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Pull and Push Technologies 3

 Pull technology
 User states a need before getting information

INTRO TO EMERGING  Entering a URL in a Web browser to go to a certain Web site

 Push technology (Webcasting)
TRENDS,  Web server delivers information to users who have signed up for this
service
TECHNOLOGIES,  Supported by many Web browsers

AND APPLICATIONS 


Also available from vendors
Delivers content to users automatically at set intervals or when a new
event occurs

Trends in Software and Service 2 Application Service Providers 4

Distribution
 Recent trends in software and service distribution include:  Application service providers (ASPs)
 Pull and push technologies  Provide access to software or services for a fee
 Application service providers  Software as a service (SaaS), or on-demand software
 Model for ASPs to deliver software to users for a fee
 Software might be for temporary or long-term use
 Users don’t need to be concerned with new software versions and
compatibility problems
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Application Service Providers 5 Virtual Reality 7

(cont’d.)
 Users can also save all application data on the ASP’s server  Goal of virtual reality (VR):
 Software and data are portable  Create an environment in which users can interact and participate as
they do in the real world
 The SaaS model can take several forms:
 VR technology
 Software services for general use
 Uses computer-generated, three-dimensional images to create the
 Offering a specific service
illusion of interaction in a real-world environment
 Offering a service in a vertical market

Application Service Providers 6 Virtual Reality (cont’d.) 8

(cont’d.)
 Advantages:  VR terms:
 Similar to outsourcing  Simulation
 Less expensive  Interaction
 Delivering information more quickly  Immersion
 Other advantages and disadvantages  Telepresence
 Vendors:  Full-body immersion
 Google, NetSuite, Inc., and Salesforce.com  Networked communication
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Types of Virtual Environments 9 CAVE 11

 Egocentric environment  Cave automatic virtual environment (CAVE)

 User is totally immersed in the VR world  Virtual environment consisting of a cube-shaped room in which the
walls are rear-projection screens
 Most common technology used with this environment is a head-
mounted display (HMD)  CAVEs
 Exocentric environment  Holographic devices that create, capture, and display images in true 3-
D form
 Data is still rendered in 3-D
 Users can only view it onscreen
 Main technology used in this environment is 3-D graphics

Components of a Virtual Reality 10 CAVE (cont’d.) 12

System
 Visual and aural systems  People can enter CAVEs in other locations
 Manual control for navigation  No matter how far away they are geographically
 Central coordinating processor and  High-speed digital cameras capture one user’s presence and
software system movements
 Walker  Then re-create and send these images to users in other CAVEs
 Used for research in many fields:
 Archaeology, architecture, engineering, geology, and physics
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Exhibit 14.3 An Example of a CAVE

Virtual Reality Applications 15

(cont’d.)
 Education
 Flight simulation
 Videoconferencing
 Group support systems

Virtual Reality Applications 14 Obstacles in Using VR Systems 16

 Military flight simulations  Not enough fiber-optic cables are currently available for a VR
environment capable of re-creating a conference
 Medicine for “bloodless” surgery
 Problems must be solved:
 Entertainment industry
 Confusion between the VR environment and the real environment
 Will one day be used for user interfaces in information systems
 Mobility and other problems with HMDs
 Current applications:
 Sound representation
 Applications for the disabled
 Additional computing power
 Architectural design
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Virtual Worlds 17 Virtual Worlds (cont’d.) 19

 Simulated environment designed for users to interact via avatars  Widely used virtual worlds:
 Avatar  Active Worlds
 2-D or 3-D graphical representation of a person in the virtual world  Club Penguin
 Used in chat rooms and online games  EGO
 Gartner Group predicts that 80% of active Internet users will interact  Entropia Universe
in virtual worlds by 2021  Habbo
 Runescape
 Second Life

