λ + 4 − λ − 6 = 0
∴ −3λ = 12
∴ λ = −4
∴ Equation (3.44) becomes;
 2 
x + y 2 + z 2 + 10y − 4z − 8 + (−4) (x + y + z − 3) = 0

∴ x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 4x + 6y − 8z + 4 = 0.

22) A sphere S has points (0, 1, 0) , (3, −5, 2) at opposite ends of a diam-
eter. Find the equation of the sphere having the intersection of the sphere S
with the plane 5x − 2y + 4z + 7 = 0 as a great circle.
Sol. The equation of sphere whose diameter opposite ends are given is

(x − x1 ) (x − x2 ) + (y − y1 ) (y − y2 ) + (z − z1 ) + (z − z2 ) = 0

∴ (x − 0) (x − 3) + (y − 1) (y + 5) + (z − 0) (z − 2) = 0
112 Sphere

∴ x2 − 3x + y 2 + 4y − 5 + z 2 − 2z = 0
∴ x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 3x + 4y − 2z − 5 = 0. (3.45)
The equation of the plane is

5x − 2y + 4z + 7 = 0 (3.46)

∴ The equation of sphere is

 2 
x + y 2 + z 2 − 3x + 4y + 2z − 5 + λ (5x − 2y + 4z + 7) = 0

∴ x2 + y 2 + z 2 + (−3 + 5λ) x + (4 − 2λ) y + (−2 + 4λ) z

+ (−5 + 7λ) = 0 (3.47)
 3−5λ 2λ−4 2−4λ

∴ Center is 2 , 2 , 2
The intersection of the spheres (3.45) and (3.46) will be a great circle of
the sphere (3.47) if the center of (3.47) lies on the plane (3.46).
i.e. the center satisfies the equation of the sphere
     
3 − 5λ 2λ − 4 2 − 4λ
∴5 −2 +4 +7=0
2 2 2
∴ 15 − 25λ − 4λ + 8 + 8 − 16λ + 14 = 0
∴ −45λ + 45 = 0
∴λ=1
∴ Substituting the value of λ in Equation (3.47); we get

x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2x + 2y + 2z + 2 = 0.

23) Obtain the equation of the sphere which passes through the circle x2 +
y 2 = 4; z = 0 and is cut by the plane x + 2y + 2z = 0 in a circle of radius 3.
Sol. Given circle x2 + y 2 = 4 and z = 0 is the intersection of cylinder and
plane.
∴ Generators of the cylinder are parallel to the z axis.
∴ The center of the circle is the origin and so the center of the sphere lies
on the z -axis.
Let (0, 0, k) be the center of√the sphere. √
∴ The radius of the sphere is 0 + 0 + k 2 + 4 = 4 + k 2
 3.7 Intersection of Two Spheres 113

∴ Equation of sphere through circle is

(x − 0)2 + (y − 0)2 + (z − k)2 = 4 + k 2

∴ S : x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2kz − 4 = 0, (3.48)
and
P : x + 2y + 2z = 0. (3.49)

AM= length of the perpendicular from (0, 0, k) on the plane

0 (1) + 0 (2) + 0 (2) 2k
∴ AM = √ =
2
1+2 +2 2 3

In ΔAM P ; AP 2 = AM 2 + M P 2
4k 2
∴ k2 + 4 = +9
9
∴ 5k 2 = 45
∴ k = ±3
Substituting the value of k in Equation (3.48), we get

x2 + y 2 + z 2 ± 6z − 4 = 0.

24) Show that the two circles

 
2 x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 8x − 13y + 17z − 17 = 0; 2x + y − 3z + 1 = 0
114 Sphere

and x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 3x − 4y + 3z = 0; x − y + 2z − 4 = 0
lie on the same sphere and find its equation. .

Sol. Given the equation of circle as

 
2 x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 8x − 13y + 17z − 17 = 0; 2x + y − 3z + 1 = 0
   
∴ S1 : 2 x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 8x − 13y + 17z − 17
+ λ1 (2x + y − 3z + 1) = 0 (3.50)
2 2 2
x + y + z + 3x − 4y + 3z = 0; x − y + 2x − 4 = 0
 
S2 : x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 3x − 4y + 3z
+ λ2 (x − y + 2z − 4) = 0. (3.51)
Two given spheres will lie on the same sphere if for the same values of
λ1 and λ2 the two spheres are identical.
∴ The Equation (3.50) becomes;
13 17 17 λ1
x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 4x −y+ z− + (2x + y − 3z + 1) = 0
2 2 2 2
   
2 2 2 −13 λ1 17 3λ1
∴ x + y + z + (4 + λ1 ) x + + y+ − z
2 2 2 2
 
−17 λ1
+ + = 0.
2 2
∴ The Equation (3.51) becomes;

x2 + y 2 + z 2 + (3 + λ2 ) x + (−4 − λ2 ) y + (3 + 2λ2 ) z + (−4λ2 ) = 0

Comparing coefficients, we get

−13 λ1
4 + λ1 = 3 + λ2 ; + = −4 − λ2
2 2
λ1 13
∴ λ1 − λ2 = −1 + λ2 = −4 +
2 2
∴ λ2 = 2 and λ1 = 1.
∴ The Equation (3.50) becomes;
  2  
2 x + y 2 + z 2 + 8x − 13y + 17z − 17 + 1 [2x1 + y − 3z + 1] = 0
 3.8 Intersection of Sphere S and Line L 115

∴ 2x2 + 2y 2 + 2z 2 + 10x − 12y + 14z − 16 = 0

∴ x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 5x − 6y + 7z − 8 = 0
∴ The Equation (3.51) becomes;
x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 3x − 4y + 3z + (2) (x + y + 2z − 4) = 0

∴ x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 5x − 6y − 7x − 8 = 0
∴ Two circles lie on the same sphere.

3.8 Intersection of Sphere S and Line L

Let the equation of sphere be
x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0, (3.52)
and equation of the line be
x−α y−β z−γ
= = =r (3.53)
l m n
∴ The coordinates of the line (3.53) are x = rl + α; y = rm + β; z = rn + γ.
The line intersects the sphere.
∴ Coordinate of line satisfy the equation of sphere (3.52).
∴ (α + lr)2 + (β + mr)2 + (γ + nr)2 + 2u (α + lr) + 2v (β + mr)
+2w (γ + nr) + d = 0
∴ l + m + n r2 + 2r (lα + mβ + nγ + ul + vm + wn)
2 2 2

+ α2 + β 2 + γ 2 + 2uα + 2vβ + 2wγ + d = 0.

(3.54)
∴ Equation (3.54) is a quadratic equation in r.
∴ Line l meet sphere in two points if ∆ > 0.
Here, a = l2 + m2 + n2 ; b = 2 (lα + mβ + nγ + ul + vm + nw) and
c = α2 + β 2 + γ 2 + 2uα + 2vβ + 2wγ + d
∴ By Equation (3.54); points of contact are
P (α + lr1 ; β + mr2 ; γ + nr1 ) and Q (α + lr2 ; β + mr2 ; γ + nr2 )
If ∆ = 0; i.e., b2 − 4ac = 0 ∴ b2 = 4ac
∴ The line intersects the sphere in two coincident points.
∴ The roots of the Equation (3.54) are r1 and r2 which are equal.
i.e., the line intersects the sphere at only one point. So, the line will
become a tangent.
If ∆ < 0; the line does not intersect the sphere.
116 Sphere

3.9 Tangent Plane

The locus of all tangent lines at a point P of the sphere is called the tangent
plane to the sphere at a point P .
A plane that touches the given sphere exactly at one point is called a
tangent plane to the sphere at that point.
Consider a sphere with center C and a plane that touches it at P then a
plane is a tangent plane to the sphere.
i.e., the length of the perpendicular from the center C of the sphere to the
tangent plane is equal to the radius of the sphere.
Equation of the tangent plane:
The general equation of sphere is
x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0
and a tangent plane intersects the sphere at P (x1 , y1 , z1 ) .
∴ The center of the sphere is C (−u, −v, −w).
Direction ratios of the normal CP to the plane are (x1 + u; y1 + v; z1 + w).
∴ Equation of plane through P (x1 , y1 , z1 ) , and normal to CP is
(x1 + u) (x − x1 ) + (y1 + v) (y − y1 ) + (z1 + w) (z − z1 ) = 0
∴ xx1 − x21 + ux − ux1 + yy1 − y12 + vy − vy1 + zz1 − z12
+wz − wz1 = 0
 
∴ xx1 +yy1 +zz1 +ux+vy+wz = x21 + y12 + z12 + 2ux1 + 2vy1 + 2wz1
− ux1 − vy1 − wz1 = −ux1 − vy1 − wz1.
∴ The equation of the tangent plane is
xx1 + yy1 + zz1 + u (x + x1 ) + v (y + y1 ) + w (z + z1 ) + d = 0.
 3.10 Equation of the Normal to the Sphere 117

Remark:
1) The equation of the tangent plane to be the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2 at
point P (x1 , y1 , z1 ) is xx1 + yy1 + zz1 = a2
2) The equation of the tangent plane of the sphere can be written by
replacing x2 by xx1 ; y 2 by yy1 ; z 2 by zz1 ; 2x by x + x1 ; 2y by
y + y1 and 2z by z + z1 in the general equation of a sphere.

3.10 Equation of the Normal to the Sphere

The line CP which passes through the center C of the sphere and through the
point of the contact P and perpendicular to the tangent plane is called normal
to the sphere at P .
If l, m, n are the coefficients of x, y, z in the equation of the tangent plane
then l, m, n are the direction ratios of the normal. Since it passes through
P (x1 , y1, z1 ) its equation is x−x
l
1
= y−y 1
m = n .
z−z1

26) Find the two tangent planes to the sphere x2 +y 2 +z 2 −4x+2y−6z+5 =

0 which are parallel to the plane 2x + 2y = z .
Sol. The general equation of a plane parallel to the given plane
2x + 2y = z is 2x + 2y − z + k = 0.
The plane will be a tangent plane if its distance from the center (2, −1, 3)
of the sphere is equal to the radius of sphere = 3.
i.e., p = r
2 (2) + 2 (−1) + 3 (−1) + k
√ =3
4+4+1
k−1
∴ =3
±3
∴ k − 1 = ±9
when k = 1 + 9 ∴ k = 10 and when k = 1 − 9 ∴ k = −8
∴ The required equations of tangent planes are 2x + 2y − z + 10 = 0 and
2x + 2y − z − 8 = 0.
27) Find the equation of the sphere which touches the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 −
x + 3y + 2z − 3 = 0 at the point (1, 1, −1) and passes through the origin.
Sol. The equation of tangent plane to the given sphere at (1, 1, −1) is

xx1 + yy1 + zz1 + u (x + x1 ) + v (y + y1 ) + w (z + z1 ) + d = 0. (3.55)

118 Sphere

The equation of sphere is x2 + y 2 + z 2 − x + 3y + 2z − 3 = 0

∴ 2u = −1; 2v = 3; 2w = 2; d = −3
−1 3
∴u= ; v = ; w = 1.
2 2
∴ Equation (3.55) becomes
1 3
x+y−z− (x + 1) + (y + 1) + 1 (z − 1) − 3 = 0
2 2
∴ 2x + 2y + 2z − x − 1 + 3y + 3 + 2z − 2 − 6 = 0
∴ x + 5y − 6 = 0.
∴ The required equation of the sphere is S + λP = 0.
 
∴ x2 + y 2 + z 2 − x + 3y + 2z − 3 + k (x + 5y − 6) = 0

which passes through the origin

∴ −3 − 6k = 0
−1
∴k=
2
∴ Equation becomes,
  −1
x2 + y 2 + z 2 − x + 3y + 2z − 3 (x + 5y − 6) = 0
2
∴ 2x2 + 2y 2 + 2z 2 − 3x + y + 4z = 0.

28) Find the equation of the sphere through the circle

x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1; 2x + 4y + 5z = 6 and touching plane z = 0.
Sol. The equation of sphere is S + λP = 0
 
∴ x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 1 + λ (2x + 4y + 5z − 6) = 0

∴ x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2λx + 4λy + 5λz − 1 − 6λ = 0

∴ 2u = 2λ; 2v = 4λ; 2w = 5λ
5
∴ u = λ; v = 2λ; w = λ; d = −1 − 6λ
2
 −5

∴ Center is −λ, −2λ, 2 λ
 3.10 Equation of the Normal to the Sphere 119

and radius = λ2 + 4λ2 + 25 2

4 λ + 1 + 6λ = 5λ2 + 25 2
4 λ + 1 + 6λ.
Since it touches z = 0, the length of the perpendicular from the center to
the plane is equal to its radius.

5 25
∴ λ = ± 5λ2 + λ2 + 1 + 6λ
2 4
∴ 5λ2 + 6λ + 1 = 0
∴ (λ + 1) (5λ + 1) = 0
−1
∴ λ = −1 or λ =
5
2 2 2
∴ The equation of spheres are x + y + z − 2x − 4y − 5z + 5 = 0 and
5x2 + 5y 2 + 5z 2 − 2x − 4y − 5z + 1 = 0.
29) Find the equation of the two tangent planes to the sphere
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9 which passes through the line x + y = 6; x − 2z = 3.
Sol. The equation of the plane is l1 + λl2 = 0.

∴ (x + y − 6) + λ (x − 2z − 3) = 0

∴ (1 + λ) x + y − 2λz − 6 − 3λ = 0.
Given plane will touch the given sphere if r = p
−6 − 3λ
∴3=
(1 + λ)2 + 1 + 4λ2

∴ (1 + λ)2 + 1 + 4λ2 = (−2 − λ)2

∴ 4λ2 − 2λ − 2 = 0
∴ (λ − 1) (2λ + 1) = 0
−1
∴ λ = 1 or λ = .
2
∴ Equation of tangent planes are
2x + y − 2z − 9 = 0 and x + 2y + 2z − 9 = 0.
30)
 Find the equation
 of the tangent plane to the sphere
2 2 2
3 x + y + z − 2x − 3y − 4z − 22 = 0 at the point (1, 2, 3).
120 Sphere

Sol. The equation of the sphere is

 
3 x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2x − 3y − 4z − 22 = 0
2 4 22
∴ x2 + y 2 + z 2 − x − y − z − = 0.
3 3 3
∴ Comparing with the general equation, we get

x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0

−2 −4 −22
∴ 2u = ; 2v = −1; 2w = ;d =
3 3 3
−1 −1 −2
∴u= ; v= ; w=
3 2 3
1 1 2
∴ Center is C 3 , 2 , 3 .
The equation of the tangent plane is

xx1 + yy1 + zz1 + u (x + x1 ) + v (y + y1 ) + w (z + z1 ) + d = 0

−1 1 −2 −22
∴ x + 2y + 3z (x + 1) − (y + 2) (z + 3) =0
3 2 3 3
∴ 6x + 12y + 18z − 2x − 2 − 3y − 6 − 4z − 12 − 44 = 0
∴ 4x + 9y + 14z − 64 = 0
is the required equation of the tangent plane.
31) Find the equations of the tangent line to the circle x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 5x −
7y − 2z − 8 = 0; 3x − 2y + 4z + 3 = 0 at point (−3, 5, 4).
Sol. The given equation of the circle is

S : x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 5x − 7y + 2z − 8 = 0

P : 3x − 2y + 4z + 3 = 0.
The required line will be the intersection of the given plane of the circle
and the tangent plane to the given sphere at the point (−3, 5, 4) .

∴ x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 5x − 7y + 2z − 8 = 0

∴ 2u = 5; 2v = 7; 2w = 2; d = −8
5 −7
∴u= ; v= ; w = 1.
2 2
 3.10 Equation of the Normal to the Sphere 121

∴ The equation of the tangent plane is

xx1 + yy1 + zz1 + u (x + x1 ) + v (y + y1 ) + w (z + z1 ) + d = 0

5 7
∴ −3x + 5y + 4z + (x − 3) − (y + 5) + 1 (z + 4) − 8 = 0
2 2
∴ −x + 3y + 10z − 58 = 0
∴ x − 3y − 10z + 58 = 0.
∴ Equations of required lines are
3x − 2y + 4z + 3 = 0 and x − 3y − 10z + 58 = 0.
Let l, m, n be the direction ratios of the line
∴ 3l − 2m + 4n = 0 and l − 3m − 10n = 0.
∴ By Cramer’s rule;
l m n
 = = 
 −2 4   4 − 10   3 −2 
     
 −3 − 10   3 1   1 −3 

l m n
∴ = = .
32 34 −7
∴ The equation of the tangent line to the given circle at (−3, 5, 4) is
x+3 y−5 z−4
= = .
32 34 −7

32) Show that the plane 2x − 2y − z + 12 = 0 touches the sphere x2 + y 2 +

z 2 − 2x − 4y + 2z = 3 and finds the point of contact.
Sol. The equation of sphere is

x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2x − 4y + 2z − 3 = 0.

∴ Comparing with the general equation, we get

2u = −2; 2v = −4; 2w = 2; d = −3

∴ u = −1; v = −2; w = 1.
∴
√ The center of the sphere is C (1, 2, −1) and the radius of the sphere =
1 + 4 + 1 + 3 = 3. Length of the perpendicular from center to plane =
2(1)−2(2)+1(−1)+12
√ = 3.
4+4+1
122 Sphere

Since the length of the perpendicular from the center of the sphere to the
plane = radius of the sphere.
∴ The plane touches the sphere.
∴ Direction ratios of the radius through the point of contact P of the given
tangent plane are (2, −2, 1) .
y−2
∴ the Equation of CP is x−1 z+1
2 = −2 = 1 = r.
∴ Coordinates of P are (2r + 1, −2r + 2, r − 1) .
The point lies on the plane and satisfies the equation of the plane

2x − 2y + z + 12 = 0

∴ 2 (2r + 1) − 2 (−2r + 2) + (r − 1) + 12 = 0
∴ 4r + 2 + 4r − 4 − r − 1 + 12 = 0
∴ 9r + 9 = 0
∴ r = −1.
∴ The point of contact is (−1, 4, 2) .
33) Find the coordinates of the points of the sphere x2 +y 2 +z 2 −4x+2y = 4
the tangent planes which are parallel to the plane 2x − y + 2z = 1.
Sol. The equation of sphere is

x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 4x + 2y − 4 = 0

∴ Comparing with the general equation

2u = −4; 2v = 2; 2w = 0; d = −4

∴ u = −2; v = 1; w = 0.
∴
√ The center of the sphere is C (2, −1, 0) and the radius of the sphere is
4+1+0+4=3
The equation of the plane is 2x − y + 2z − 1 = 0
∴ Equation of tangent plane parallel to the given plane is

2x − y + 2z + k = 0.

Given plane is tangent if the perpendicular distance from the center of the
sphere to the plane = radius of the sphere
2 (2) + (−1) (−1) + 2 (0) + k
∴3= √
4+1+4
 3.10 Equation of the Normal to the Sphere 123

∴ ±9 = 5 + k
∴ 9 = 5 + k or − 9 = 5 + k
∴ k = 4 or k = −14.
∴ The equations of two tangent planes to the given plane is
2x − y + 2z + 4 = 0 and 2x − y + 2z − 14 = 0.
∴ The equation of radius perpendicular to these planes are
x−2 y+1 z
= = = r1 .
2 −1 2
Let P be the point of contact of plane 2x − y + 2z + 4 = 0.
∴ Coordinates of P are (2r1 + 2; −r1 − 1; 2r1 )

∴ 2 (2r1 + 2) − (−r1 − 1) + 2 (2r1 ) + 4 = 0

∴ 4r1 + 4 + r1 + 1 + 4r1 + 4 = 0
∴ 9r1 + 9 = 0
∴ r1 = −1
∴ Coordinates are (0, 0, −2) .
Let Q be the point of contact of plane 2x − y − 2z − 14 = 0.
∴ Coordinates of Q are (2r2 + 2; −r2 − 1; 2r2 )

∴ 2 (2r2 + 2) − (−r2 − 1) + 2 (2r2 ) + 4 = 0

∴ 4r2 + 4 + r2 + 1 + 4r2 − 14 = 0
∴ 9r2 = 9
∴ r2 = 1
∴ Coordinates are (4, −2, 2) .
34) Obtain the equation of the tangent planes to the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 +
6x − 2z + 1 = 0 which passes through line 3 (16 − x) = 3z = 2y + 30.
Sol. The equation of sphere is x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 6x − 2z + 1 = 0.
∴ The center of the sphere C is (-3, 0, 1)and the radius of the sphere is
(−3)2 + 02 + (1)2 − 1 = 3.
The equation of the line is 3 (16 − x) = 2y + 30 = 3z.
124 Sphere

The intersection of lines is a plane 3 (16 − x) = 3z and 3z = 2y + 30.

