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Class Notes The Establishment of Mughal Empire in India - 3

The Baro Bhuiyans, or twelve territorial landholders, strongly resisted the expansion of the Mughal Empire in Bengal led by Akbar and Jahangir. Isa Khan, based in Sonargaon, led resistance against the Mughals and defeated a large Mughal navy as well as their general Raja Mansing. Islam Khan was appointed as the Mughal viceroy of Bengal and his major tasks included subduing rebellious groups and increasing Bengal's military capabilities. Shaista Khan had a long and successful rule as Mughal subahdar of Bengal from 1664-1688, improving administration, abolishing trade restrictions, and developing Dhaka.

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60 views4 pages

Class Notes The Establishment of Mughal Empire in India - 3

The Baro Bhuiyans, or twelve territorial landholders, strongly resisted the expansion of the Mughal Empire in Bengal led by Akbar and Jahangir. Isa Khan, based in Sonargaon, led resistance against the Mughals and defeated a large Mughal navy as well as their general Raja Mansing. Islam Khan was appointed as the Mughal viceroy of Bengal and his major tasks included subduing rebellious groups and increasing Bengal's military capabilities. Shaista Khan had a long and successful rule as Mughal subahdar of Bengal from 1664-1688, improving administration, abolishing trade restrictions, and developing Dhaka.

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Rokeya Alfi Mahi
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International Hope School Bangladesh

Class notes : The emergence of the Mughal Empire in India

Who were the Baro Bhuiyans?


Bara-Bhuiyans, The twelve territorial landholders were the local chiefs and
zamindars who put up strong resistance to the Mughals during the time of Akbar
and Jahangir. The term Bara-Bhuiyans means twelve territorial landholders.

How did the Baro Bhuiyans resist the Mughals :

They jointly, and more often severally resisted Mughal expansion and ruled their
respective territories as independent or semi-independent chiefs. There was no
central control, or if there was any, it was nominal. In such circumstances many
Bhuiyans raised their heads.
Isa Khan defeated a large Mughal navy. Akbar sent Mansing to defeat him but he
failed
The anti-Mughal resistance was led by the famous Isa Kahn, who had capital in
sonargaon.

Success of Isa Khan

Isa Khan was successful to defeat charismatic general of Akbar Raja Mansing .

Mughal Viceroy –

Islam Khan: His major task was to subdue the rebellious Rajas, Bara-Bhuiyans,
Zamindars and Afghan chiefs
He increased war materials including guns and artillery, as well as a large fleet
He transferred the capital of Bengal from Rajmahal to Dhaka and renamed it
Jahangirnagar.

Shaista Khan as a good administrator :


Shaista Khan Mughal subahdar who ruled Bengal for long 24 years (1664-
1688) with a break for a little over one year in 1678-79.

Shaista Khan was generous and benevolent to one and all and extremely courteous
in his behavior with people.

Shaesta Khan's excellent administration is still talked about as tradition in Bengal.


His name will go down into prosperity for long years hence.
Besides being an avid builder, Shaesta Khan was also a very able and good
politician and diplomat.

He abolished trade monopolies and customs and tolls.

Despite everything, during Shaesta Khan's subehdaari, Bengal saw a rapid rate of
progress and development. The splendor and prosperity of Dhaka reached its
zenith during his time. What was before considered to be a backward and always
neglected was now a prospering state.

His achievements include constructions of notable mosques such as the Sat


Gambuj Mosque and masterminding the conquest of Chittagong.

Shaista Khan was also responsible for sparking the outbreak of the Anglo-
Mughal War with the English East India Company.

Viceroy -Murshid Quli Khan:

Firstly, his reign was an intermediate period the most glorious period of the
Mughal rule and the years of its disintegration.
The foreign companies fortified their position just before Murshid Quli Khan
became the diwan of the eastern provinces.
The English also rented the three villages of Calcutta, Sutanuti and Govindpur
before his time.
The foreign companies began to receive more trade privileges with the most
important being the one obtained by the British East India Company from Emperor
Farrukhsiyar in 1717, which enabled them to not only control the economy of the
country by their trade but also to gain a political hold over their villages.
Decline of the Mughal Empire:

Struggle for succession Aurangzeb’s Rajput Policy

Aurangzeb’s Religious Policy Maratha Revival

Aurangzeb’s Decan Policy The Weak Nobel and Party Fraction

The Demoralized Mughal Army


1. Misuse of revenue by the nobles
2. Outdated weapons

3. Not a National Army


4. Foreign invasions-The Persian and The British

Impact of Mughal decline


1. Afgan challenge to Mughal Rule in Bengal

2. Europeans take advantage

3. Mughal authority in Bengal weakens

4. Regional independence of Bengal under the Nawab


5. Changes in administration, politics and Nawabs

Mughal Chronology

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