Virtual Worlds (cont’d.) 18 Virtual Worlds in Action 20

 With avatars, users can:  Second Life

 Manipulate objects  Several million members from all over the world
 Experience a limited telepresence  Some companies use Second Life to establish or enhance their image,
generate sales leads, and increase sales
 Communicate using text, graphical icons, and sound
 Some experts believe that groups work together better in virtual
worlds than in face-to-face meetings and teleconferences
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RFID Applications
Radio Frequency 21
RFID Applications
Identification: An Overview
Category Examples
 Radio frequency identification (RFID) tag Tracking and identification Railway cars and shipping containers, livestock and
pets, supply-chain management (tracking merchandise from manufacturers
 Small electronic device consisting of a small chip and an antenna to retailers to customers), inventory control, retail checkout and POS
systems, recycling and waste disposal
 Provides a unique identification for the card or the object carrying the
Payment and stored-value systems Electronic toll systems, contactless credit cards (require
tag
no swiping), subway and bus passes, casino tokens, concert
 Don’t have to be in contact with the scanner to be read tickets

 Can be read from a distance of about 20 feet Access control Building access cards, ski-lift passes, car ignition
systems

Anticounterfeiting Casino tokens, high-denomination currency notes,

luxury goods, prescription drugs

Health care Tracking medical tools and patients (particularly

newborns and patients with Alzheimer’s), process control, monitoring patient
data

Radio Frequency 22 Biometrics

Identification: An Overview
IDENTIFICATION AND VERIFICATION:
(cont’d.)

Finger scan
Iris scan
 Two types of RFID tags:
Retina scan
 Passive
Facial scan (optical and infrared)
 No battery
 VERIFICATION ONLY:
 Best ones have about 10 years of battery life
Hand Geometry
 Active Voice Print
 Usually more reliable than passive tags Keystroke Behavior
 Technical problems and issues of privacy and Signature
security  OTHER BIOMETRIC TECHNOLOGIES IN THE MAKING.

24
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Biometrics Biometrics
 FINGER SCAN: MEASURES UNIQUE
CHARACTERISTICS IN A FINGERPRINT  RETINA SCAN: MEASURES UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS OF
(MINUTIAE) THE RETINA.
• Crossover • Blood vessel patterns

• Core • Vein patterns

• Bifurcations
• Ridge ending
• Island
• Delta
• Pore

25 27

Biometrics Biometrics
IRIS SCAN: THE IRIS IS THE COLORED, DONUT-SHAPED PORTION OF THE EYE
BEHIND THE CORNEA AND SURROUNDS THE PUPIL. A PERSON’S IRIS PATTERN
IS UNIQUE AND REMAINS UNCHANGED THROUGHOUT LIFE. ALSO, COVERED
BY THE CORNEA, THE IRIS IS WELL PROTECTED FROM DAMAGE, MAKING IT A  FACIAL SCAN: USES OFF-THE-SHELF
SUITABLE BODY PART FOR BIOMETRIC AUTHENTICATION. CAMERA TO MEASURE THE FOLLOWING
• HIGHLY ACCURATE AND FAST, IRIS RECOGNITION BOASTS OF HAVING TOP- FACIAL FEATURES:
CLASS PRECISION AMONG DIFFERENT TYPES OF BIOMETRIC
AUTHENTICATION TECHNOLOGIES. • Distance between the eyes.
• SINCE THE IRIS IS DIFFERENT BETWEEN THE LEFT AND RIGHT EYE, • Distance between the eyes and nose ridge.
RECOGNITION CAN BE PERFORMED SEPARATELY BY EACH EYE.
• Angle of a cheek.
• Slope of the nose.
• Facial
• Temperatures.