∴ 16 − x = z and 2y − 3z + 30 = 0.

Any plane passing through this line is

(x + z − 16) + λ (2y − 3z + 30) = 0

(3.56)
∴ x + 2λy + z (1 − 3λ) + (30λ − 16) = 0.

Plane (3.56) will touch the given sphere if the length of the perpendicular
from (-3, 0, 1) to plane (3.56) radius of the sphere
(1) (−3) + (0) (2λ) + (1) (1 − 3λ) + 30λ − 16
∴3=
1 + 4λ2 + (1 − 3λ)2

27λ − 18
∴3= √
13λ2 − 6λ + 2
 
∴ 9 13λ2 − 6λ + 2 = [9 (3λ − 2)]2
∴ 13λ2 − 6λ + 2 = 81λ2 − 108 + 36
∴ 2λ2 − 3λ + 1 = 0
1
∴ λ = 1; λ = .
2
Substituting the value of λ in Equation (3.56), we get

x + 2 (1) y + z (1 − 3) + (30 − 16) = 0

∴ x + 2y − 2z + 14 = 0.
1
When λ = 2
     
1 3 30
x+2 y+z 1− + − 16 = 0
2 2 2
2x + 2y − z − 2 = 0.

35) Obtain the equations of the sphere which passes through the circle x2 +
y 2 + z 2 − 2x + 2y + 4z − 3 = 0; 2x + y + z = 4 and touch the plane
3x + 4y = 14.
 3.10 Equation of the Normal to the Sphere 125

Sol. The equation of the sphere is S + λP = 0.

 
∴ x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2x + 2y + 4z − 3 + λ (2x + y + z − 4) = 0

∴ x2 + y 2 + z 2 + (−2 + 2λ) x + (2 + λ) y + (4 + λ) z
− (3 + 4λ) = 0. (3.57)
  2+λ   −4−λ 
∴ Center is 1 − λ; 2 ; 2 .
 2+λ 2  4+λ 2
∴ Radius is (−1 + λ2 ) + 2 + 2 + (3 + 4λ)

1
= 6λ2 + 20λ + 36.
2
Length of the perpendicular from center to the plane
 
3 (1 − λ) + 4 −2−λ2 − 14
3x + 4y − 14 = √
2
3 +4 2

 −2−λ 
3 (1 − λ) + 4 2 − 14 1
∴ = 6λ2 + 20λ + 36
5 2
−15 − 5λ 1
∴ = 6λ2 + 20λ + 36
5 2
∴ −2 (λ + 3) = 6λ2 + 20λ + 36
∴ 4(λ + 3)2 = 6λ2 + 20λ + 36
∴ 2λ2 − 4λ = 0
∴ λ = 0 or λ = 2.
∴ Substituting the value of λ in Equation (3.57), we get

∴ x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2x + 2y − 4z − 3 = 0

and when λ = 2 we get, x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2x + 4y + 6z − 11 = 0.

36) Show that the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 25; x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 24x − 40y −
18z + 225 = 0 touch externally and find the point of the contact.
Sol. The given spheres are

x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 25, (3.58)
126 Sphere

x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 24x − 40y − 18z + 225 = 0. (3.59)

Suppose two spheres touch each other at the point (α, β, γ).
∴ The equations of tangent planes to these spheres are
αx + βy + γz = 25, (3.60)
and
x (α − 12) + y (β − 20) + z (γ − 9) − 12α − 20β − 9γ + 225 = 0
∴ x (α − 12) + y (β − 20) + z (γ − 9) = 12α + 20β + 9γ − 225
(3.61)
If two spheres touch each other than these two tangent planes must coincide.
∴ Comparing the coefficient of (3.60) and (3.61), we get
α − 12 β − 20 γ−9 12α + 20β + 9γ − 225
= = = = kα − 12
α β γ 25
= kα; β − 20 = kβ; γ − 9 = kγ; 12α + 20β + 9γ − 225 = 25k
∴ α − kα = 12β − kβ = 20γ − kγ = 9
∴ α (1 − k) = 12β (1 − k) = 20γ (1 − k) = 9
12 20 9
∴α= β= λ=
1−k 1−k 1−k
∴ 12α + 20β + 9γ − 225 = 25k
     
12 20 9
∴ 12 + 20 +9 − 225 = 25k
1−k 1−k 1−k
∴ 144 + 400 + 81 − 225 (1 − k) = 25k (1 − k)
∴ k 2 + 8k + 16 = 0
∴ (k + 4)2 = 0
∴ k = −4.
 
∴ The point of contact is (α, β, γ) = 12 ; 20 9
;
5√ 5 5 .
∴ The radius of the spheres is 5 and 122 + 202 + 92 − 225 = 20.
∴ Sum of radii = 5 + 20 = 25.
Center are (0, 0, 0) and (12, 20,√9)
∴ Distance between centers = 122 + 202 + 92 = 25.
∴ Distance between centers = sum of radii
∴ Spheres touch each other externally.
 3.11 Orthogonal Sphere 127

3.11 Orthogonal Sphere

Two spheres are said to cut each other orthogonally if the tangent planes at a
point of contact are perpendicular to each other.

The condition for the spheres to cut orthogonally is

2u1 u2 + 2v1 v2 + 2w1 w2 = d1 + d2 .

36) Find the equation of the sphere that passes through the circle x2 + y 2 +
z 2 − 2x + 3y − 4z + 6 = 0; 3x − 4y + 5z − 15 = 0 and cuts the sphere
x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2x + 4y − 6z + 11 = 0 orthogonally.
Sol. Given the equation of the circle is

x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2x + 3y − 4z + 6 = 0 (3.62)

3x − 4y + 5z − 15 = 0.
Equation of sphere through this circle is

x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2x + 3y − 4z + 6 + λ (3x − 4y + 5z − 15) = 0 (3.63)

∴ x2 + y 2 + z 2 + (3λ − 2) x + (3 − 4λ) y + (5λ − 4) z + 6 − 15λ = 0

      
3λ − 2 3 − 4λ 5λ − 4
∴ Center is − ;− ;− .
2 2 2
Another equation of sphere is

x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2x + 4y − 6z + 11 = 0.

∴ Center is (−1, −2, 3).

128 Sphere

The condition of the orthogonal intersection of spheres is

2uu1 + 2vv1 + 2ww1 = d + d1
3λ − 2 3 − 4λ 5λ − 4
∴ 2( )(1) + 2( )(2) + 2( )(−3) = 6 − 15λ + 11
2 2 2
∴ 3λ − 2 + 6 − 8λ − 15λ + 12 = 17 − 15λ
∴ −5λ = 1
1
∴λ=− .
5
∴ Substituting the value of λ in equation (3.63), we get
   
−3 4 15
x2 + y 2 + z 2 + −2 x+ 3+ y + (−1 − 4) z + 6 + =0
5 5 5
13 19 45
∴ x2 + y 2 + z 2 − x + y − 5z + =0
5 5 5
∴ 5x2 + 5y 2 + 5z 2 − 13x + 19y − 25z + 45 = 0.

37) Find the equation of the sphere that passes through the two points (0, 3, 0);
(-2, -1, -4) and cuts orthogonally
 the two spheres x2 +y 2 +z 2 +x−3z −2 = 0
2 2 2
and 2 x + y + z + x + 3y + 4 = 0.
Sol. The general equation of sphere is
x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0. (3.64)
It passes through the point (0, 3, 0)
∴ 0 + 9 + 0 + 0 + 6v + 0 + d = 0
(3.65)
∴ 6v + d = −9.
It passes through point (-2, -1, -4)
∴ 4 + 1 + 16 − 4u − 2v − 8w + d = 0
(3.66)
∴ −4u − 2v − 8w + d = −21.
Sphere (3.64) also cuts the sphere
x2 + y 2 + z 2 + x − 3z − 2 = 0 orthogonally.
   
1 −3
∴ 2u + 2v (0) + 2w = d + (−2)
2 2 (3.67)
∴ u − 3w − d = −2.
 Exercise: 129

Sphere (3.64) also cuts the sphere

 
2 x2 + y 2 + z 2 + x + 3y + 4 = 0

∴ x2 + y 2 + z 2 + x
2+ 3y
2 + 2 = 0 orthogonally.
   
1 3
∴ 2u + 2v + 2w (0) = d + 2
4 4 (3.68)
∴ u + 3v − 2d = 4.

From (3.65) ⇒ v = −9−d

6  
From (3.68) ⇒ u = 4 + 2d − 3v = 4 + 2d − 3 −9−d
6

17 + 5d
∴u=
2
17+5d
From (3.67) ⇒ 3w = u − d + 2 = 2 −d+2
21 + 3d
∴w=
6
 17+5d   −9−d   21+3d 
From (3.66) ⇒ −4 2 − 2 6 − 8 6 + d = −21
   
9+d 21 + 3d
∴ −2 (17 + 5d) + −4 + d = −21
3 3
∴ −102 − 30d + 9 + d − 84 − 12d + 3d = −63
∴ −38d = 144
∴ d = −3, u = 1, v = −1, w = 2
The equation of sphere is x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2x − 2y − 4z − 3 = 0.
Exercise:
1) Find the equation of the sphere whose center is (2, −3, 4) and radius 5.
Answer: x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 4x + 6y − 8z + 4 = 0
2) Find the center and radius of the following sphere
2.1 2x2 + 2y 2 + 2z 2 − 2x + 4y − 2z − 3 = 0
2.2 x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2x + 4y − 6z = 2.
 
Answer: (i) 12 , −1, −1
2 , 0 (ii) (1, −2, 3) , 4
130 Sphere

3) Prove that the equation ax2 + ay 2 + az 2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0

represents a sphere. Find its radius and center.
√  
Answer: a1 u2 + v 2 + w2 − ad, −ua , −v −w
a , a

4) Find the equation of the sphere through the points.

4.1 (4, −1, 2) , (0, −2, 3) , (1, 5, −1) , (2, 0, 1)

4.2 (0, 0, 0) , (0, 1, −1) , (−1, 2, 0) , (1, 2, 3) .

Answer: (i) x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 4x − 14y − 22z + 25 = 0

 
(ii) 7 x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 15x − 25y − 11z = 0

5) Find the equation

 ofa sphere that passes through (0, 0, 0) and which has
its center at 12 , 12 , 0 .
Answer: 2x2 + 2y 2 + 2z 2 = 1

6) Find the equation of the sphere circumscribing the tetrahedron whose

faces are yb + zc = 0, zc + xa = 0, xa + yb = 0, xa + yb + zc = 1.
x2 +y 2 +z 2 y
Answer: a2 +b2 +c2
− x
a − b − z
c =0

7) Find the equation of the sphere which passes through the origin and
makes equal intercepts of unit length on the axes.
Answer: x2 + y 2 + z 2 − x − y − z = 0

8) A plane passes through a fixed point (a, b, c) and cuts the axes in
A, B, C. Show that the locus of the center of the sphere OABC is
a b c
x + y + z = 2.

9) A sphere of constant radius k passes through the origin and meets the
axes in A, B, C. Prove that the centroid of the triangle ABC lies on the
sphere.

10) Find the equation of the sphere on the join of (2, −3, 1) and (1, −2, −1)
as diameter.
Answer: x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 3x + 5y + 7 = 0

11) Find the equation of the sphere on the join of (1, −2, 3) and (2, 1, 0) as
diameter.
Answer: x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 3x − y − 3z = 0
 Exercise: 131

12) Find the center and radius of the circle given by the equation x2 + y 2 +
z 2 − 6x − 4y + 12z − 36 = 0 and x + 2y − 2z = 1.
Answer: (1, −2, −2) ,7

13) Find the center and radius of the circle in which the sphere x2 + y 2 +
z 2 + 2x − 2y − 4z − 19 = 0 is cut by the plane x + 2y + 2z + 7 = 0.
 
Answer: −7 3 , −5 −2
3 , 3 ,3

14) Show that the radius of the circle

x2 + y 2 + z 2 + x + y + z − 4 = 0, x + y + z = 0 is 2.

15) Find the center and radius of the circle

x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 8x + 4y + 8z − 45 = 0, x − 2y + 3z = 3.
9 −5
 155
Answer: 2 , −3, 2 , 2

16) Find the equation of that plane that cuts the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2
in a circle whose center is (α, β, γ).
Answer: (x − α) + β (y − β) + γ (z − γ) = 0

17) A circle with center (2, 3, 0) and radius 1 is drawn in the plane z = 0.
Find the equation of the sphere which passes through this circle and the
point (1, 1, 1).
Answer: x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 4x − 6y − 5z + 12 = 0

18) Prove that the plane x + 2y − z = 4 cuts the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 − x +

z − 2 = 0 in a circle of radius unity, and find the equation of the sphere
which has this circle for one of the great circles.

19) Find the sphere for which the circle x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 10y − 4z − 8 =

0, x + y + z = 3 is a great circle.
Answer: x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 4x + 6y − 8z + 4 = 0

20) Prove that the circles

x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2x + 3y + 4z − 5 = 0, 5y + 6z + 1 = 0;
x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 3x − 4y + 5z − 6 = 0, x + 2y − 7z = 0

lie on the same sphere and find its equation.

132 Sphere

21) Find the equations of the tangent line in the symmetrical form to circle
3x2 + 3y 2 + 3z 2 − 2x − 3y − 4z − 22 = 0, 3x + 4y + 5z − 26 = 0 at
the point (1, 2, 3) .
x−1 y−2 z−3
Answer: 1 = −2 = 1

22) Show that 2x − y − 2z = 4 is the tangent plane to the sphere x2 + y 2 +

z 2 + 2x − 6y + 1 = 0. Also, find the point of contact.
Answer: (1, 2, −2)

23) Show that the spheres x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 64 and x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 12x +

4y − 6z + 48 = 0 touch internally and find their point of contact.
 
Answer: 48 −16 24
7 , 7 , 7

24) Show that the spheres x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 6y + 2z + 8 = 0 and x2 + y 2 + z 2 +

6x + 8y + 4z + 20 = 0 are orthogonal. Find their plane of intersection.
Answer: 3x + y + z + 6 = 0
 4
Cone

4.1 Definition
A cone is a surface generated by a straight line that passes through a fixed
point and satisfies one more condition.
i.e., it intersects a given curve or touches a given surface.
The fixed point is called the vertex and the given curve is called the
guiding curve of the cone.
The individual straight line on the surface of a cone is called its generator.

4.2 Equation of a Cone with a Conic as Guiding Curve

To find the equation of a cone with vertex (α, β, γ) and whose generators
intersect the conic ax2 + by 2 + 2hxy + 2gx + 2f y + c = 0 and z = 0.
Consider a straight line passing through a fixed point (α, β, γ) and having
direction ratios (l, m, n).
∴ Equation of line will be
x−α y−β z−γ
= = . (4.1)
l m n

133
134 Cone

This line will be a generator of the cone if and only if it intersects the
given curve.
Moreover, line (4.1) touches the plane z = 0.
y−β −γ
i.e., x−α
l = m = n
−γ y−β −γ
∴ x−α l = n and m = n
∴ x = α − lγn and y =
mγ
 β − n and z = 0
∴ α − lγ mγ
n ; β − n ; 0 is the point which lies on the given conic.
∴ It satisfies the given equation of conic

ax2 + by 2 + 2hxy + 2gx + 2f y + c = 0

     
lγ 2  mγ 2 lγ  mγ  lγ
∴a α− +b β − +2h α − β− +2g α −
n n n n n
 mγ 
+2f β − +c=0
n

∴ a(αn − lγ)2 + b(βn − mγ)2 + 2h (αn − lγ) (βn − mγ)

+2gn (αn − lγ) + 2f n (βn − mγ) + cn2 = 0. (4.2)

This is the condition for the line (4.1) to intersect the given conic.
Eliminating l, m, and n from Equation (4.2), we get the equation of cone
i.e., replace l, m and n by x − α, y − β and z − γ in Equation (4.2)

∴ a[α (z − γ) − γ (x − α)]2 + b[β (z − γ) − (y − β) γ]2

+2h [α (z − γ) − γ (x − α)] [β (z − γ) − γ (y − β)]

+2g (z − γ) [α (z − γ) − γ (x − α)]
+2f (z − γ) [β (z − γ) − γ (y − β)] + c(z − γ)2 = 0
∴ a(αz − xγ)2 + b(βz − yγ)2 + 2h (αz − xγ) (βz − yγ)
+2g (z − γ) (αz − xγ) + 2f (βz − yγ) (z − γ) + c(z − γ)2 = 0,
which is the required equation of the cone.
1) Find the equation of the cone whose generators pass through the point
(α, β, γ) and have their direction cosines satisfying the relation al2 + bm2 +
cn2 = 0.
Sol. Given all the generators pass through (α, β, γ).
 4.2 Equation of a Cone with a Conic as Guiding Curve 135

∴ (α, β, γ) is the vertex of the cone.

∴ Equation of line passing through (α, β, γ) is
x−α y−β z−γ
= = =k
l m n
x−α y−β z−γ
∴ l= ;m = ;n = ,
k k k
where l, m and n satisfy the relation al2 + bm2 + cn2 = 0
     
x−α 2 y−β 2 z−γ 2
∴a +b +c =0
k k k

∴ a(x − α)2 + b(y − β)2 + c(z − γ)2 = 0

is the required equation of the cone.
2) Find the equation of the cone whose vertex is the point (1, 1, 0) and whose
guiding curve is y = 0; x2 + z 2 = 4.
Sol. Equation of the generator through the vertex (1, 1, 0) is
x−1 y−1 z−0
= = = k. (4.3)
l m n
∴ Any point on this generator is P (lk + 1; mk + 1; nk).
Suppose the generator meets the guiding curve

y = 0 and x2 + y 2 = 4 (4.4)

∴ mk + 1 = 0 and (lk + 1)2 + n2 k 2 = 4

∴ k = −1
m
 −l 2 n 2
∴ m + 1 + m2 = 4
∴ (m − l)2 + n2 = 4m2 .
Substituting the value of l, m and n, we get
   2  
y−1 x−1 z2 y−1 2
∴ − + 2 =4
k k k k
∴ (y − x)2 + z 2 = 4(y − 1)2
∴ x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2xy = 4y 2 − 8y + 4
136 Cone

∴ x2 − 3y 2 + z 2 − 2xy + 8y − 4 = 0 is the required equation of the cone.

3) Find the equation of the cone whose vertex is (α, β, γ) and whose base is
y 2 = 4ax, z = 0.
Sol. The given equation of base conic is

y 2 = 4ax, z = 0. (4.5)

Equation of any line through (α, β, γ) are

x−α y−β z−γ
= = . (4.6)
l m n
This meets the plane z = 0,
x−α y−β 0−γ
= =
l m n
lγ mγ
∴x=α− ,y = β − .
n n
Substituting the values of x and y in a given base conic, we get
  
mγ 2 lγ
β− = 4a α −
n n
   
βn − mγ 2 αn − lγ
∴ = 4a . (4.7)
n n
Eliminating l, m, and n from Equations (4.6) and (4.7), we get

[β (z − γ) − γ (y − β)]2 = 4a (z − γ) [− (x − α) γ + α (z − γ)]
∴ [βz − βγ − yγ + γβ]2 = 4a (z − γ) [−xγ + αγ + αz − αγ]
∴ [βz − yγ]2 = 4a (z − γ) (αz − xγ)
which is the required equation of the cone.
4) Show that the equation of the cone whose vertex is the origin and
whose  the circle through the three points (a, 0, 0) , (0, b, 0) , (0, 0, c)is
 base is
Σa b2 + c2 yz = 0.
Sol. Let the given points be A (a, 0, 0) ; B (0, b, 0) and C(0, 0, c)
∴ The equation of the circle ABC is
x y z
x2 + y 2 + z 2 − ax − by − cz = 0 and + + = 1. (4.8)
a b c
 4.2 Equation of a Cone with a Conic as Guiding Curve 137

Let P (x1 , y1 , z1 ) be any point on the surface of the cone whose vertex is the
origin.
∴ The equation of generator OP is
x−0 y−0 z−0
x1 −0 = y1 −0 = z1 =0 =k
y (4.9)
∴ x
x1 = y 1 = z
z1 = k.

∴ Any point on the generator is Q (kx1 , ky1 , kz1 ).

Suppose the generator (4.9) meets the circle (4.8) at this point

∴ k 2 x21 + k 2 y12 + k12 z12 − akx1 − bxy1 − ckz1 = 0

kx1 ky1 kz1
and a + b + c=1
 
∴ k 2 x21 + y12 + z12 = k (ax1 + by1 + cz1 )
 
∴ k x21 + y12 + z12 = ax1 + by1 + cz1
and x y 1 z1 
1
k + + = 1.
a b c
Eliminating k, we get
 
x21 + y12 + z12 = (ax1 + by1 + cz1 ) xa1 + yb1 + zc1
∴ x21 + y12 + z12 = x21 + axb1 y1 + axc1 z1 + bxa1 y1 + y12 + by1cz1
cz1 x1 cz1 y1 2
 a b  + a +b b c  + z1  c a 
∴ x1y1 b + a + y1 z1 c + b + x1 z1 a+ c =0
∴ cx1 y1 a2 + b2 + ay1 z1 b2 + c2 + bx1 z1 c2 + a2 = 0.

∴ Generalizing x1 , y1 , z1 , we get
     
c a2 + b2 xy +  a b2+ c2 yz + b c2 + a2 xz = 0
∴ a b2 + c2 yz = 0

which is the required equation of the cone.,

5) Find the equation of the cone whose vertex is the point (1, 2, 3) and guiding
curve the circle x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4; x + y + z = 1.
Sol. Equation of any generator through the vertex P (1, 2, 3)is
x−1 y−2 z−3 x+y+z−6
= = = . (4.10)
l m n l+m+n
138 Cone

If it meets the given conic and plane x + y + z = 1

∴ Equation (4.10) becomes
x−1 y−2 z−3 −5
= = =
l m n l+m+n
5l 5m 5n
∴x=1− ;y = 2 − ;z = 3 −
l+m+n l+m+n l+m+n
∴ Generator (4.10) meets the given plane at the point
 
m + n − 4l 2l + 2n − 3m 3l + 3m − 2n
; ; .
l+m+n l+m+n l+m+n

If this point lies on the surface x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4

∴ (m + n − 4l)2 + (2l + 2n − 3m)2 + (3l + 3m − 2n)2

= 4(l + m + n)2 .
Eliminating l, m, n from Equation (4.10), we get

∴ [(y − 2) + (z − 3) − 4 (x − 1)]2

+[2 (x − 1) + 2 (z − 3) − 3 (y − 2)]2
+[3 (x − 1) + 3 (y − 2) − 2 (z − 3)]2
= 4[(x − 1) + (y − 2) + (z − 3)]2
∴ (−4x + y + z − 1)2 + (2x − 3y + 2z − 2)2
+(3x + 3y − 2z − 3)2 = 4(x + y + z − 6)2
∴ 5x2 + 3y 2 + z 2 − 6yz − 4zx − xy + 6x + 8y + 10z − 26 = 0.

4.3 Enveloping Cone to a Surface

Enveloping cone to a surface is a cone formed by the tangent lines to a surface
drawn from a given point.
Enveloping Cone to a Sphere
Enveloping cone to a sphere is a surface generated by a straight line passing
through a fixed point and touching a given sphere.
 4.3 Enveloping Cone to a Surface 139

Equation of an enveloping cone to a sphere:

To find the equation of on enveloping cone to a sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2
with vertex (α, β, γ).
Let (l, m, n) be the direction ratios of the straight line passing through the
vertex (α, β, γ).
∴ Equation of straight line passing through (α, β, γ) is
x−α y−β z−γ
= = =t (4.11)
l m n
∴ x = α + lt; y = β + mt; z = γ + nt. (4.12)
The line (4.11) will be the generator of the given curve if and only if it touches
the given sphere.
∴ The point of intersection of the line (4.11) and the sphere is

x2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2

∴ (α + lt)2 + (β + mt)2 + (γ + nt)2 = a2

   
∴ t2 l2 + m2 + n2 + 2t (lα + βm + γn) + α2 + β 2 + γ 2 − a2 = 0
(4.13)
which is a quadratic equation in t; so, the line will touch the sphere if the
roots of the quadratic equation are equation.

∴Δ=0
∴ b2 − 4ac = 0
   (4.14)
∴ 4(lα + mβ + nγ)2 = 4 l2 + m2 + n2 α2 + β 2 + γ 2 − a2
  
∴ (lα + mβ + nγ)2 = l2 + m2 + n2 α2 + β 2 + γ 2 − a2

is the condition for the line (4.11) to touch a given sphere.

Eliminating l, m, and n by replacing by (x − α); (y − β) and (z − γ)
respectively

∴ [α(x − α) + β(y − β) + γ(z − γ)]2

(4.15)
= [(x − α)2 + (y − β)2 + (z − γ)2 ][α2 + β 2 + γ 2 − a2

∴ [αx + βy + γz − (α2 + β 2 + γ 2 )]2 = [(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) − 2(xα + βy + γz)

−(α2 + β 2 + γ 2 )][α2 + β 2 + γ 2 − a2 ].
140 Cone

Let S: x2 + y 2 + z 2 − a2 ; S 1 : α2 + β 2 + γ 2 − a2 and

T : αx + βy + γz − a2

∴ [(T + a2 ) − (S1 + a2 )]2 = [(S + a2 ) − 2(T + a2 ) + (S + a2 )]S1

∴ (T − S1 )2 = (S − 2T + S 1 ) S 1
∴ T 2 − 2T S 1 + S1 2 = S S 1 − 2T S 1 + S1 2
∴ T 2 = SS1 2
which is the required equation of the enveloping cone.
6) Find the enveloping cone of the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2x + 4z = 1 with
its vertex at (1, 1, 1).
Sol. Let S : x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2x + 4z − 1 = 0.

S1 : (S)(1,1,1) = 1 + 1 + 1 − 2 + 4 − 1 = 4.

T : (1)x + (1)y + (1)z − (x + 1) + 2(z + 1) − 1 = y + 3z.

∴ Equation of cone is

SS1 = T 2
∴ (x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2x − 4z − 1)(4) = (y + 3z)2
∴ 4x2 + 4y 2 + 4z 2 − 8x + 16z − 4 = y 2 + 6yz + 9z 2
∴ 4x2 + 3y 2 − 5z 2 − 6yz − 8x + 16z − 4 = 0.

7) Show that the plane z = 0 cuts the enveloping cone of the sphere x2 +
y 2 + z 2 = 11 which has its vertex at (2, 4, 1) in a rectangular hyperbola.
Sol. The equation of the sphere is x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 11 = 0 and the vertex is
(2, 4, 1).
Let S : x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 11 at (x1 , y1 , z1 ) = (2, 4, 1)

S1 : x21 + y12 + z12 − 11 = 4 + 16 + 1 − 11 = 10

T : xx1 + yy1 + zz1 − 11 = 2x + 4y + z − 11.

The equation of the enveloping cone is SS1 = T 2

∴ (x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 11)(10) = (2x + 4y + z − 11)2

 4.3 Enveloping Cone to a Surface 141

which meets the curve z = 0.

∴ 10(x2 + y 2 − 11) − (2x + 4y − 11)2 = 0
∴ 10x2 + 10y 2 − 110 − (4x2 + 16y 2 + 121 + 16xy − 88y − 44x) = 0
∴ 6x2 − 6y 2 + 16xy − 88y − 44x − 231 = 0.

which represents a rectangular hyperbola in the XY plane because of the

coefficient of x2 + coefficient of y 2 = 0.
2 2 2
8) The sections of the enveloping cone of the surface xa2 + yb2 + zc2 = 1 whose
vertex is P (α, β, γ) by the plane z = 0 is a rectangular hyperbola, Find the
locus of the vertex P .
Sol. The equation of the given surface is

x2 y 2 z 2 α2 β 2 γ 2
S: + + − 1 = 0, S1 : + 2 + 2 −1=0
a2 b2 c2 a2 b c
and T = αx
a2
+ βy
b2
+ γz
c2
= 1.
∴ Equation of the enveloping cone with vertex P (α, β, γ) is SS1 = T 2
2  2   2
x y2 z2 α β2 γ2 αx βy γz
∴ 2 + 2 + 2 −1 + 2 + 2 −1 = + 2 + 2 −1
a b c a2 b c a2 b c
it meets plane z = 0.
 2  2   2
x y2 α β2 γ2 αx βy
∴ + 2 −1 + 2 + 2 −1 = + 2 − 1 . (4.16)
a2 b a2 b c a2 b
Equation (4.16) represents a rectangular hyperbola if
the coefficient of x2 + coefficient of y 2 = 0
   
1 β2 γ2 1 α2 γ 2
⇒ 2 + 2 −1 + 2 + 2 −1 =0
a b2 c b a2 c
 
α 2 + β 2 γ 2 a 2 + b2 a 2 + b2
⇒ 2 2
+ 2 2 2
=
a b c a b a 2 b2
α2 + β 2 γ 2
∴ + 2 =1
a 2 + b2 c
x2 +y 2 z2
Hence the locus of (α, β, γ) is a2 +b2
+ c2
= 1.
142 Cone

4.4 Equation of the Cone whose Vertex is the Origin is

Homogeneous
Theorem:
The equation of the cone whose vertex is the origin is homogeneous and
conversely.
or Every second-degree equation in x, y, z represents a cone with vertex
at the origin if and only if it is second degree homogeneous in x, y, and z.
Proof: The general second-degree equation is

ax2 + by 2 + cz 2 + 2hxy + 2f yz + 2gzx + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0. (4.17)

Now, to prove that it represents a cone with its vertex origin if and only if

u = v = w = d = 0.

Suppose Equation (4.17) represents a cone with a vertex at the origin. Let
P (x1 , y1 , z1 ) be a point on the cone represented with vertex at O (0, 0, 0).
∴ Direction ratios of OP passing through the point P will be

(x1 − 0; y1 − 0; z1 − 0) = (x1 , y1 , z1 ).

∴ Equation of generator of the cone will be

x−0 y−0 z−0
= = =t
x1 y1 z1 (4.18)
∴ x = x1 t; y = y1 t; z = z1 t.

Let Q(x1 t, y1 t, z1 t) lie on the cone.

∴It must satisfy the Equation (4.17).

∴ a(x1 t)2 + b(y1 t)2 + c(z1 t)2 + 2h(x1 t)(y1 t) + 2f (y1 t)(z1 t)

+2g(z1 t)(x1 t) + 2u(x1 t) + 2v(y1 t) + 2w(z1 t) + d = 0

 
∴ t2 ax21 + by12 + cz12 + 2hx1 y1 + 2f y1 z1 + 2gz1 x1
(4.19)
+2t [ux1 + vy1 + wz1 ] + d = 0
which is true for all values of t; t = 0.

∴ ax21 +by12 +cz12 +2hx1 y1 +2f y1 z1 +2gz1 x1 = 0; ux1 +vy1 +wz1 = 0; d = 0.

 4.4 Equation of the Cone whose Vertex is the Origin is Homogeneous 143

From equation ux1 + vy1 + wz1 = 0; if u, v, w are not all zero then the
coordinates x1 , y1 , z1 of any point on the cone satisfy an equation of the first
degree. i.e., ux + vy + wz = 0 which is the equation of the plane which
contradicts our hypothesis that P (x1 , y1 , z1 ) lies on a cone.
∴ u, v, w all are not zero is false.
∴ u = 0 = v = w and by equation d = 0.
∴ General second-degree equation reduces to

ax2 + by 2 + cz 2 + 2f yz + 2gzx + 2hxy = 0

which is a homogeneous second-degree equation.

Converse:
Let
ax2 + by 2 + cz 2 + 2hxy + 2gzx + 2f yz = 0, (4.20)
be a given second homogeneous equation in x, y, z then to prove that it
represents a cone with vertex origin.
Let P (x1, y1 , z1 ) be any point that satisfies the Equation (4.20)

∴ ax21 + by12 + cz12 + 2h (x1 ) (y1 ) + 2g (z1 ) (x1 ) + 2f (y1 ) (z1 ) = 0

 
∴ t2 ax21 + by12 + cz12 + 2hx1 y1 + 2gx1 z1 + 2f y1 z1 = 0; t = 0
∴ a(x1 t)2 + b(y1 t)2 + c(z1 t)2 + 2h(x1 t)(y1 t) + 2g(x1 t)(z1 t)
+2f (y1 t)(z1 t) = 0.
∴ Point Q(x1 t, y1 t, z1 t) satisfies the Equation (4.20).
i.e., If P (x1 , y1 , z1 ) satisfies the Equation (4.20) then the point
(x1 t, y1 t, z1 t) also satisfies the Equation (4.20).
∴ If P lies on the surface represented by (4.20) then every point Q on the
−−→
line OP lies on it.
∴ The surface is generated by line through the origin and by definition is
a cone with its vertex at O.
Corollary:
If l, m, n be the direction ratios of any generator of a cone with vertex origin
then (l, m, n) satisfies the equation of the cone.
Proof: Let the equation of cone with vertex origin be

ax2 + by 2 + cz 2 + 2hxy + 2gzx + 2f yz = 0. (4.21)

144 Cone

Equation of generator through vertex origin and having direction ratios

l, m, n is
x−0 y−0 z−0
= = =t
l m n
∴ x = lt; y = mt; z = nt
which satisfies the Equation (4.21).

∴ a(lt)2 + b(mt)2 + c(nt)2 + 2h(lt)(mt) + 2g(nt)(lt)

+2f (mt)(nt) = 0
∴ t2 [al2 + bm2 + cn2 + 2hlm + 2gln+ 2f mn] = 0
∴ al2 + bm2 + cn2 + 2hlm + 2gln+ 2f mn = 0 (∵ t = 0)
which proves that (l, m, n) satisfy the Equation (4.21).
9) Find the equation of the cone whose vertex is at the origin and which passes
through the curve given by the equations

ax2 + by 2 + cz 2 = 1; lx + my + nz = p.

Sol. The equation of the cone with vertex origin is a second-degree homoge-
neous equation.
∴ lx + my + nz = p
lx+my+nz
∴ p =1
∴ The required equation of cone is

ax2 + by 2 + cz 2 = (1)2
 2
∴ ax2 + by 2 + cz 2 = lx+my+nz
p
 2 
∴ p ax + by + cz = (lx + my + nz)2 .
2 2 2

10) Find the equation of the cone whose vertex is at the origin and the direc-
tion cosines of whose generators satisfy the relation 3l2 − 4m2 + 5n2 = 0.
Sol. The vertex of the given cone is the origin
∴ The equation of any generator through the origin with direction cosines
l, m, n are
x y z
= = (4.22)
l m n.
 4.4 Equation of the Cone whose Vertex is the Origin is Homogeneous 145

Also satisfies the relation

3l2 − 4m2 + 5n2 = 0. (4.23)

Direction cosines of a generator of a cone with vertex at origin satisfy the

equation of the cone
∴ Equation (4.23) becomes, 3x2 − 4y 2 + 5z 2 = 0
which is the required equation of the cone.
11) Find the equation of the cone with vertex at the origin and which pass
through the curves z = 2 and x2 + y 2 = 4.
Sol. The equation of a cone with vertex origin is a second-degree homoge-
neous curve.
z
∴ =1
2
∴ the required equation of cone is

x2 + y 2 = 4(1)
 z 2
∴ x2 + y 2 = 4
2
∴ x2 + y 2 − z 2 = 0.

12) Find the equation of the cone with vertex origin and passes through the
curve x2 + y 2 + z 2 − x − 1 = 0 and x2 + y 2 + z 2 + y − 2 = 0.
Sol. The equations of the guiding curve are

x2 + y 2 + z 2 − x − 1 = 0, (4.24)

and
x2 + y 2 + z 2 + y − 2 = 0. (4.25)
Let us assume t, for making both the equations homogeneous in x, y and z
∴ Equation (4.24) becomes

x2 + y 2 + z 2 − tx − t2 = 0, (4.26)

and Equation (4.25) becomes

x2 + y 2 + z 2 + ty − 2t2 = 0. (4.27)
146 Cone

Eliminating t from Equations (4.26) and (4.27), we get

−tx − ty + t2 = 0
∴ −t (x + y − t) = 0
∴ x + y = 0(∵ t = 0)

Substituting the value of t in Equation (4.26), we get

x2 + y 2 + z 2 − x (x + y) − (x + y)2 = 0

∴ −x2 + z 2 − 3xy = 0
∴ x2 − z 2 + 3xy = 0
which is the required equation of the cone.
13) Find the equation of the cone with vertex at the origin and which pass
through the curves x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2x − 3y + 4z = 5.
Sol. Given curve is the intersection of the two spheres

S1 : x2 + y 2 + z 2 + x − 2y + 3z − 4 = 0
(4.28)
S2 : x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2x − 3y + 4z − 5 = 0.

∴ Equation of the plane of the circle of their intersection is

S 1 − S2 = 0
∴ −x + y − z + 1 = 0
∴ x − y + z = 1.

∴ The equation of a cone with vertex origin is second-degree homogeneous.

∴ Equation (4.28) becomes

x2 + y 2 + z 2 + (x − 2y + 3z)(1) − 4(1)2 = 0
∴ (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) + (x − 2y + 3z)(x − y + z) − 4(x − y + z)2 = 0
∴ x2 + y 2 + z 2 + x2 − xy + xz − 2xy + 2y 2 − 2yz + 3xz − 3yz + 3z 2
−4x2 − 4y 2 − 4z 2 + 8xy + 8yz − 8xz = 0
∴ −2x2 − y 2 + 5xy + 3yz − 4xz = 0
∴ 2x2 + y 2 − 5xy − 3yz + 4xz = 0

is the required equation of the cone.

14) Show that the general equation to a cone that passes through the three
axes is f yz + gzx + hxy = 0 where f, g, h are parameters.
 4.4 Equation of the Cone whose Vertex is the Origin is Homogeneous 147

Sol. We know that generator lines of any cone intersect only in its vertex.
Here coordinate axes are generators and they intersect in origin.
∴ A required cone is a cone with vertex origin.
∴ Equation of cone must be of the form

ax2 + by 2 + cz 2 + 2hxy + 2gzx + 2f yz = 0. (4.29)

Let the x axis be the generator.

∴ Its direction cosine will satisfy the equation of cone i.e., (1, 0, 0)
satisfies equation (4.29).
∴ a = 0.
Similarly,the y axis and z axis are generators.
∴ (0, 1, 0) and (0, 0, 1) respectively are direction cosines of the y axis and
z axis which satisfies the Equation (4.29).
∴ b = 0 and c = 0
∴ Equation (4.29) becomes,

2f yz + 2gzx + 2hxy = 0

∴ f yz + gzx + hxy = 0
is the required equation of cone having three coordinate axes as generators
where f, g, and h are parameters.
15) Find the equation to the cone which passes through the three coordinate
y y
axes as well as the two lines x1 = −2 = z3 and x3 = −1 = z1 .
Sol. Equation of the cone passes through the three coordinate axes is

f yz + gzx + hxy = 0 (4.30)

y y
The equation of lines are x1 = −2 = z3 and x3 = −1 = z
1 which are generators
of cone.
∴ Direction ratios are (1, −2, 3) and (3, −1, 1)
∴ Equation (4.30) becomes,

f (−2)(3) + g(3)(1) + h(1)(−2) = 0

(4.31)
∴ −6f + 3g − 2h = 0,

and f (−1)(1) + g(1)(3) + h(3)(−1) = 0

∴ −f + 3g − 3h = 0 (4.32)
148 Cone

Solving (4.31) and (4.32), we get f = h5 .

Substituting in (4.32), we get g = 16h
  15  
∴ Equation (4.30) becomes; h5 yz + 16 15 h zx + hxy = 0.
∴ 3yz + 16zx + 15xy = 0 is the required equation of the cone.
16) Find the equation of the quadric cone which passes through the three
coordinate axes and the three mutually perpendicular lines
x y z x −y z
= y = −z; x = = and = = .
2 3 5 8 11 5

Sol. The equation of any cone passing through the coordinate axes is
f yz + gzx + hxy = 0 (4.33)
It passes through the lines
x x y z
= y = −z ⇒ = =
2 2 1 −1
and
y z x y z
x= = ⇒ = = .
3 5 1 3 5
∴ Direction ratios are (2, 1, −1) and (1, 3, 5) with satisfies Equation (4.33)
∴ f (1)(−1) + g(−1)(2) + h(2)(1) = 0
(4.34)
∴ −f − 2g + 2h = 0,
and f (3)(5) + g(5)(1) + h(1)(3) = 0
∴ 15f + 5g + 3h = 0 (4.35)
Solving (4.34) and (4.35), we get
 f  g
  =  h 
  = 
 −22  2 − 1 

 −1 − 2



     
 53  
315   155 
f g
∴ −6−10 = 30+3 = h
−5+30
f g
∴ −16 = 33 h
= 25

∴ f = −16h
25 and g = 25
33h

∴ Equation (4.33) becomes;

−16h
25 yz + 33h
25 zx + hxy = 0 (4.36)
∴ 16yz − 33zx − 25xy = 0
 4.5 Intersection of a Line with a Cone 149

x −y z
which will be the required cone if it satisfied the third given line 8 = 11 = 5
∴ The direction ratios are (8, −11, 5).
L.H.S. of Equation (4.36) = 16yz − 33zx − 25xy
= 16(−11)(5) − 33(5)(8) − 25(8)(−11)
= −880 − 1320 + 2200
= 0= R.H.S.
∴ Line x8 = −y z
11 = 5 also satisfies the equation of the cone.
∴ 16yz − 33zx − 25xy = 0 is the required equation of the cone.

4.5 Intersection of a Line with a Cone

y−β z−γ
To find the points of intersection of the line x−α
l = m = n and cone
with vertex origin.
Let the equation of the cone with vertex origin is
ax2 + by 2 + cz 2 + 2f z + 2gzx + 2hxy = 0. (4.37)
And the equation of the line is
x−α y−β z−γ
= = = t. (4.38)
l m n
∴ Coordinates of the line (4.38) are x = α + lt; y = β + mt; z = γ + nt
Substituting the values of x, y, and z in Equation (4.37), we get
a(α + lt)2 + b(β + mt)2 + c(γ + nt)2 + 2f (β + mt) (γ + nt)
+2g (γ + nt) (α + lt) + 2h (α + lt) (β + mt) = 0,

∴ t2 [al2 + bm2 + cn2 + 2f mn + 2gln + 2hlm ]+2t[ aαl + bmβ + cγn

+γf m + f βn + gγl + gαn + hαm + hlβ ] +[ aα2 + bβ 2 + cγ 2 + 2f βγ
+2gγα + 2hαβ] = 0
∴ t2 [al2 + bm2 + cn2 + 2f mn + 2gln + 2hlm] + 2t[(aα + hβ+
gγ)l + (hα + bβ + f γ)m + (gα + f β + cγ)n] + [aα2 + bβ 2
+cγ 2 + 2f βγ + 2gγα + 2hαβ] = 0
 
∴ t2 al2 + bm2 + cn2 + 2f mn + 2gnl + 2hlm
+2t[l (aα + hβ + gγ) + m (hα + bβ + f γ)
+n (gα + f β + cγ)] + f (α, β, γ) = 0
150 Cone

which is a quadratic equation in t.

∴ It has roots t1 and t2 .
∴ Points of intersection of line and cone are
P (α + lt1 , β + mt1 , γ + nt1 ) and Q(α + lt2 ; β + mt2 ; γ + nt2 ).

4.6 Equation of a Tangent Plane at (α, β, γ) to the Cone

with Vertex Origin
Let the equation line through a point (α, β, γ) of the cone be
x−α y−β z−γ
= = . (4.39)
l m n
The equation of cone with vertex origin is

f (x, y, z) = ax2 + by 2 + cz 2 + 2f yz + 2gzx + 2hxy = 0 (4.40)

∴ f (α, β, γ) = aα2 + bβ 2 + cλ2 + 2f βγ + 2gγα + 2hαβ = 0. (4.41)

Let l, m, n be the direction ratio of a line through the point (α, β, γ)
∴ Coordinates of the line (4.39) are

x = α + lt; y = β + mt; z = γ + nt. (4.42)

Substitution value of x, y, and z from Equation (4.40), we get

∴ t2 [al2 + bm2 + cn2 + 2f mn + 2gnl + 2hlm] + 2t[l(aα + hβ + gγ)

+m(hα + b β + f γ) + n(gα + f β + cγ)]

+[aα2 + bβ 2 + cγ 2 + 2f βγ + 2gγα + 2hαβ] = 0
t2 [f (l, m, n)] + 2t[l(aα + hβ + gγ) + m(hα + bβ + f γ)
(4.43)
+n(gα + f β + cγ)] + f (α, β, γ) = 0.
∴ Equation (4.39) is a tangent line to cone (4.40) if and only if quadratic
Equation (4.41) has two equal roots.

i.e., Δ = 0

i.e., b2 − 4ac = 0
∴ b2 = 4ac
 4.6 Equation of a Tangent Plane at (α, β, γ) to the Cone with Vertex Origin 151

i.e.,[2 (l (aα + hβ + gγ) + m (hα + bβ + f γ) + n (gα + f β + cγ))]2

− 4f (l, m, n) f (α, β, γ) = 0
∴ l (aα + hβ + gγ) + m (hα + bβ + f γ) + n (gα + f β + cγ) = 0 (4.44)
(∵ f (α, β, γ) = 0; By (4.41))
Eliminating l, m, n from Equations (4.39) and (4.44); we get
i.e., Replacing l, m, n by (x − α); (y − β) and (z − γ) respectively in
(4.44); we get
∴ (x − α) (aα + hβ + gγ) + (y − β) (hα + bβ + f γ)
+(z − γ)(gα + f β + cγ = 0
∴ x(aα + hβ + gγ) + y(hα + bβ + f γ) + z(gα + f β + cγ)
= α(aα + hβ + gγ) + β(hα + bβ + f γ) + γ(gα + f β + cγ)
= aα2 + bβ 2 + cγ 2 + 2f βγ + 2gγα + 2hαβ = f (α, β, γ)
which is the required equation of the tangent plane.
Remark :
To remember the equation of the tangent plane
α β γ
x a h g
y h b f
z g f c
= x (aα + hβ + gγ) + y (hα + bβ + f γ) + z (gα + f γ + cγ) .
Corollary:
The tangent plane at any point (kα, kβ, kγ) on the generator through the
point (α, β, γ) is the same as the tangent plane at (α, β, γ).
Proof: Equation of the tangent plane at (kα, kβ, kγ) to the cone with vertex
origin is given by
x [a (kα) + h (kβ) + g (kγ)] + y [h (kα) + b (kβ) + f (kγ)]
+z[g(kα) + f (kβ) + c(kγ)] = 0
∴ k[x(aα + hβ + gγ) + y(hα + bβ + f γ) + z(gα + f β + cγ)] = 0
∴ x(aα + hβ + gγ) + y(hα + bβ + f γ) + z(gα + f β + cγ) = 0
which is the required equation of tangent plane at point (α, β, γ).
∴ The tangent plane at any point on the cone touches the cone at all points
of the generator through that point and we say that the plane touches the cone
along with the generator.
152 Cone

4.7 Conditions for Tangency

To find the condition that the plane lx + my + nz = 0 should touch the cone

ax2 + by 2 + cz 2 + 2hxy + 2f yz + 2gzx = 0.

Proof: Let the equation of the plane be

lx + my + nz = 0. (4.45)

The equation of the cone is

ax2 + by 2 + cz 2 + 2hxy + 2f yz + 2gzx = 0. (4.46)

Let (α, β, γ) be the point of contact to the tangent plane

x (aα + hβ + gγ) + y (hα + bβ + f γ) + z (gα + f β + cγ) = 0. (4.47)

∴ By Equations (4.45) and (4.47) planes are identical if and only if

aα + hβ + gγ hα + bβ + f γ gα + f β + cγ
= = =k
l m n
⎫
∴ aα + hβ + gγ − kl = 0⎬
hα + bβ + f γ − mk = 0 (4.48)
⎭
gα + f β + cγ − nk = 0
∴ Point (α, β, γ) lies on the plane (4.45); we get

lα + mβ + nγ = 0 (4.49)

Eliminating α, β, γ, k from (4.48) and (4.49), we get

 
a h g l 
 
 h b f m
 
g f c n  = 0
 
l m n o 

which is the required condition for tangency.

The determinant on expansion gives

Al2 + Bm2 + Cn2 + 2F mn + 2Gln + 2Hlm = 0,

 4.7 Conditions for Tangency 153

where A, B, C, F, G and H are the cofactors of a, b, c, f, g, h respectively in

determinant  
 a h g
 
 h b f
 
 g f c

where A = bc − f 2 ; B = ac − g 2 ; C = ab − h2

H = f g − hc; F = hg − af ; G = hf − bg.

17) Find the plane which touches the cone x2 +2y 2 −3z 2 +2yz−5zx+3xy =
0 along with the generator whose direction ratios are 1, 1, 1.
Sol. The required plane touches the cone x2 +2y 2 −3z 2 +2yz −5zx+3yx =
0.
Comparing with the general equation

ax2 + by 2 + cz 2 + 2f yz + 2gzx + 2hxy = 0

∴ a = 1; b = 2; c = −3; f = 1; g = −5 3
2 ;h = 2

Direction ratios of the generator are 1, 1, 1

∴ Equation of generators are x1 = y1 = z1 = r.
∴ Any point on this generator is(r, r, r).
The tangent plane at the point (r, r, r) to the given cone is

x (aα + hβ + gγ) + y (hα + bβ + f γ) + z (gα + f β + cγ) = 0

     
∴ x 1r + 32 r − 52 r + y 32 r + 2r + r + z −52 r + r − 3r = 0
     
∴ x 1 + 32 − 52 + y 32 + 2 + 1 + z −5 2 +1−3 =0
∴ 92 y − 92 z = 0
∴y=z
is the required tangent plane.
18) Prove that the perpendiculars drawn from the origin to the tangent planes
to the tangent planes to the cone ax2 + by 2 + cz 2 = 0 lie on the cone

x2 y 2 z 2
+ + = 0.
a b c

Sol. The perpendicular drawn from the origin to the tangent planes to the
given cone is called the reciprocal cone.
154 Cone

Given the equation of the cone is ax2 + by 2 + cz 2 = 0.

∴ By conditions for tangency

Ax2 + By 2 + Cz 2 + 2F yz + 2Gzx + 2Hxy = 0,

where,

A = bc + f 2 = bc; B = ca − g 2 = ac; C = ab − h2 = ab;

F =0=G=H
∴ bcx2 + cay 2 + abz 2 = 0
x2 y 2 z 2
∴ + + =0
a b c
is the required equation of the cone.
19) Prove that tangent planes to the cone x2 −y 2 +2z 2 −3yz +4zx−5xy = 0
are perpendicular to the generators of the cone 17x2 + 8y 2 + 29z 2 + 28yz −
46zx − 16xy = 0.
Sol. Given the equation of cone is

x2 − y 2 + 2z 2 − 3yz + 4zx − 5xy = 0

Comparing with the general equation of cone

ax2 + by 2 + cz 2 + 2f yz + 2gx + 2hxy = 0

−3
∴ a = 1, b = −1, c = 2, 2f = −3, 2g = 4, 2h = −5, f = ,
2
−5
g = 2, h = .
2
By condition of tangency

Ax2 + By 2 + Cz 2 + 2F yz + 2Gzx + 2Hxy = 0. (4.50)

 2
−3 −17
∴ A = bc − f 2 = (−1) (2) − =
2 4
B = ca − g 2 = (2) (1) − (2)2 = −2
 2
2 −5 −29
C = ab − h = 1 (−1) − =
2 4
 4.7 Conditions for Tangency 155

  
−5 −3 −7
F = gh − af = 2 −1 =
2 2 2
 
−5 −3 23
G = hf − bg = − (−1) (2) =
2 2 4
   
−3 −5
H = f g − ch = (2) − 2 = 2.
2 2
∴ Equation (4.50) becomes,

−17x2 29z 2
 −7
  23 
4 − 2y 2 − 4 +2 2 yz + 2 4 zx + 2 (2) xy = 0
∴ 17x2 + 8y 2 + 29z 2 + 28yz − 46zx − 16xy = 0

which is the required equation of the cone.

20) Find the equation of the cone which passes through the common genera-
tors of the cones −2x2 + 4y 2 + z 2 = 0 and 10xy − 2yz + 5zx = 0 and the
line with direction cosines proportional to 1, 2, 3.
Sol. Any cone passing through the common generators of the cone

−2x2 + 4y 2 + z 2 = 0 and 10xy − 2yz + 5zx = 0

is  
−2x2 + 4y 2 + z 2 + λ (10xy − 2yz + 5zx) = 0. (4.51)
Equation (4.51) passes through a line whose direction ratios are 1, 2, 3.
∴ Direction ratios satisfy the Equation (4.51)

∴ (−2 + 16 + 9) + λ (20 − 12 + 15) = 0

∴ λ = −1.

∴ Substituting in Equation (4.51), we get

2x2 − 4y 2 − z 2 + 10xy − 2yz + 5zx = 0

which is the required equation of the cone.

21) Show that the equation of the cone through the intersection of the cones
x2 − 2y 2 + 3z 2 − 4yz + 5zx − 6xy = 0 and 2x2 − 3y 2 + 4z 2 + 5yz +
6zx + 10xy = 0 and the line with direction cosines proportional to 1, 1, 1 is
y 2 − 2z 2 + 3yz − 4zx + 2xy = 0.
156 Cone

Sol. Let the equation of the cone through the intersection of the cones
x2 − 2y 2 + 3z 2 − 4yz + 5zx − 6xy = 0,
and
2x2 − 3y 2 + 4z 2 − 5yz + 6zx − 10xy = 0
is  
x2 − 2y 2 + 3z 2 − 4yz + 5zx − 6xy
  (4.52)
+γ 2x2 − 3y 2 + 4z 2 − 5yz + 6zx − 10xy = 0.
Equation (4.52) passes through the line with direction ratios 1, 1, 1
∴ Direction cosines satisfy the Equation (4.52)
∴ [1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + 5 − 6] + γ [2 − 3 + 4 − 5 + 6 − 10] = 0
∴ −3 − 6γ = 0
∴ γ = −12 .

∴ Equation (4.52) becomes,

 2 
x − 2y 2 + 3z 2 − 4yz + 5zx − 6xy
1 2 
−2x − 3y 2 + 4z 2 + 5yz + 6zx − 10xy = 0
2
∴ 2x +4y +6z 2 −8yz+10zx−12xy−2x2 +3y 2 −4z 2 +5yz−6zx+10xy = 0
2 2

∴ −y 2 + 2z 2 − 3yz + 4zx − 2xy = 0

∴ y 2 − 2z 2 + 3yz − 4zx + 2xy = 0
is the required equation of the cone.

4.8 Right Circular Cone

A right circular cone is a surface generated by a line that passes through a
fixed point and makes a constant angle with a fixed line through the fixed
point.
The fixed point is called the vertex.
The fixed-line through the vertex is called the axis and the fixed angle is
called the semi-vertical angle of the cone and the straight line through the
vertex is the generator.
Theorem: Every section of a right circular cone by a line perpendicular to its
axis is a circle.
 4.8 Right Circular Cone 157

Proof:
Let a plane perpendicular to the axis on a right circular cone with a semi-
vertical angle α meets it at N.

Let P be a point of the section; since ON is perpendicular to the plane

which contains the line NP.

∴ ON ⊥N P
PN
∴ = tan α
ON
∴ N P = ON tan α .
NP is constant for every position of point P of the section.
∴ The section is circular with N as its center.
∴ Every section of a right circular cone perpendicular to the axis is a
circle.
Equation of a right circular cone:
y−β z−γ
To find the equation of cone with axis as a line x−αl = m = n and vertex
is the point (α, β, γ) and θ be the semi-vertical angle.
Proof:
Let O (α, β, γ) be the vertex and OA be the axis of the cone. The required
equation is to be obtained by using the condition that the line joining any
point P (x, y, z) on the curve to the vertex O (α, β, γ) makes an angle θ with
the axis OA . ←→
∴ Direction cosines of OP is x − α; y − β; z − γ
158 Cone

y−β z−γ
∴ The equation of axis OA is x−α l = m = n ,
where l, m, n are proportional to direction cosines θ is the angle between
−→ −−→
OA and OP .
l (x − α) + m (y − β) + n (z − γ)
∴ cosθ = √  .
2 2 2 2 2 2
l +m +n (x − α) + (y − β) + (z − γ)

∴ Required equation of right circular cone is

[l (x − α) + m (y − β) + n (z − γ)]2
  
= l2 + m2 + n2 (x − α)2 + (y − β)2 + (z − γ)2 cos2 θ.

Corollary 1: If the vertex be the origin; then the equation of the right circular
cone is
  
(lx + my + nz)2 = l2 + m2 + n2 x2 + y 2 + z 2 cos2 θ .

Corollary 2: If the vertex be the origin and the axis of the cone be the z-axis
then (α, β, γ) = (0, 0, 0) and (l, m, n) = (0, 0, 1)
∴ Equation of right circular cone becomes,
 
z 2 = x2 + y 2 + z 2 cos2 θ
z2
∴ x2 + y 2 + z 2 = cos 2θ
∴ x2 + y 2 = z 2sec2 θ − z 2
∴ x2 + y 2 = z 2 sec2 θ − 1
∴ x2 + y 2 = z 2 tan2 θ.
 4.8 Right Circular Cone 159

22) Show that the equation of the right circular cone which passes through
the point (1, 1, 2) and has its vertex at origin and axis the line x2 = −y z
4 = 3 is
2 2 2
4x + 40y + 19z − 48xy − 72yz + 36xz = 0.
y
Sol. The axis of the cone is x2 = −4 = z3 .
Let P (1, 1, 2) be any point on the cone.
The direction ratio of generator OP are 1, 1, 2.
Let α be the semi-vertical angle of the cone
2(1)+(−4)(1)+3(2)
∴ cosα = √ √
22 +(−4)2 +(3)2 12 +12 +22
4
∴ cosα = √174 .

Let Q (x, y, z) be any point on the surface of the cone.

In ΔOQM ,cosα = OM OQ

∴ OQ2 cos2 α = OM 2 . (4.53)

∴ OM = Projection of OP on-axis whose direction ratios are 2, -4, 3.

∴ Direction cosines are √229 ; √−4
29
; √329 .

∴ OM = √2x29 − √4y29 + √3z29

OQ2 = x2 + y 2 + z 2 .
∴ Equation (4.53) becomes,
 2   4 2  2x−4y+3z 2
x + y 2 + z 2 √174 = √
29
 2 
 2 ∴ (16) (29)
 x +
 y 2 + z 2 = 174(2x − 4y + 3z)2 
∴ 8 x + y 2 + z 2 = 3 4x2 + 16y 2 + 9z 2 − 16xy + 12xz − 2yz
∴ 4x2 + 40y 2 + 19z 2 − 48xy + 36xz − 72yz = 0.
160 Cone

23) Show that the equation of the right circular cone with vertex (2, 3, 1) axis
parallel to the line −x = y2 = z and one of its generators having direction
cosines proportional to (1, -1, 1) is

x2 − 8y 2 + z 2 − 12xy − 12yz + 6zx − 46x + 36y + 22z − 19 = 0.

Sol. The axis of the cone is the line through vertex A(2, 3, 1) and parallel to
NL.

∴ Its equations are

x−2 y−3 z−1
= =
−1 2 1
∴It has direction ratios (−1, 2, 1) , or (1, −2, −1)
Direction ratios of one generator are (1, −1, 1).
Let α be the semi-vertical angle of the cone
(1)(1)+(−2)(−1)+(−1)(1)
∴ cosα = √ √
1+4+1 1+1+1 √
2
∴ cosα = √218 = 3√ 2
2
= 3 .

Let PM be perpendicular to the axis of the cone.

In ΔAP M ; cosα = AM
AP

∴ AP 2 cos2 α = AM 2 . (4.54)

AM =Projection of AP on the axis of the cone

     
= (x − 2) √16 + (y − 3) √ −2
6
+ (z − 1) −1
√
6
x−2y−z+5
∴ AM = √
6
.
 4.8 Right Circular Cone 161

AP = Distance between points A and P

∴ AP 2 = (x − 2)2 + (y − 3)2 + (z − 1)2

∴ Equation (4.54) becomes,

 2  
2 2 2x − 2y − z + 5 2
(x − 2) + (y − 3) + (z − 1) = √
9 6
 
∴ 4 x2 − 4x + 4 + y 2 − 6y + 9 + z 2 − 2z + 1
 
= 3 x2 + 4y 2 + z 2 + 25 − 4xy − 2xz + 10x + 4yz − 20y − 10z
∴ −x2 + 8y 2 − z 2 − 12xy − 6xz + 12yz + 46x − 36y − 22z + 19 = 0
∴ x2 − 8y 2 + z 2 + 12xy + 6xz − 12yz − 46x + 36y + 22z − 19 = 0
is the required equation of the cone.
24) Lines are drawn through the origin with direction cosines proportional to
(1, 2, 2); (2, 3, 6); (3, 4, 12). Show that the axis
 of the right circular cone
−1 √1 √1
√
through then has direction cosines 3
, 3 , 3 and that the semi-vertical
 
angle of the cone is cos−1 √13 obtain also the equation of the cone.
Sol. Let α be the semi-vertical angle of the cone and l, m, n be the direction
ratios of the axis of the cone.
The lines with direction ratios (1, 2, 2); (2, 3, 6), and (3, 4, 12) are the
generators of the cone
l + 2m + 2n
∴ cosα = √ √
l2 + m2 + n2 12 + 22 + 22
2l + 3m + 6n
cosα = √ √
l2
+ m2 + n2 22 + 32 + 62
3l + 4m + 12n
cosα = √ √
l2 + m2 + n2 32 + 42 + 122
l + 2m + 2n 2l + 3m + 6n
∴ √ = √
3 l2 + m2 + n2 7 l 2 + m2 + n 2
∴ 7 (l + 2m + 2n) = 3 (2l + 3m + 6n)
∴ l + 5m − 4n = 0. (4.55)
162 Cone

√l+2m+2n 3l+4m+12n
√
Similarly, 3 l2 +m2 +n2
= 13 l2 +m2 +n2
.

∴ 13 (l + 2m + 2n) = 3 (3l + 4m + 12n)

(4.56)
∴ 2l + 7m − 5n = 0

∴ By (4.55) and (4.56), we get

 l  =  m  =  n 
 5 − 4   −41   15 
    
     
 7−5   −52   27 
∴ −25+28 = −8+5 = 7−10
l m n

∴ l
3 = m
−3 = n
−3 .

∴ Direction ratios of the axis of the cone

 are (-1, 1,
 1).
−1 1 1
∴ Direction Cosines of the cone are √3 , √3 , √3 .

1(−1)+2(1)+2(1)
∴ cosα = √
3.(3)
= √13
 
∴α = cos−1 √13 .

Let P (x, y, z) be any point on the cone.

Let P M be perpendicular to the axis of the cone.

−x
√ + √y + √z
∴ OM = 3 3 3
OP = x2 + y 2 + z 2
∴ OM 2 = OP 2 cos2 α
 4.8 Right Circular Cone 163

 2  2  
−x+y+z √1
∴ √
3
= 3
x2 + y 2 + z 2

∴ x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2xy − 2xz + 2yz = x2 + y 2 + z 2

∴ xy − yz + zx = 0
is the required equation of the cone.
25) If α is the semi-vertical angle of the right circular cone that passes through
 √ −1/2
the lines. OY ; OZ; x = y = z; Show that cosα = 9 − 4 3 .
Sol. Cone passes through origin and generators of the cone are OY, OZ;

x = y = z.

∴ Direction ratios are (0, 1, 0); (0, 0, 1), and (1, 1, 1).
Let l, m, n be the direction ratios of the axis of the cone. Let α be the
semi-vertical angle of the right circular cone.
l (0) + m (1) + n (0) m
∴ cosα = √ √ =√ , (4.57)
l2 2 2
+m +n 0+1+0 l + m2 + n 2
2

l (0) + m (0) + n (1) n

cosα = √ √ =√ , (4.58)
l2 2 2
+m +n 0+0+1 l + m2 + n2
2

l (1) + m (1) + n (1) l+m+n

cosα = √ √ = . (4.59)
l2 + m2 + n2 1 + 1 + 1 3 (l2 + m2 + n2 )
∴ By (4.57) and (4.58) ⇒ m = n

⇒ m − n = 0. (4.60)

Solving (4.59) and (4.60)

l√ m n
(−1)(1− 3)−1
=
1(0)−1(−1) = (1)(1)−0
m
1 = n1 = √3−2
l
1
∴ cosα = √ 2
( 3−2) +12 +12
1
=√ √
3+4−4 3+2
∴ cosα = √ 1 √
9−4 3
 √ −1/2
∴ cosα = 9 − 4 3 .
164 Cone

Exercise:

1) Find the equations to the cones with vertex at the origin and passes
through the curve

(a) x2 + y 2 + z 2 − x − 1 = 0, x2 + y 2 + z 2 + y − 2 = 0
(b) ax2 + by 2 + cz 2 − 1 = 0, αx2 + βy 2 − 2z = 0
x2 y2
(c) a2
+ b2
= 1, z = c

Answer: (a) x2 − 3xy − z 2 = 0,

   2
(b) 4z 2 ax2 + by 2 + cz 2 = α x2 + βy 2 ,
x2 y2 z2
(c) a2
+ b2
− c2
=0

2) Find the equation of the cone with a vertex is (1, 2, 3) and base is y 2 =
4ax, z = 0.
Answer: (2z − 3y)2 = 4a (z − 3) (z − 3x)

3) Find the equation of the cone with vertex (5, 4, 3) , and 3x2 + 2y 2 =
6, y + z = 0 as a base.
Answer: 147x2 + 87y 2 + 101z 2 − 210xy + 90yz − 210zx − 294 = 0
y
4) Show that the line xl = m = nz , where l2 +3m2 −3n2 = 0 is a generator
of the cone x2 + 2y 2 − 3z 2 = 0.

5) Prove that the perpendiculars are drawn from the origin to tangent planes
to the cone 2x2 + 3y 2 + 4z 2 + 2yz + 4zx + 6xy = 0 lie on the cone
11x2 + 4y 2 − 3z 2 + 8yz − 6zx − 20xy = 0.

6) Show that the locus of the lines of intersection of tangent planes to the
cone ax2 + by 2 + cz 2 = 0 which touch along perpendicular generators
is cone a2 (b + c) x2 + b2 (c + a) y 2 + c2 (a + b) z 2 = 0.

7) Find the equation to the right circular cone whose vertex is (2, −3, 5),
axis P Q which makes equal angles with the axes and semi-vertical angle
is 30◦ .
Answer: 5x2 + 5y 2 + 5z 2 − 8xy − 8zx − 4x + 86y − 58z + 278 = 0
 Exercise: 165

8) Find the equation to the right circular cone whose vertex is P (2, −3, 5) ,
axis P Q which makes equal angles with the axes, and which passes
through the point A (1, −2, 3).
Answer: x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 6 (xy + yz + zx) − 16x − 36y − 4z − 28 = 0

9) Find the equation of the right circular cone whose vertex is at the origin,
whose axis is the line x1 = y2 = z3 , and which has a vertical angle of 60◦ .
Answer: 19x2 + 13y 2 + 3z 2 − 8xy − 24yz − 12zx = 0

10) Prove that x2 − y 2 + z 2 − 4x + 2y + 6z + 12 = 0 represents a right

circular cone whose vertex is the point (2, 1, −3) whose axis is parallel
to OY and whose semi-vertical angle is 45◦ .

11) Find the equation of the right circular cone, whose vertex is the origin
and semi-vertical angle is 45◦ and axis is x = y = z.
Answer: x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4 (xy + yz + zx) .
 5
Cylinder

5.1 Definition
A cylinder is a surface generated by straight lines parallel to a fixed-line and
satisfying one more condition intersecting to a curve or touching a given
surface.
The intersecting curve is known as the guiding curve. Straight lines are
known as generators and the fixed line is known as the axis.

Remark:
The minimum requirement of the cylinder is

1) Direction ratio of the axis L (l, m, n)


S=0
2) Guiding curve .
u=0

167
168 Cylinder

5.2 Equation of the Cylinder whose Generators Intersect

the Given Conic and are Parallel to a Given Line
To find the equation of the cylinder whose generators intersect the conic ax2 +
2hxy + by 2 + 2gx + 2f y + c = 0, z = 0 and parallel to the line xl = my
= nz .
Sol. Let P (α, β, γ) be any point on the cylinder parallel to the line
x y z
l = m = n having direction ratio (l, m, n).

∴ Equation of generator through P (α, β, γ) are

x−α y−β z−γ
= = . (5.1)
l m n
Since line (5.1) intersect the conic
 2
ax + 2hxy + by 2 + 2gx + 2f y + c = 0
z=0
∴ Line (5.1) will be satisfied by z = 0
x−α y−β 0−γ
∴ = =
l m n
lγ mγ
∴x=α− ; y=β− , and z = 0
n n
are general coordinates if line (5.1) which satisfy the surface of the conic S.
ax2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2gx + 2f y + c = 0
     
lγ 2 lγ  mγ   mγ 2 lγ
∴a α− +2h α − β− +b β − +2g α −
n n n n n
 5.2 Equation of the Cylinder whose Generators Intersect the Given Conic 169
 mγ 
+2f β − +c=0
n
∴ a(αn − lγ)2 + 2h (αn − lγ) (βn − mγ) + b(βn − mγ)2
+2gn (αn − lγ) + 2f n (βn − mγ) + cn2 = 0
which is the condition that the point (α, β, γ) should lie on the surface of the
cylinder.
∴ For the equation of the cylinder replace (α, β, γ) by the point (x, y, z).
∴ a(nx − lz)2 + 2h (nx − lz) (ny − mz) + b(ny − mz)2
+2gn (nx − lz) + 2f n (ny − mz) + cn2 = 0
which is the required equation of cylinder.
Remark:
If the generator is parallel to the z-axis, then l = 0; m = 0 and n = 1 in the
equation of the cylinder become ax2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2gx + 2f y + c = 0.
1) Find the equation of the cylinder whose generators are parallel to the line
x = −y z 2 2
2 = 3 and whose guiding curve is the ellipse x + 2y = 1; z = 3.
Sol. Generators are parallel to the line x1 = −y z
2 = 3 and the guiding curve is
2 2
the ellipse x + 2y = 1; z = 3.
Let P (x1 , y1 , z1 ) be any point on the cylinder, then the equation of any
generator through the point P is
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= =
1 −2 3
3−z1
∴ x−x1
1 = y−y 1
−2 = 3
∴ x−x1
1 = y−y
−2 = 1 − 3
1 z1

z1 2z1
∴ x = x1 + 1 − ; y = −2 + + y1 ; z = 3.
3 3
This generator intersects the given conic if
  2
z1  2 2z1
x1 + 1 − + 2 y1 + − 2 = 1.
3 3
 2  2
Generalizing x1 , y1 , z1 ; we get x − z3 + 1 + 2 y + 2z 3 −2 =1
∴ x2 + 2y 2 + z 2 − 23 xz + 83 yz + 2x − 8y − 6z + 8 = 0
 
∴ 3 x2 + 2y 2 + z 2 + 2 (4yz − xz) + 6 (x − 4y − 3z) + 24 = 0.
170 Cylinder

2) Find the equation of the cylinder whose generators intersect the curve
ax2 + by 2 = 2z; lx + 3y + nz = p and are parallel to the z-axis.
Sol. The given curves are

ax2 + by 2 = 2z (5.2)

lx + my + nz = p. (5.3)
Eliminating z from (5.2) and (5.3), we get

ax2 + by 2 = 2z
2
= [p − lx − my]
n
 
∴ n ax2 + by 2 = 2p − 2lx − 2my
∴ n(ax2 + by 2 ) + 2lx + 2my − 2p = 0.

5.3 Enveloping Cylinder

The locus of the tangents to a sphere that is parallel to a given line is a cylinder
known as the enveloping cylinder.
Straight lines are known as generators and the fixed line is known as the
axis of an enveloping cylinder.
Equation of the enveloping cylinder:
To find the equation of the cylinder whose generator touch the sphere
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2 and are parallel to the line xl = m
y
= nz .
Let P (α, β, γ) be any point on a generator parallel to a fixed-line with
direction ratio (l, m, n) .
 5.3 Enveloping Cylinder 171

∴ Equation of generator through point P (α, β, γ) is

x−α y−β z−γ
= = = t, (5.4)
l m n
∴ x = α + lt; y = β + mt; z = γ + nt (5.5)
are generator coordinates of the line (5.4).
Since generator (5.4) touches the given sphere
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2 (5.6)
∴ Substituting general coordinates in Equation (5.6), we get

 ∴ (α + lt)2 + (mt + β)2 + (nt+ γ)2 = a2 

∴t 2 l2 + m2 + n2 + 2t (lα + mβ + γn) + α2 + β 2 + γ 2 − a2 = 0.
∴ Straight line (5.4) touches the sphere if and only if the quadratic equation
must have equal roots.
i.e., Δ = 0
∴ b2 − 4ac = 0
∴ b2 = 4ac
∴ [2 (lα + mβ + nγ)] = 4 (l + m + n) (α + β + γ − a)
  
∴ (lα + mβ + nγ)2 = l2 + m2 + n2 α2 + β 2 + γ 2 − a2 .
This is the condition for a line to touch the sphere at (α, β, γ) .
Replacing α, β, γ by x, y, z respectively, we get
  
∴ (lx + my + nz)2 = l2 + m2 + n2 x2 + y 2 + z 2 − a2
which is the required equation of enveloping cylinder.
3)Find the enveloping cylinder of the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2x + 4y = 1
having its generators parallel to the line x = y = z.
Sol. Let P (α, β, γ) be any point on the enveloping cylinder.
y−β z−γ
∴ Equation of the generator through P (α, β, γ) is x−α
1 = 1 = 1 = t.
∴ x = t + α; y = t + β; z = t + γ.
This point satisfies the equation of the sphere
x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2x + 4y = 1
∴ (t + α)2 + (t + β)2 + (t + γ)2 − 2 (t + α) + 4 (t + β) = 1
 
∴ 3t2 + 2t (α + β + γ + 1) + α2 + β 2 + γ 2 − 2x + 4β − 1 = 0.
172 Cylinder

Since this generator is a tangent to a given sphere.

∴ The quadratic equation must have equal roots
∴Δ=0
∴ b2 − 4ac = 0
∴ b2 = 4ac
 
∴ [2 (α + β + γ + 1)]2 = 4 (3) α2 + β 2 + γ 2 − 2α + 4β − 1
∴ α2 + β 2 + γ 2 + 1 + 2αβ + 2αγ + 2α + 2βγ + 2β + 2γ
= 3α2 + 3β 2 + 3γ 2 − 6α + 12β − 3
∴ 2α2 + 2β 2 + 2γ 2 − 2αβ − 2αγ − 2βγ − 8α + 10β − 2γ − 4 = 0
∴ α2 + β 2 + γ 2 − αβ − αγ − βγ − 4α + 5β − γ − 2 = 0.
Replace α, β and γ by x, y, and z respectively, we get
x2 + y 2 + z 2 − xy − xz − yz − 4x + 5y − z − 2 = 0
is the required enveloping cylinder of the sphere.
4) Find the equation of the enveloping cylinder of the coincide
x2 y2 z2 x y z
a2
+ b2
+ c2
= 1 whose generators are parallel to the line l = m = n .
Sol. Let P (x1 , y1 , z1 ) be any point on the enveloping cylinder then the
equations of the generator through P (x1 , y1 , z1 ) are
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= = = r.
l m n
Any point on this generator is (x1 + lr, y1 + mr, z1 + nr).
If the point lies on the given conicoid, we get
     
x1 + lr 2 y1 + mr 2 z1 + nr 2
= = =1
a2 b2 c2
2     2 
2 l m2 n 2 lx4 my1 nz1 x1 y12 z12
∴r + 2 + 2 +2r + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 0.
a2 b c a2 b c a b c
(5.7)
Since this generator is a tangent to the given corticoid so the two values
of r obtained from (5.7) must be equal.
   2  2 
lx1 my1 nz1 l m2 n 2 x1 y12 z12
∴ + 2 + 2 = + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 −1 .
a2 b c a2 b c a2 b c
 5.3 Enveloping Cylinder 173

∴ The locus of P (x1 , y1 , z1 )

   2  2 
lx my nz 2 l m2 n 2 x y2 z2
+ + = + + + + − 1
a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2
is the required equation of the enveloping cylinder.
2 2 2
5) Prove that the enveloping cylinder of the ellipsoid xa2 + yb2 + zc2 = 1 whose
generators are parallel to the line x0 = ±√ay2 −b2 = zc meet the plane z = 0 in
circles.
Sol. Let P (x1 , y1 , z1 ) be any point on the enveloping cylinder then the
equations of the generator through P (x1 , y1 , z1 ) are
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= √ = =r
0 ± a 2 − b2 c
 √ 
Any point on this generator is x1 , y1 ± r a2 − b2 , z1 + cr .
If this point lies on the given ellipsoid, we get
 √ 2
± 2 + b2
x1 y 1 r a (z1 + cr)2
+ + =1
a2 b2 c2
 2  √ !  
2 c2 cz1 y1 a2 − b2 x21 y12 z12
2 a −b
∴r + + 2r ± + + + − 1 =0
b2 c2 c2 b2 a2 b2 c2
(5.8)
Since this generator is a tangent to the given ellipsoid, the two values of r
obtained from (5.8) must be equal.
 √ 
2 2
 2 2  2 
2 2 y2 z2
∴ zc1 ± y1 ba2 −b = a b−b
x
2 + cc2 a21 + b21 + c12 − 1
√
y 2 (a2 −b2 )
 2 2 
z2 2 2 y12 z12
∴ c12 ± 2y1 z1b2 ca −b + 1 b4
x1
= ab2 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − 1

∴ The locus of P (x1 , y1 , z1 )

√     
z 2 2yz a2 − b2 y 2 a2 − b2 a2 x2 y 2 z 2
± + = + 2 + 2 −1 .
c2 b2 c b4 b2 a2 b c
This meets the plane z = 0 in the curve
   
y 2 a 2 − b2 a2 x2 y 2
= 2 + 2 − 1 ; z = 0.
b4 b a2 b
174 Cylinder
2
x2 2
i.e., b2
+ yb2 = ab2 ; z = 0.
∴ x2 + y 2 = a2 ; z = 0 is the circle of radius a on the plane z = 0.
6) Show that the equation of the tangent plane at point (x1 , y1 , z1 ) of the
cylinder ax2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2gx + 2f y + c = 0 is x (ax1 + hy1 + g) +
y (hx1 + by1 + f ) + (gx1 + f y1 + c) = 0, and that it touches the cylinder at
all points of the generator through the point.
Sol. Let the equation of the given cylinder be
ax2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2gx + 2f y + c = 0. (5.9)
Equation of any tangent line through (x1 , y1 , z1 ) is
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= = = r. (5.10)
l m n
Any point on this tangent is (lr + x1 , mr + y1 , nr + z1 )
If it lies on the cylinder (5.9) then
a(x1 + lr)2 + 2h (x1 + lr) (y1 + mr) + b(y1 + mr)2 + 2g (x1 + lr)
+2f (y1 + mr) + c = 0

∴ r2 (al2 + 2hlm + bm2 ) + 2r [l (ax1 + hy1 + g) + m (hx1 + by1 + f )]

+ ax21 + 2hx1 y1 + by12 + 2gx1 + 2f y1 + c = 0 (5.11)
which is a quadratic equation in r.
Since the point (x1 , y1 , z1 ) lies on the cylinder (5.9),
ax21 + 2hx1 y1 + by12 + 2gx1 + 2f y1 + c = 0. (5.12)
By (5.11) and (5.12), we get

 
r2 al2 + 2hlm + bm2 + 2r [l (ax1 + hy1 + g) + m (hx1 + by1 + f )] = 0
(5.13)
which shows that one value of r is zero.
Since the line (5.10) touches the cylinder, it meets the cylinder only at one
point, so both values of r in (5.13) must be equal.
Since one root is zero, the other must also be zero.
∴ Coefficient of r = 0.
∴ l (ax1 + hy1 + g) + m (hx1 + by1 + f ) = 0. (5.14)
 5.4 Right Circular Cylinder 175

Eliminating l, m, n from (5.10) and (5.14), the locus of tangent lines

(5.10) is
(x − x1 ) (ax1 + hy1 + g) + (y − y1 ) (hx1 + by1 + f ) = 0
∴ x(ax1 + hy1 + g) + y(hx1 + by1 + f )
= ax21 + 2hx1 y1 + by12 + gx1 + f y1.

Adding gx1 + f y1 on both sides, we get

x (ax1 + hy1 + g) + y (hx1 + by1 + f ) + (gx1 + f y1 + c)

= ax21 + 2hx1 y1 + by12 + 2gx1 + 2f y1 + c
= 0. (By (5.12))

∴ The required equation of the tangent plane at (x1 , y1 , z1 ) is

x (ax1 + hy1 + g) + y (hx1 + by1 + f ) + (gx1 + f y1 + c) = 0 (5.15)

Now, z is absent from the equation of the cylinder.

∴ Its generators are parallel to the z axis.
∴ Direction cosines are 0, 0, 1.
∴ Equations of the generator through (x1 , y1 , z1 ) are x−x 0
1
= y−y0
1
=
z−z1
1 .
Any point on this generator is (x1 , y1 , r + z1 ) .
∴ Equations of the tangent plane at (x1 , y1 , r + z1 ) to the cylinder (5.15)
is

x (ax1 + hy1 + g) + y (hx1 + by1 + f ) + (gx1 + f y1 + c) = 0 (5.16)

which is the same as the Equation (5.15) for all values if r.

∴ The tangent plane at every point of (5.16) is the same.
∴ The tangent plane touches the cylinder along with the generator through
that point.

5.4 Right Circular Cylinder

The right circular cylinder is a surface generated by straight lines which
intersect a fixed circle and is perpendicular to the plane of the circle.
The fixed circle is known as a guiding curve.
The normal line to the plane of the circle through its center is known as
the axis of the right circular cylinder.
176 Cylinder

The radius of the circle is known as the radius of the cylinder.

Equation of right circular cylinder:
To find the equation of the right circular cylinder whose axis is the line
x−α y−β z−γ
l = m = n and whose radius is r units.
Sol. Let P (x, y, z) be any point on the right circular cylinder having an axis
passing through A (α, β, γ) and with direction ratios l, m, n, and radius as r
units.

Draw P M perpendicular to axis L.

∴ ΔAP M is the right-angled triangle,

∴ AP 2 = AM 2 + P M 2 , (5.17)

where AP 2 = (x − α)2 + (y − β)2 + (z − γ)2

P M 2 = r2
 5.4 Right Circular Cylinder 177

AM = Projection of AP on-axis L.
l (x − α) + m (y − β) + n (z − γ)
= √
l2 + m2 + n2

[l (x − α) + m (y − β) + n (z − γ)]2
∴ AM 2 = .
l2 + m2 + n2
∴ Equation (5.17) becomes;

∴ (x − α)2 + (y − β)2 + (z − γ)2

 2
l(x − α)2 + m(y − β)2 + n (z − γ)
= r2 +
l 2 + m2 + n 2
∴ (x − α)2 + (y − β)2 + (z − γ)2
 2
l(x − α)2 + m(y − β)2 + n (z − γ)
− = r2
l2 + m2 + n2
is the required equation of the right circular cylinder.
7) Find the equation of the right circular cylinder of radius 2 whose axis is
 z−3 
the line (x−1)
2 = (y−2)
1 = 2 .
Sol. Let P (x1 , y1 , z1 ) be any point on the surface of the cylinder.
∴The length of the perpendicular from P (x1 , y1 , z1 ) to the given axis of the
y−2
cylinder x−1 z−3
2 = 1 = 2 must be equal to the radius 2.
∴ Direction cosines of the axis are 23 , 13 , 23 .
∴[Length of the perpendicular from P to the axis]2 = [radius]2
     
 y − 2 z1 − 3  2  x 1 − 1 y 1 − 2  2  x 1 − 1 z1 − 3  2
∴  1 1 2

 +  2 1

  +  2 2
 = (2)2

3 3 3 3 3 3

 2  2
2 1 1 2
∴ (y1 − 2) − (z1 − 3) + (x1 − 1) − (y1 − 2)
3 3 3 3
 2
2 2
+ (x1 − 1) − (z1 − 3) = 4
3 3
∴ (2y1 − z1 − 1)2 + (2z1 − 2x1 + 4)2 + (x1 − 2y1 + 3)2 = 36.
178 Cylinder

Generalizing x1 , y1 , z1 ; we get

∴ 4y 2 + z 2 + 1 − 4yz + 2z − 4y + 4z 2 + 4x2 + 16 − 8xz + 16z − 16x

+x2 + 4y 2 + 9 − 4xy − 6y + 6x = 36
∴ 5x2 + 8y 2 + 5z 2 − 4xy − 4yz − 8xz + 22x − 16y − 14z − 10 = 0
is the required equation of the cylinder.
y
8) The axis of a right circular cylinder of radius 2 is a x−1 z−3
2 = 3 = 1 shows
2 2 2
that its equation is 10x + 5y + 13z − 12xy − 6yz − 4zx − 8x + 30y −
74z + 59 = 0.
Sol. Let P (x1 , y1 , z1 ) be any point on the surface of the cylinder.
∴ Axis is
x−1 y z−3
= = . (5.18)
2 3 1
 
∴ Direction cosines are √214 ; √314 ; √114
∴[ Length of the perpendicular from P to the axis]2 = [ radius]2
 2  2  2
 x1 − 1y1     
∴  √2 √3  +  y13z1 −1 3  +  z1 −1 3x12 − 1  =4
  √ √   √ √ 
14 14 14 14 14 14
∴ (3x1 − 2y1 − 3)2 + (y1 − 3z1 + 9)2 + (2z1 − x1 − 5)2 = 56

Generalizing x1 , y1 , z1 and expanding, we get

∴ 9x2 + 4y 2 + 9 − 12xy − 18x + 12y + y 2 + 9z 2 + 81 − 6yz + 18y

−54z + 4z 2 + x2 + 25 − 4xz − 20z + 10x − 56 = 0

∴ 10x2 + 5y 2 + 13z 2 − 12xy − 6yz − 4zx − 8x + 30y − 74z + 59 = 0.

9) Find the equation of the circular cylinder whose guiding circle is x2 + y 2 +

z 2 − 9 = 0; x − y + z = 3x − y + z = 3.
Sol. The radius of a right circular cylinder is equal to the radius of the guiding
curve and the axis of the cylinder is a line passing through the center of the
circle and hence of the sphere and perpendicular to the plane of the circle.
The radius of the sphere =3.
∴ The length of the perpendicular
  from the center (0, 0, 0) to the given
 √ −3  √
plane x − y + z − 3 = 0 is  1+1+1  = 3.
 5.4 Right Circular Cylinder 179

√ √ √
∴ The radius of the cylinder = M A = OA2 − OM 2 = 9 − 3 = 6.
The axis of the cylinder is the line passing through (0, 0, 0) and normal to
the plane x − y + z = 3.
y
∴ Equations are x1 = −1 = z.
 1 
∴ Direction cosines are √13 ; √ −1 √1
3
; 3
.
Let P (x, y, z) be any point on the cylinder.
∴ The equation of the cylinder is
       2 !  
1 2  y z 2  z x 2  x y  √ 2
√   +  +  = 6
3 −1 1 1 1 1 −1

∴ (y + z)2 + (z − x)2 + (−x − y)2 = 18

∴ 2x2 + 2y 2 + 2z 2 + 2yz − 2xz + 2xy = 18
∴ x2 + y 2 + z 2 + yz − xz + xy − 9 = 0
which is the required equation of the right circular cylinder.
10) Obtain the equation of the right circular cylinder described on the circle
through the three points (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1) as the guiding curve.
Sol. Circle ABC can be interpreted as the intersection of the sphere OABC
and the plane ABC; O being the origin.
∴ Equations of the circle are

x2 + y 2 + z 2 − x − y − z = 0, (5.19)

x + y + z = 1. (5.20)
180 Cylinder

∴ The axis of the cylinder will be perpendicular to the plane (5.20).

∴Direction ratios are (1, 1, 1) .
∴Generators
 1 1 1  of the cylinder will have the direction ratios (1, 1, 1) .
Let x , y , z be any point on the cylinder.
x−x1 y−y 1 z−z 1
∴ The equation of the generator is 1 = 1 = 1 =t
∴ x = t + x1 ; y = t + y 1 ; z = t + z 1
 
Suppose this generator meets the circle at the point x1 + t; y 1 + t; z 1 + t .
∴ Equation (5.19) and (5.20) becomes;
 1 2  2  2      
x + t + y 1 + t + z 1 + t − x1 + t − y 1 + t − z 1 + t = 0
(1−x1 −y1 −z 1 )
and t = 3 .
2 2 2  
∴ Eliminating t we get x1 + y 1 + z 1 − x1 y 1 + y 1 z 1 + z 1 x1 − 1 = 0
Generalizing x1 , y 1 , and z 1 , we get
∴ x2 + y 2 + z 2 − xy − yz − zx − 1 = 0 which is the equation of the
cylinder.
11) Find the equation of the right circular cylinder of radius 3 whose axis
passes through the point (1, 3, 4) and has (1, −2, 3) as its direction ratios.
Sol. The direction cosines of the axis are √114 , √−2
14
, √314 .
The axis of the cylinder passes through the point (1, 3, 4) .
y−3
∴ The equation of the axis is x−11 = −2 = 3 .
z−4

Let (a, b, c) be any point on the cylinder.

The length of the perpendicular from the point (a, b, c) to the axis is 3.
(a − 1)2 + (b − 3)2 + (c − 4)2
 2
1 2 3
− √ (a − 1) − √ (b − 3) + √ (c − 4) =9
14 14 14
 
∴ 14 (a − 1) + (b − 3) + (c − 4)2
2 2

−[(a − 1) − 2 (b − 3) + 3 (c − 4)]2 = 126

∴ 12a2 + 10b2 + 5c2 − 6ac + 12bc + 4ab + 5a − 112b − 70c + 198 = 0.
Since (a, b, c) is any point on the cylinder, the required equation of the cone
is 12x2 + 10y 2 + 5z 2 − 6xz + 12yz + 4xy + 5x − 112y − 70z + 198 = 0.
12) Find the equation of the cylinder generated by straight lines parallel to
the z axis and passing through the curve of intersection of the plane
4x + 3y − 2z = 5 and 3x2 − y 2 + 2z 2 = 1.
 5.4 Right Circular Cylinder 181

Sol. The equations of the given line are

4x + 3y − 2z = 5 and 3x2 − y 2 + 2z 2 = 1

The equation of the cylinder generated by straight lines parallel to the z

axis, we get
 
2 2 4x + 3y − 5 2
3x − y + 2 =1
2
∴ 22x2 + 7y 2 + 24xy − 40x − 30y + 23 = 0
is the required equation of the cylinder.
13) Find the equation of the surface generated by a straight line which is
parallel to the line y = mx, z = nx and intersects the ellipse

x2 y 2
+ 2 = 1, z = 0.
a2 b

Sol. The equations of the given line are y = mx, z = nx.

x y z
⇒ = = .
l m n
Let (x1 , y1 , z1 ) be any point on the surface then the equation of the
generator is
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= = .
l m n
2 2
It intersects the ellipse xa2 + yb2 = 1, z = 0.
−z1
Substituting z = 0, we get x−x l
1
= y−y 1
m = n
∴ x = x1 − n and y = y1 −  n
z1 m 1 z1

∴ The point of intersection is x1 − zn1 , y1 − mn1 z1 , 0 .
This will satisfy the equation of the guiding curve
2 2
(x1 − zn1 ) (y1 − m1nz1 )
a2
+ b2
=1

∴ b2 (nx1 − z1 )2 + a2 (ny1 − m1 z1 )2 = n2 a2 b2 .

∴ The locus of (x1 , y1 , z1 ) is b2 (nx − z)2 + a2 (ny − mz)2 = n2 a2 b2 is the

required equation of the surface.
182 Cylinder

14) Prove that the equation of the right circular cylinder whose axis is
= y−1 2 2 2
1 = 3 and passes through the point (0, 0, 3) is 10x +13y +5z −
x−2 z
2
6yz − 12zx − 4xy − 36x − 18y + 30z − 135 = 0.
Sol. The equations of the axis of the cylinder are
x−2 y−1 z
= = . (5.21)
2 1 3
(Radius of cylinder)2 = (Length of perpendicular from (0, 0, 3) to the line)2
1   90
2 2
= 2 (−6) + (12) + 0 =
(2 + 12 + 32 ) 7

∴ The radius of the cylinder = 90 7 .

Let P (x1 , y1 , z1 ) be any point on the cylinder then the length of the
perpendicular from P (x1 , y1 , z1 ) to the axis (5.21) must be equal to the
radius of the cylinder. 
i.e., 90 2 2 2 = [(y − 1) (3) − (z ) (1)]2 +[2z − 3 (x − 2)]2
7 2 +1 +3 1 1 1 1

+[1 (x1 − 2) − 2 (y1 − 1)]2

∴ 180 = (3y1 − z1 − 3)2 + (2z1 − 3x1 − 6)2 + (x1 − 2y1 )2

10x21 +13y12 +521 −6y1 z1 −12z1 x1 −4x1 y1 −36x1 −18y1 +30z1 −135 = 0.
∴The locus of P (x1 , y1 , z1 )

10x2 + 13y 2 + 5z 2 − 6yz − 12xz − 4xy − 36x − 18y + 30z − 135 = 0

is the required equation of the cylinder.

Exercise:

1) Find the equation of the cylinder whose generators are parallel to the
line x1 = y2 = z3 and pass through the curve x2 + y 2 = 16, z = 0.
Answer: 9x2 + 9y 2 + 5z 2 − 6xz + 12yz − 144 = 0

2) Find the equation of the cylinder with generators parallel to OZ which

passes through the curve of intersection of the surfaces represented by
x2 + y 2 + 2z 2 = 12 and x + y + z = 1.
Answer: 3x2 + 4xy + 3y 2 − 4x − 4y − 10 = 0
 Exercise 183

3) A straight line is always parallel to the Y Z plane and intersects the curve
x2 + y 2 = a2 , z = 0 and x2 = az, y = 0; prove that it generates the
 2  2 
surface x4 y 2 = x2 − az a − x2 .

4) Find the equation of the cylinder generated by the lines parallel to the
y
line x1 = −2 = z5 , the guiding curve being the conic x = 0, y 2 = 8z.
Answer: (y + 2x)2 = 8 (z − 5x)
x y z
5) Find the equation of the right circular cylinder whose axis is 2 = 3 = 6
and radius 5.
Answer: 45x2 + 40y 2 + 13z 2 − 12xy − 36yz − 24zx + 1225 = 0

6) Find the equation of the cylinder whose generators touch the sphere x2 +
y 2 + z 2 − 4x + 6y + 2z − 2 = 0 and are parallel to the line with direction
vector (2, −1, −2) .
Answer: 5x2 + 8y 2 + 5z 2 + 4xy − 4yz + 8zx + 36y − 18z − 99 = 0

7) Obtain the equation of the right circular cylinder described on the circle
through the three points (1, 0, 0) , (0, 1, 0) , (0, 0, 1) as guiding circle.
Answer: x2 + y 2 + z 2 − xy − yz − zx − 1 = 0

8) Find the equation of the right circular cylinder whose axis is x − 2 =

z, y = 0 and passes through the point (3, 0, 0).
Answer: x2 + 2y 2 + z 2 − 2xz − 4x + 2z + 3 = 0

9) Find the equation of the enveloping cylinder of the sphere x2 +y 2 +z 2 −

2x + 4y = 1, having its generators parallel to x = y = z.
Answer: x2 + y 2 + z 2 − yz − zx − xy − 2x + 7y + z − 2 = 0
2 2
10) Find the equation of the enveloping cylinder of the conicoid xa2 + yb2 +
z2
c2
= 1 whose generators are parallel to the line x = y = z.
 2   2 2 2

Answer: ax2 + by2 + cz2 = a12 + b12 + c12 xa2 + yb2 + zc2 − 1 .
 6
Central Conicoid

6.1 Definition
The locus of the general equation
ax2 + by 2 + cz 2 + 2f yz + 2gzx + 2hxy + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0
of the second degree in x, y and z is called a conicoid.
Central conicoid:
All the surfaces which have a center and three principal planes are known as
central conicoid.
Cone is also a central conicoid; vertex is its center.

6.2 Intersection of a Line with the Central Conicoid

Prove that every line meets the central conicoid in two points.
Proof: Let ax2 +by 2 +cz 2 = 1 be the general equation of the central conicoid
which intersects the line
x−α y−β z−γ
= = =t
l m n
∴ Coordinates of the line are given by x = α + lt; y = β + mt; z = γ + nt.
As the line intersects the conicoid, the coordinates satisfy the equation of
the conicoid.
i.e., a(α + lt)2 + b(β + mt)2 + c(γ + nt)2 = 1
∴ t2 (al2 + bm2 + cn2 ) + 2t(alα + bmβ + cnγ) + (aα2 + bβ 2 + cγ 2 − 1) = 0,
which is a quadratic equation in t.
∴ It must have two roots t1 and t2 .
∴ Points are P (α + lt1 , β + mt1 , γ + nt1 ) and
Q (α + lt2 , β + mt2 , γ + nt2 )

185
186 Central Conicoid

are two points of intersection of the line with the central conicoid.
1) Find the points of intersection of the line
−1 1
(x + 5) = (y − 4) = (z − 11)
3 7
with the conicoid 12x2 − 17y 2 + 7z 2 = 7.
Sol. The given line is
x+5 y−4 z−11
−3 = 1 = 7 =t
∴ x = −3t − 5; y = t + 4; z = 7t + 11

which satisfies the equation of the conicoid.

12x2 − 17y 2 + 7z 2 − 7 = 0
∴ 12(−3t − 5)2 − 17(t + 4)2 + 7(7t + 11)2 − 7 = 0
∴ 12(9t2 + 3at + 25) − 17(t2 + 8t + 16) + 7(49t2 + 154t + 121) − 7 = 0
∴ 434t2 + 1302t + 868 = 0
∴ t2 + 3t + 2 = 0
∴ (t + 2) (t + 1) = 0
∴ t = −2 or t = −1.

∴ Required two points are

when t = −1 ⇒ (−2, 3, 4)
when t = −2 ⇒ (1, 2, −3) .

6.3 Tangent Lines and Tangent Plane at a Point

To find the equation of tangent plane at a point P (α, β, γ) on the central
conicoid ax2 + by 2 + cz 2 = 1.
 6.3 Tangent Lines and Tangent Plane at a Point 187

Let
ax2 + by 2 + cz 2 = 1 (6.1)
be the given central conicoid and P (α, β, γ) be any point on it

∴ aα2 + bβ 2 + cγ 2 − 1 = 0 (6.2)
Let line passing through the point P (α, β, γ) be
x−α y−β z−γ
= = = t, (6.3)
l m n
∴ x = α + lt; y = β + mt; z = γ + nt.
∴ Coordinate satisfies the equation of the conicoid

ax2 + by 2 + cz 2 = 1

∴ a(α + lt)2 + b(β + mt)2 + c(γ + nt)2 = 1 (6.4)

∴ t2 [al2 + bm2 + cn2 ] + 2t[alα + bmβ + cnγ] + [aα2 + bβ 2 + cγ 2 − 1] = 0.
Line (6.3) is a tangent line to a central conicoid if and only if Equation (6.4)
has equal roots.
i.e., Δ = 0
∴ b2 = 4ac
  
[2 (alα + bmβ + cnγ)]2 = 4 al2 + bm2 + cn2 aα2 + bβ 2 + cγ 2 − 1
(∵ By Equation (6.2); aα2 + bβ 2 + cγ 2 − 1 = 0)
which is the condition for the line to be tangent line with central conicoid.
For the equation of the tangent place replace l, m and n by x − α, y − β,
and z − γ respectively.

∴ aα (x − α) + bβ (y − β) + cγ (z − γ) = 0
∴ aαx − aα2 + bβy − bβ 2 + cγz − cγ 2 = 0
∴ aαx + bβy + cγz = aα2 + bβ 2 + cγ 2
∴ aαx + bβy + cγz = 1.

which is the required equation of tangent plane at point (α, β, γ) to the central
conicoid.
188 Central Conicoid

6.4 Condition of Tangency

To find the condition that the plane lx + my + nz = p is a tangent plane to a
conicoid ax2 + by 2 + cz 2 = 1 and also find the point of contact.
Let the given plane be

lx + my + nz = p, (6.5)

which touch the central conicoid

ax2 + by 2 + cz 2 = 1. (6.6)

Let P (α, β, γ) be any point on conicoid ax2 + by 2 + cz 2 = 1

∴ aα2 + bβ 2 + cγ 2 = 1 (6.7)

which is the condition that Equation (6.5) is a tangent plane.

Now, two tangent planes are given by Equations (6.7) and (6.5) which are
the same if and only if their coefficients must be proportional.
aα bβ cγ 1
∴ = = =
l m n p
l m n
∴α= ; β= ; γ= .
ap bp cp
∴ Equation (6.7) becomes;
 2  2  2
l m n
a ap + b bp + c cp =1
l2 m2 n2
∴ a + b + c = p2
 6.4 Condition of Tangency 189

which is the required condition of tangency of the plane (6.5) to the

conicoid (6.7).  
l m n
The point of contact of the plane (6.5) and conicoid (6.6) is P ap ; bp ; cp
l2 m2 n2
where p = ± a + b + c .

2) Find the equations to the tangent planes to 7x2 − 3y 2 − z 2 + 21 = 0 which

passes through line 7x − 6y + 9 = 0; z = 3.
Sol. Any plane 7x − 6y + 9 + k (z − 3) = 0.

∴ 7x − 6y + kz = 3k − 9

through the given line will touch given surface 7x2 − 3y 2 − z 2 + 21 = 0

−1 2 1 2 z 2
∴ x + y + = 1.
3 7 21
72 (−6)2 k2
If and only if −1 = 1 + 1 = (3k − 9)2
3 7 21

∴ 2k 2 + 9k + 4 = 0
∴ 2k 2 + 8k + k + 4 = 0
∴ 2k (k + 4) + 1 (k + 4) = 0
∴ (k + 4) (2k + 1) = 0
k = − or k = −1/2.
∴ The required tangent planes are 7x − 6y − 4z + 21 = 0 and 7x − 6y − z
2
+ 21
2 = 0.
i.e., 14x − 12y − z + 21 = 0.
3) Show that the plane 3x + 12y − 6z − 17 = 0 touches the conicoid 3x2 −
6y 2 − 9z 2 + 17 = 0 and finds the point of contact.
Sol. The equation of the given plane is

3x + 12y − 6z − 17 = 0 (6.8)

and the conicoid is

3x2 − 6y 2 + 9z 2 + 17 = 0 (6.9)
Suppose the plane (6.8) touches the conicoid at point (α, β, γ) then the
tangent plane at (α, β, γ) is

3αx − 6βy + 9γz + 17 = 0. (6.10)

190 Central Conicoid

Comparing (6.8) and (6.10), we get

3α −6β 9γ 17
= = =
3 12 −6 −17
2
∴ α = −1; β = 2; γ = .
3
 
∴ The point of contact is −1, 2, 23 if it satisfies the equation of 3x2 − 6y 2 +
9z 2 + 17 = 0.
L.H.S. = 3x2 − 6y 2 + 9z 2 + 17
 
2 2 2
= 3(−1) − 6(2) + 9 + 17
3
= 0 = R.H.S.
 
∴ The point −1, 2, 23 is the point of contact of conicoid and plane.
4) Find the equation to the tangent planes to the surface 4x2 −5y 2 +7z 2 +13 =
0 parallel to the plane 4x+20y−21z = 0 and also find their points of contact.
Sol. The equation of conicoid is
4x2 − 5y 2 + 7z 2 + 13 = 0, (6.11)
and the given plane is
4x + 20y − 21z = 0. (6.12)
Any plane parallel to the given plane is
4x + 20y − 21z + λ = 0. (6.13)
Let this be the required tangent plane. Let the point of contact be (α, β, γ)
then the tangent plane at (α, β, γ) to the conicoid (6.11) is
4αx − 5βy + 7γz + 13 = 0. (6.14)
4α −5β 7γ 13
Comparing (6.13) and (6.14), we get 4 = 20 = −21 = λ
13 −52 −39
∴α= ;β = ;γ =
λ λ λ
∴ (α, β, γ) also lies on the conicoid we get 4α2 − 5β 2 + 7γ 2 + 13 = 0
 2  2  2
∴ 4 13
λ − 5 −52λ + 7 −39
λ + 13 = 0
∴ 132 [4 − 80 + 63] + 13λ2 = 0
∴ λ2 = 169
∴ λ = ±13.
 6.5 Normal to Central Conicoid 191

 13 
∴ Point (α, β, γ) is λ ; −52 −39
λ ; λ = (±1; ∓4; ∓3) .
5) Find the equations to the two planes which contain the line given by
7x + 10y − 30 = 0; 5y − 3z = 0 and touch the ellipsoid

7x2 + 5y 2 + 3z 2 = 60.

Sol. The given equation of surface is

7x2 + 5y 2 + 3z 2 = 60, (6.15)

and the line is 7x + 10y − 30 = 0 = 5y − 3z.

Any plane through this line is 7x + 10y − 30 + λ (5y − 3z) = 0

∴ 7x + 5 (2 + λ) y − 3λz = 30,

which will touch the ellipsoid

7x2 + 5y 2 + 3z 2 = 60
2 2 2
∴ x60 + y60 + z60 = 1
7 5 3
  2  60  2  60 
i.e., 7 2 60
7 + 52 (2 + λ) 5 + (3λ) 3 = (30)2

∴ 2λ2 + 5λ + 3 = 0
∴ 2λ2 + 2λ + 3λ + 3 = 0
∴ (λ + 2) (2λ + 3) = 0
λ = −1 or λ = −3 2

∴ The required equations are 7x + 5y + 3z = 30 and 14x + 5y + 9z = 60.

6.5 Normal to Central Conicoid

The normal at any point of a conicoid is the line through the point perpendic-
ular to the tangent plane at that point to the central conicoid.
Equation of normal at the point to conicoid:
To find the equation of normal at the point (α, β, γ) to the conicoid.
The equation of tangent plane at point (α, β, γ) of the central conicoid

ax2 + by 2 + cz 2 = 1 (6.16)

is
aαx + bβy + cγz = 1. (6.17)
192 Central Conicoid

Equation of normal passing through P (α, β, γ) is

x−α y−β z−γ
= =
aα bβ cγ
where aα, bβ, cγ are the direction ratios of the normal.
Remark:
Let p be the perpendicular distance from the origin to the plane (6.17) is
 
 aα(0)+bβ(0)+cγ(0)−1 

p = √ 
2 2 2 
(aα) +(bβ) +(cγ)
1
∴ p2 = (aα)2 +(bβ) 2
+(cγ)2

∴ (aαp)2 + (bβp)2 + (cγp)2 = 1.

∴ We can say that aαp; bβp; cγp are the direction cosines of the normal at
the point (α, β, γ) .
6) Prove that from any given point six normal can be drawn to a central
conicoid.
Sol. The equation of the normal to the central conicoid

ax2 + by 2 + cz 2 = 1 (6.18)

at point
x−α y−β z−γ
(α, β, γ) is = = . (6.19)
aα bβ cγ
Let these normal passes through the point (x1 , y1 , z1 )
 6.5 Normal to Central Conicoid 193

∴ Equation (6.19) becomes,

x1 − α y1 − β z−γ
= = =λ
aα bβ cγ
∴ x1 = α (λa + 1) ; ; y1 = β (λb + 1) ; z1 = γ (λc + 1) .
x1 y1 z1
∴α= ;β = ;γ = .
λa + 1 λb + 1 λc + 1
Since (α, β, γ) is a point on (6.18); so Equation (6.18) becomes;
aα2 + bβ 2 + cγ 2 = 1
 2  2  2
x1 y1 z1
∴a +b +c =1
λa + 1 λb + 1 λc + 1
∴ ax21 (λb + 1)2 (λc + 1)2 +by12 (λa + 1)2 (λc + 1)2 +cz12 (λa + 1)2 (λb + 1)2
= (λa + 1)2 (λb + 1)2 (λc + 1)2
which is a sixth-degree equation in λ and solving the equation we get six
values of λ .
∴ In general, we can draw six normals to the central conicoid passing
through points (x1 , y1 , z1 ) .
A Number of normals from a given point:
Let the ellipsoid be
x2 y 2 z 2
+ 2 + 2 = 1. (6.20)
a2 b c
Equations of the normal at (x1 , y1 , z1 ) are
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
x1 = y1 = z1 .
a2 b2 c2

If this passes through (α, β, γ) then

α − x1 β − y1 γ − z1
x1 = y1 = z1 =k
a2 b2 c2

α − x1 kx1 αa2
∴ = k ⇒ α − x1 = ⇒ x 1 = .
x1
a2
a2 a2 + k
Similarly,
βb2 γc2
y1 = and z 1 = (6.21)
b2 + k c2 + k
194 Central Conicoid

Since (x1 , y1 , z1 ) lies on (6.20), we get

x21 y12 z12

+ 2 + 2 =1
a2 b c
 2 2  2 2  2 2
1 a α 1 b β 1 c γ
∴ 2 2
+ 2 2 + 2 2 =1
a a +k b b +k c c +k
a2 α 2 b2 β 2 c2 γ 2
∴ + + =1
(a2 + k)2 (b2 + k)2 (c2 + k)2
 2  2  2  2
∴ a 2 α 2 b2 + k c 2 + k + b 2 β 2 a 2 + k c 2 + k
 2  2  2  2  2
+c2 γ 2 a2 + k b2 + k = a2 + k b2 + k c2 + k
which is a sixth-degree equation in k .
∴ It gives six values of k corresponding to which six points (x1 , y1 , z1 )
are obtained from the Equation (6.21), the normals at which pass through a
given point.
Corollary: Foot of normal
 2 
a α b2 β c2 γ
By Equation (6.21), a2 +k , b2 +k , c2 +k are the coordinates of the foot of
normal.
Cubic curve through the feet of six normals from a point:
Let the ellipsoid be
x2 y 2 z 2
+ 2 + 2 = 1. (6.22)
a2 b c
If the normal at (x1 , y1 , z1 ) to the ellipsoid passes through the given point
(α, β, γ) then

a2 α b2 β c2 γ
x1 = , y 1 = , z1 = .
a2 + k b2 + k c2 + k
The feet of the normals (x1 , y1 , z1 ) lie on the curve

a2 α b2 β c2 γ
x= , y = , z = . (6.23)
a2 + k b2 + k c2 + k
where k is a parameter,
To prove that the curve (6.23) is a cubic curve.
To test the degree of the curve we see its intersection with any arbitrary
plane.
 6.5 Normal to Central Conicoid 195

The curve (6.23) meets an arbitrary plane

ux + vy + wz + d = 0 (6.24)
     
a2 α b2 β c2 γ
∴u + v + w +d=0
a2 + k b2 + k c2 + k
     
∴ ua2 α b2 + k c2 + k + vb2 β a2 + k c2 + k
      
+wc2 λ a2 + k b2 + k + d a2 + k b2 + k c2 + k = 0
which is a cubic in k, giving three values of k.
∴ The curve (6.23) is the cubic curve.
Since feet of the normals also lie on the ellipsoid (6.22), we conclude that
feet of the six normals from a given point are the six points of intersection of
the ellipsoid and a cubic curve.
Quadric cone through six concurrent normals:
To show that the six normals from (α, β, γ) to the ellipsoid lie on a cone of
the second degree.
Let the ellipsoid be
x2 y 2 z 2
+ 2 + 2 = 1. (6.25)
a2 b c
Now since the normal at (x1 , y1 , z1 ) passes through (α, β, γ) we get

a2 α b2 β c2 γ
x1 = , y 1 = , z1 = .
a2 + k b2 + k c2 + k
Let the equations of the normal from (α, β, γ) to the ellipsoid be
x−α y−β z−γ
= = (6.26)
l m n
px1 p a2 α
∴l= = .
a2 a2 a2 + k
pα 2 pα
∴ a2 + k = a +k = . (6.27)
l l
Similarly,
pβ
b2 + k = , (6.28)
m
and
pγ
c2 + k = . (6.29)
n
196 Central Conicoid

Multiplying (6.27), (6.28), and (6.29) by b2 − c2 , c2 − a2 , a2 − b2 and

adding, we get
pα  2  pβ  2  pγ  2 
0 + k (0) = b − c2 + c − a2 + a − b2
l m n
 2 2
  2 2
  2 
α b −c β c −a γ a − b2
∴ + + = 0. (6.30)
l m n
Eliminating l, m, n from (6.26) and (6.30), the locus of the normals (6.26) is
     
α b2 − c 2 β c 2 − a2 γ a 2 − b2
+ + =0
x−α y−β z−γ
   
∴ α b2 − c2 (y − β) (z − γ) + β c2 − a2 (z − γ) (x − α)
 
+γ a2 − b2 (x − α) (y − β) = 0
which is a cone of the second-degree.
10) If P, Q, R; ; P 1 , Q1 , R1 are the feet of six normals from a point to the
2 2 2
ellipsoid xa2 + yb2 + zc2 = 1, and the plane P QR is given by lx+my +nz = p;
then the plane P 1 Q1 R1 is given by ax2 l + b2ym + c2zn + p1 = 0.
Sol. The equation of the ellipsoid is
x2 y 2 z 2
+ 2 + 2 − 1 = 0, (6.31)
a2 b c
and the plane P QR is
lx + my + nz − p = 0. (6.32)
Let the required equation of the plane P 1 Q1 R1 be
l1 x + m1 y + n1 z − p1 = 0. (6.33)
The joint equation of the planes P QR and P 1 Q1 R1 is
 
(lx + my + nz − p) l1 x + m1 y + n1 z − p1 = 0. (6.34)
∴ Equation of conicoid through the points of intersection of the ellipsoid
(6.31) and pair of planes (6.34) is
2 
x y2 z2
+ 2 + 2 − 1 + k(lx + my + nz − p)(l1 x + m1 y + n1 z − p1 ) = 0.
a2 b c
(6.35)
 6.7 Polar Plane of a Point 197

If it is the same as the equation of the cone through the feet

P, Q, R; ; P 1 , Q1 , R1 of the six normals from the given point to the ellipsoid,
then
1 −1
Coefficient of x2 = 0 ⇒ a2
+ kll1 = 0 ⇒ l1 = kla2
1 −1
Coefficient of y 2 = 0 ⇒ b2
+ kmm1 = 0 ⇒ m1 = kmb2
1 −1
Coefficient of z 2 = 0 ⇒ c2
+ knn1 = 0 ⇒ n1 = knc2
1
Constant them = 0 ⇒ −1 + kpp1 = 0 ⇒ p1 = kp .
Substituting these values in (6.33), we get
−x y 1
kla2
−kmb2
− knc
z
2 − kp = 0
y 1
∴ x
la2
z
+ mb2 + nc2 + p =0

is the required equation of the plane P 1 Q1 R1 .

6.6 Plane of Contact

To find the equation of plane of contact of the point (x1 , y1 , z1 ) with respect
2 2 2
 1 ax1 +1 by + cz = 1.
to conicoid
Let x , y , z be the point of contact any tangent plane to the conicoid

ax2 + by 2 + cz 2 = 1. (6.36)
 1 1 1
∴ Tangent plane at x , y , z to  (6.36) isaxx1 + byy 1 + czz 1 = 1,
∴ locus of the points of contact x , y , z 1 is ax1 x + by1 y + cz1 z = 1
1 1

which is the required plane of contact.

6.7 Polar Plane of a Point

The given conicoid is
ax2 + by 2 + cz 2 = 1. (6.37)
Let P (x1 , y1 , z1 ) be the given point and P QR be any line through P
which meets (6.37) in Q and R.
Let S (x, y, z) be the harmonic conjugate of P with respect to Q and R.
Let Q divide P S in the  ratio k : 1. 
1 ky+y1 kz+z1
Coordinates of Q are kx+x k+1 , k+1 , z+1 .
198 Central Conicoid

Since Q lies on the conicoid CD.

     
kx + x1 2 ky + y1 2 kz + z1 2
∴a +b +c =1
k+1 k+1 k+1

∴ a(kx + x1 )2 + b(ky + y1 )2 + c(kz + z1 )2 = (k + 1)2

 
∴ k 2 ax2 + by 2 + cz 2 − 1 + 2k (axx1 + byy1 + czz1 − 1) +
 2  (6.38)
ax1 + by12 + cz12 − 1 = 0
which is a quadratic equation in k .
Since P S is divided harmonically, i.e., internally and externally in that
same ratio at Q and R.
∴ The quadratic equation (6.38) has equal and opposite roots.
∴ Sum of roots = 0.
i.e., Coefficient of k = 0.

∴ axx1 + byy1 + czz1 − 1 = 0

∴ axx1 + byy1 + czz1 = 1

which is the equation of the required polar plane of P .
Corollary:
If P lies on the corticoid, the polar plane at P becomes the tangent plane at P.
2 2 2
11) A tangent plane to the ellipsoid xa2 + yb2 + zc2 = 1 meets the coordinate
axes in A, B, and C . Find the bonus of the centroid of the  ABC .
Sol. Let P (x1 , y1 , z1 ) be any point on the ellipsoid

x2 y 2 z 2
+ 2 + 2 = 1, (6.39)
a2 b c
 6.7 Polar Plane of a Point 199

x21 y12 z12

∴+ 2 + 2 = 1. (6.40)
a2 b c
Equation of tangent plane at P (x1 , y1 , z1 ) to (6.39) is
xx1 yy1 zz1
+ 2 + 2 = 1. (6.41)
a2 b c
2
This meets x axis (y = 0, z = 0), where xx 1
= 1 ⇒ x = xa1 .
a22 
∴ (6.41) meets x axis in the point A xa1 , 0, 0 .
 2   2

Similarly, it meets y axis in B 0, yb1 , 0 , and z axis in C 0, 0, zc1 .
If G (α, β, γ) be the centroid of  ABC;
a2
x1 +0+0 a2
α= = .
3 3x1
b2 c2
Similarly, β = 3y1 and γ = 3z1 .

a2 b2 c2
∴ x1 = , y1 = , z1 = .
3α 3β 3γ
Substituting the value of x1 , y1 , z1 in (6.40), we get

1 a4 1 b4 1 c4
+ + =1
a2 9α2 b2 9β 2 c2 9γ 2

a2 b2 c2
∴ + + =9
α2 β 2 γ 2
a2 b2 c2
∴ Locus of G (α, β, γ) is x2
+ y2
+ z2
= 9.
x−2 y−1 z−3
12) Find the condition that the line l = m = n may touch the ellipsoid
3x2 + 8y 2 + z 2 = c2 .
y−1
Sol. The given equation of the line is x−2
l = m =
z−3
n
and of the ellipsoid is 3x + 8y + z = c2 .
2 2 2

3 2 8 2 z2
∴ x + y + 2 = 1.
c2 c2 c
The condition for becoming a tangent line is alα + bmβ + cnγ = 0.
i.e., c32 (2) l + c82 (1) m + c12 (3) n = 0.
200 Central Conicoid

∴ 6l + 8m + 3n = 0 is the required condition.

2 2 2
13) The normal at a point P of the ellipsoid xa2 + yb2 + zc2 = 1 meets the
principal planes in G1 , G2 , G3 ;(i) Show that P G1 : P G2 : P G3 = a2 : b2 :
c2 (ii) If P G21 + P G22 + P G23 = k 2 , find the locus of P .
Sol. The given equation of ellipsoid is
x2 y 2 z 2
+ 2 + 2 = 1. (6.42)
a2 b c
Let P (x1 , y1 , z1 ) be any point.
The equations of the normal at P (x1 , y1 , z1 ) to (6.42) in the actual
y−y1
direction cosines form are x−x 1 z−z1
px1 = py1 = pz1 = t.
a2  b 2 c2 
∴ Any point on this normal is x1 + tpx a 2
1
, y1 + tpy
b2
1
, z1 + tpz
c2
1
.
If it lies on the Y Z plane i.e., x = 0, then
px1 r −a2
x1 + = 0 ⇒ r =
a2 p
−b2 −c2
i.e., P G2 = p and P G3 = p
−a2 −b2 −c2
(i) ∴ P G1 : P G2 : P G3 = p : p : p = a 2 : b2 : c 2
(ii) Given P G21 + P G22 + P G23 = k 2
a4 b4 c4
∴ + + = k2
p2 p2 p2
1 k2
∴ = . (6.43)
p2 a 4 + b4 + c 4
But P is the perpendicular distance from (0, 0, 0) on the tangent plane
∴ xx
a2
1
+ yyb2
1
+ zz
c2
1
= 1 at (x1 , y1 , z1 ) to (6.42)
−1
= .
x21 y12 z12
a4
+ b4
+ c4

x2 y2 z2 k2
By (6.40), p12 = a41 + b41 + c14 = a4 +b4 +c4
∴ Locus of P (x1 , y1 , z1 ) is
x2 y 2 z 2 k2
+ + = . (6.44)
a4 b4 c4 a 4 + b4 + c 4
 Exercise 201

Also, P lies on (6.42). Thus P lies on the curve of the intersection of the two
ellipsoids (6.42) and (6.43).
14) Prove that for all values of λ, the normals to the conicoid

x2 y2 z2
+ + = 1,
a 2 + λ b2 + λ c 2 + λ
which pass  point (α,
 through a given  β, γ)meet the plane z = 0 in points on
the conic b2 − c2 βx + c2 − a2 αy + a2 − b2 xy = 0, z = 0.
Sol. The equation of the quadric cone containing the normals to

x2 y2 z2
+ + = 1,
a 2 + λ b2 + λ c 2 + λ
drawn from the point (α, β, γ) is
" 1  
1 1 1
2
α 2 − 2 =0
a +λ b +λ c +λ x−α
 
" α c 2 − b2
∴ = 0.
x−α
Thus, it meets the plane z = 0, where
   
α c 2 − b2 β a2 − c2  
+ − b2 − a 2 = 0
x−α y−β
 
∴ α(y − β)(c2 − b2 ) + β(x − α)(a2 − c2 ) − (x − α) (y − β) b2 − a2 = 0
     
∴ b2 − c2 βx + c2 − a2 αy + a2 − β xy = 0.

Exercise:

1) Show that the plane x + 2y + 3z = 2 touches the conicoid x2 − 2y 2 +

3z 2 = 2.
2 2 2
2) Obtain the tangent planes to the ellipsoid xa2 + yb2 + zc2 = 1, which are
parallel to the plane lx + my + nz = 0. If 2r is the distance between
two parallel tangent planes to the ellipsoid, prove the linethrough the
origin
 2 and2perpendicular
  2 to the planes lies on the cone x2 a2 − r2 +
y b − r + z c − r2 = 0.
2 2
202 Central Conicoid

3) Find the equation to the tangent planes to 2x2 − 6y 2 + 3z 2 = 5 which

passes through the line x + 9y − 3z = 0 = 3x − 3y + 6z − 5.
Answer: 2x − 12y + 9z = 5, 4x + 6y + 3z = 5

4) Find the equation of the tangent plane to the surface 3x2 − 6y 2 + 9z 2 +

17 = 0 parallel to the plane x + 4y − 2z = 0.
Answer: 3x + 12 − 6z = ±17
2
x2 2
5) Prove that two normals to the ellipsoid + yb2 + zc2 − 1, lie in the plane
a2
lx + my + nz = 0,and the line joining their feethas direction
 2 cosines

proportional to a b − c mn, b c − a nl, c a − b2 lm.
2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Also, obtain the coordinates of these points.

 7
Miscellaneous Examples using MATLAB

1) Using MATLAB plot the following plane: 2x+3y+4z+10=0.

Sol.
A=2;
B=3;
C=4;
D=10;

Output:

203
204 Miscellaneous Examples using MATLAB

2) Finds the equation of a plane passing through three points A(1, 2, 3),
B(−1, 2, −3), and C(1, 2, −3) in three-dimensional space.
Sol. To find the equation of a plane passing through three points A(1, 2, 3),
B(−1, 2, −3), and C(1, 2, −3) first we create a function file named as
Plane_3Points.m and the code is given as follow: 2 then we run the program

A= [1 2 3];
B= [−1 2 −3];
C= [1 2 −3];
[a,b,c,d]=Plane_3Points (A,B,C)
Output:
a=
0
 Miscellaneous Examples using MATLAB 205

b=
−12
c=
0
d=
24
∴ The equation of the plane is −12y + 24 = 0.
3) Finds the equation of a plane passing through three points
A (1, 0, 3) , B (0, 2, 3) , and C(−2, 4, −3) in three-dimensional space.
Sol.

A= [1 0 3];
B= [0 2 3];
C= [−2 4 −3];
[a,b,c,d]=Plane_3Points (A,B,C)
Output:
a=
−12
b=
−6
c=
2
d=
6
∴ The equation of the plane is −12x − 6y + 2z + 6 = 0
4) Plot a plane based on a normal vector and a point in Matlab.
206 Miscellaneous Examples using MATLAB

Sol.

Output:
Line=

1.0000 2.0000 3.0000

7.3333 2.6667 3.6667
 Miscellaneous Examples using MATLAB 207

5) Find the angle between the planes 2x − y + 2z = 3 and 3x + 6y + 2z = 4.

Sol.
First we assign 2x − y + 2z = 3 as a vector1 and 3x + 6y + 2z = 4 as a
vector2 and then we apply the formula to find angle between two planes.
vector1 = [2,−1,2];
vector2 = [3,6,2];
Theta = atan2d(norm(cross(vector1, vector2)), dot(vector1, vector2))
Output:
Theta = 79.0194
6) Is the origin in the acute or obtuse angle between the planes x + y − z = 3
and x − 2y + z = 3.
Sol.
208 Miscellaneous Examples using MATLAB

Output:
(a1*a2)+(b1*b2)+(c1*c2) = −2
The origin lies in the acute angle between the planes.
7) Find the angle between the lines

3x + 2y + z − 5 = 0 = x + y − 2z − 3

2x − y − z = 0 = 7x + 10y − 8z.

Sol. First, we find the direction ratios of the given lines

#
3x + 2y + z = 5
(7.1)
x + y − 2z = 3

and
#
2x − y − z = 0
(7.2)
7x + 10y − 8z = 0

Let l1 , m1 , n1 be the direction ratios of the line (7.1) then

l1 m1 n1
= =
(2) (−2) − (1) (1) (1) (1) − (3) (−2) 3 (1) − (2) (1)
l1 m1 n1
∴ = =
−5 7 1
∴ The direction ratios of the line (7.1) are −5, 7, 1
Let l2 , m2 , n2 be the direction ratios of the line (7.2) then
l2 m2 n2
= =
(−1) (−8) − (−1) (10) (−1) (7) − (−8) (2) (2) (10) − (−1) (7)
l2 m2 n2
∴ = =
18 9 27
l2 m2 n2
∴ = =
2 1 3
∴ The direction ratios of the line (7.2) are 2, 1, 3.
 Miscellaneous Examples using MATLAB 209

Input:

Output:
The angle between the lines is 90 degrees.
x+1 y z−3
8) Find the angle between the line 2 = 3 = 6 and the plane
3x + y + z = 7.
Sol.
210 Miscellaneous Examples using MATLAB

Input 1:
enter the coefficient of x for a plane :3
enter the coefficient of y for a plane :1
enter the coefficient of z for a plane :1
enter the direction cosine l for a line :2
enter the direction cosine m for a line :3
enter the direction cosine n for a line :6
Output 1:
The angle between the lines is 40.247880 degrees.
Input 2:
enter the coefficient of x for a plane :1 8 enter the coefficient of y for a
plane :1
 Miscellaneous Examples using MATLAB 211

enter the coefficient of z for a plane :1

enter the direction cosine l for a line :1
enter the direction cosine m for a line :1
enter the direction cosine n for a line :1
Output 2:
The line is perpendicular to the plane.
Input 3:
enter the coefficient of x for a plane :1
enter the coefficient of y for a plane :−1
enter the coefficient of z for a plane :0
enter the direction cosine l for a line :1
enter the direction cosine m for a line :1
enter the direction cosine n for a line :1
Output 3:
The line is parallel to the plane and the angle is 0.
9) Examine the nature of the intersection of the following sets of planes:
(i) 2x + 3y − z − 2 = 0, 3x + 3y + z − 4 = 0, x − y + 2z − 5 = 0
(ii) 4x − 5y − 2z − 2 = 0, 5x − 4y + 2z + 2 = 0, 2x + 2y + 8z − 1 = 0
Sol.
212 Miscellaneous Examples using MATLAB
 Miscellaneous Examples using MATLAB 213

Input 1:
enter the coefficient of x for the 1st plane :2
enter the coefficient of y for the 1st plane :3
enter the coefficient of z for the 1st plane :−1
enter the value of constant for the 1st plane :−2
enter the coefficient of x for the 2nd plane :3
enter the coefficient of y for the 2nd plane :3
enter the coefficient of z for the 2nd plane :1
enter the value of constant for the 2nd plane :−4
enter the coefficient of x for the 3rd plane :1
enter the coefficient of y for the 3rd plane :−1
enter the coefficient of z for the 3rd plane :2
enter the value of constant for the 3rd plane :−5
Output 1:
D4 =

2 3 -1
3 3 1
1 -1 2

D3 =

2 3 -2
3 3 -4
1 -1 -5

D1 =

5.0000

D2 =

7.0000

The given three planes intersect at a point.

214 Miscellaneous Examples using MATLAB

Input 2:
enter the coefficient of x for the 1st plane :4
enter the coefficient of y for the 1st plane :−5
enter the coefficient of z for the 1st plane :−2
enter the value of constant for the 1st plane :−2
enter the coefficient of x for the 2nd plane :5
enter the coefficient of y for the 2nd plane :−4
enter the coefficient of z for the 2nd plane :2
enter the value of constant for the 2nd plane :2
enter the coefficient of x for the 3rd plane :2
enter the coefficient of y for the 3rd plane :2
enter the coefficient of z for the 3rd plane :8
enter the value of constant for the 3rd plane :−1
Output 2:
D4 =

4 -5 -2
5 -4 2
2 2 8

D3 =

4 -5 -2
5 -4 2
2 2 -1

D1 =

D2 =

-81

The three planes form a triangular prism.

 Miscellaneous Examples using MATLAB 215

10) Draw a sphere with a radius of 4 with a center (5,-5,3).

Sol.

Input:
Enter radius of a sphere: 4
Enter x-coordinate of the center: 5
Enter y-coordinate of the center: −5
Enter z-coordinate of the center: 3
216 Miscellaneous Examples using MATLAB

Output:
11) Draw a sphere with a radius of 4 by multiplying the coordinates of the
unit sphere. Plot the second sphere with center (5, −5, 3).
Sol.

Input:
Enter how many times the radius required a new sphere than a unit
vector: 4
Enter the x-coordinate of the center: 5
Enter the y-coordinate of the center: −5
Enter the z-coordinate of the center: 0
 Miscellaneous Examples using MATLAB 217

Output:

12) Draw a simple cone.

Sol.
r = linspace(0,2*pi) ;
th = linspace(0,2*pi) ;
[R,T] = meshgrid(r,th) ;
X = R.*cos(T) ;
Y = R.*sin(T) ;
Z=R;
surf(X,Y,Z)
218 Miscellaneous Examples using MATLAB

Output:

13) Draw a right circular cone.

Sol.
r = linspace(0,−2*pi) ;
th = linspace(0,-2*pi) ;
[R,T] = meshgrid(r,th) ;
X = R.*cos(T) ;
Y = R.*sin(T) ;
Z=R;
surf(X,Y,Z)
 Miscellaneous Examples using MATLAB 219

Output:

14) Draw a right circular cone whose base is on the positive y-axis.
Sol.
r = linspace(0,2*pi) ;
th = linspace(0,2*pi);
[R,T] = meshgrid(r,th);
X = R.*cos(T) ;
Y=R;
Z = R.*sin(T) ;
surf(X,Y,Z)
220 Miscellaneous Examples using MATLAB

Output:

15) Draw a right circular cone whose base is on the negative y-axis.
Sol.
r = linspace(0,2*pi) ;
th = linspace(0,2*pi) ;
[R,T] = meshgrid(r,th) ;
X = R.*cos(T) ;
Y =-R ;
Z = R.*sin(T) ;
surf(X,Y,Z)
 Miscellaneous Examples using MATLAB 221

Output:
222 Miscellaneous Examples using MATLAB

16) Draw a cylinder of x2 + y 2 = 1 in three-dimensional space.

Sol.
 Miscellaneous Examples using MATLAB 223

Output:
224 Miscellaneous Examples using MATLAB

17) Draw a cylinder of x2 + z 2 = 1 in three-dimensional space.

Sol.
 Miscellaneous Examples using MATLAB 225

Output:

18) Draw a cylinder of y 2 + z 2 = 1 in three-dimensional space.

Sol.
226 Miscellaneous Examples using MATLAB

Output:
 Index

A F
Arbitrary 2, 17, 194 Fixed 8, 45, 50, 89, 132, 138, 156,
Axes 4, 23, 45, 72, 104, 175
147, 198 Fixed point 8, 45, 50, 130, 138, 156

C I
Centroid 8, 104, 198, 199 Intercept 6, 7, 8, 89, 130
Circumcenter 14, 15 Intercept form 6, 7, 8
Conditions 15, 55, 82, 152 Internally 5, 24, 132, 198
Constant 3, 29, 42, 102, 156, Intersection 9, 16, 17, 19, 42, 45, 74,
214 80, 106, 156, 201
Coordinate 3, 13, 35, 45, 72, 104, Intersects 12, 43, 115, 133, 169, 185
147, 185, 198, 215
Coordinate planes 5, 35, 43
Coordinates 3, 7, 24, 43, 73, 102, L
185, 216 Locus 1, 39, 102, 141, 200
Coplanar 10, 13, 56, 58, 93
Cosines 2, 4, 26, 45, 76, 134,
178, 202 N
Cross multiplication 12, 14, 20 Negative 4, 25, 105, 220
Normal 2, 3, 4, 116, 191, 200, 200
Normal form 2, 3, 4, 27
D
Direction cosines 2–4, 45, 53, 134,
155, 178, 200 O
Distance 9, 26, 44, 69, 71, 88, 105, Origin 2, 23, 89, 102, 137, 150, 178,
122, 161 208

E P
Externally 5, 25, 125, 198 Parallel 3, 6, 78, 122, 167, 200

227
228 Index

Passing 3, 5, 95, 124, 192 Rectangular 4, 73, 83, 140, 141

Perpendicular 2, 22, 78, 105, 122,
154, 180, 211
Perpendiculars 13, 95, 153, 164 S
Plane 1, 5, 67, 107, 175, 201, 204 Straight line 2, 35, 45, 47, 56, 133,
Planes 5, 31, 83, 190, 201, 207 138, 175, 183
Points 1, 26, 98, 161
Positive 3, 23, 28
Projections 2, 35, 37, 45 T
Proportional 4, 41, 53, 155, 160, 202 Triangle 8, 14, 35, 44, 130, 176

R V
Ratios 4, 6, 21, 52, 148, 153, 161, 208 Value 2, 18, 87, 109, 149, 199, 213,
Reciprocals 8 214
 About the Authors

Nita H. Shah received her PhD in Statistics from Gujarat University in

1994. From February 1990 until now Professor Shah has been Head of
the Department of Mathematics in Gujarat University, India. She is a post-
doctoral visiting research fellow of University of New Brunswick, Canada.
Professor Shah’s research interests include inventory modeling in supply
chains, robotic modeling, mathematical modeling of infectious diseases,
image processing, dynamical systems and their applications, etc. She has
published 13 monograph, 5 textbooks, and 475+ peer-reviewed research
papers. Four edited books have been prepared for IGI-global and Springer
with coeditor Dr. Mandeep Mittal. Her papers are published in high-impact
journals such as those published by Elsevier, Interscience, and Taylor and
Francis. According to Google scholar, the total number of citations is over
3334 and the maximum number of citations for a single paper is over 177.
She has guided 28 PhD Students and 15 MPhil students. She has given talks
in USA, Singapore, Canada, South Africa, Malaysia, and Indonesia. She was
Vice-President of the Operational Research Society of India. She is Vice-
President of the Association of Inventory Academia and Practitioner and a
council member of the Indian Mathematical Society.

Falguni S. Acharya is a Professor and Head of the Department of Applied

Sciences and Humanities, Parul University, Gujarat, India. Dr Acharya
has 23 years of teaching experience and 13 years of research experience.
Research interests are in the fields of mathematical control theory in dif-
ferential and fractional differential systems/inclusions with impulse and
mathematical modeling of dynamical systems. She has published 16 articles,
one international book and one book chapter.

229
 River Publishers Series in Mathematical, Statistical and

Solid Geometry with MATLAB Programming

Solid Geometry with Computational Modelling for Engineering

MATLAB Programming
Solid Geometry with
Nita H. Shah
Falguni S. Acharya MATLAB Programming
Solid geometry is defined as the study of the geometry of three-
dimensional solid figures in Euclidean space. There are numerous
techniques in solid geometry, mainly analytic geometry and methods
using vectors, since they use linear equations and matrix algebra.
Solid geometry is quite useful in everyday life, for example, to design
different signs and symbols such as octagon shape stop signs, to
indicate traffic rules, to design different 3D objects like cubicles in
gaming zones, innovative lifts, creative 3D interiors, and to design
3D computer graphics. Studying solid geometry helps students to
improve visualization and increase logical thinking and creativity since
it is applicable everywhere in day-to-day life. It builds up a foundation
for advanced levels of mathematical studies. Numerous competitive
exams include solid geometry since its foundation is required to
study other branches like civil engineering, mechanical engineering,
computer science engineering, architecture, etc.
This book is designed especially for students of all levels, and can
serve as a fundamental resource for advanced level studies not only in
mathematics but also in various fields like engineering, interior design,
architecture, etc. It includes theoretical aspects as well as numerous
solved examples. The book includes numerical problems and problems
of construction as well as practical problems as an application of the
respective topic. A special feature of this book is that it includes solved

Falguni S. Acharya
examples using the mathematical tool MATLAB.

Nita H. Shah
Nita H. Shah
River Publishers River Falguni S. Acharya