26 28
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Biometrics Biometrics
 HAND SCAN: MEASURES THE TOP AND SIDE OF THE HAND,  KEYSTROKE SCAN: MEASURES THE TIME BETWEEN STROKES
NOT THE PALM. AND DURATION OF KEY PRESSED.
• Hand Geometry.  Most commonly used in systems where keyboard is already
being used.
• Most widely used technique for physical access.
• INSpass system

29 31

Biometrics Biometrics
 VOICE SCAN: MEASURES THE SOUND WAVES OF HUMAN  SIGNATURE SCAN: MEASURES SPEED, PRESSURE, STROKE
SPEECH. ORDER AN IMAGE OF SIGNATURE.
• user talks to a microphone a passphrase. • Non-repudiation
• Voice print is compared
• to a previous one

30 32
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Biometrics What is Augmented Reality? 35

 OTHER BIOMETRIC TECHNIQUES  Augmented reality (AR) is a field of computer

• Vein scan/recognition : vein pattern in back of the research which deals with the combination of
hand. real-world and computer-generated data.
• Lip movement : camera captures images of how user
lips move while user speaks a passphrase.
 Most of the AR research is currently concerned
with the use of video imagery which is digitally
processed and augmented by adding
computer-generated graphics.

33

Biometrics: A Second Look 34 What is AR? (cont.) 36

 Combines real and virtual world aspects

 Current and future applications of biometrics:
 Is interactive in real-time
 ATM, credit, and debit cards
 Is registered in three dimensions
 Network and computer login security
 Web page security
 Voting
 Employee time clocks
 Airport security and fast check-in
 Passports and highly secured government ID cards
 Sporting events
 Cell phones and smart cards
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Augmented vs. Virtual Reality 37 What is needed? 39

 There are three components needed in order to
make an augmented-reality system work:
 One of the identifying marks of a virtual reality
system is the head mounted display worn by  Head-mounted display
users.  Tracking system
 These displays block out all the external world
 Mobile computing power
and present to the wearer a view that is under
the complete control of the computer.
 In Augmented Reality, the user must still be
aware that he or she is present in the “real
world.”

How does AR Work? 38 Current Uses of AR 40

 The basic idea of augmented reality is to  Yellow first down line used on TV
superimpose graphics, audio and other sense broadcasts of football games:
enhancements over a real-world environment in  Real world elements: football
real-time. field and players
 The graphics will then change to accommodate  Virtual element: the yellow line
the user’s eye or head movements. drawn over the image by
computers in real-time

Simulated augmented reality

medical image
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Current Uses of AR 41 Future of AR 43

 HUD (Head Up Display):  Military:

 The Office of Naval Research has sponsored AR
 Used in commercial aircraft, research
automobiles, and other  AR system could provide troops with vital information
applications about their surroundings.

Presents data without requiring

 Medical:

the user to look away from his or  Superimpose an image from an MRI onto a patient’s
body.
her usual viewpoint
 This might allow surgeons to pinpoint a tumor to
remove.
 Education:
 Used in labs where students can learn more about the
experiments they are participating in.

LifeClipper 42 Future of AR 44

 LifeClipper is a wearable AR  Gaming:

system being used in  ARQuake is an AR version of
Switzerland. the popular game Quake.
 1st person shooter that
allows the user to run
around in the real world
 When walking around a chosen while playing a game in
culturally interesting area, the the computer
user will feel as though they are generated world.
watching a film.  Uses GPS, a hybrid
magnetic and interial
orientation sensor, gun
controller, and a
standard laptop carried
in a backpack.
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Why continue research in AR? 45 Wi-Fi 47

 Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi)

 AR systems will instantly recognize what someone is  Broadband wireless technology
looking at, and retrieve and display the data related to  Based on the 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, and 802.11n standards
that view.
 Information can be transmitted over short distances
 In the form of radio waves
 There are hundreds of potential applications for such a
technology, gaming and entertainment being the most  Connect via:
obvious ones.  Computers, mobile phones and smart phones, MP3 players, PDAs,
and game consoles
 Wi-Fi hotspots
 Any system that gives people instant information,
requiring no research on their part, is bound to be a
valuable to anyone in any field.

Trends in Networking 46 WiMAX 48

 Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)

 Broadband wireless technology
 Recent trends in networking technologies
 Based on the IEEE 802.16 standards
 Many are already used in many organizations
 Designed for wireless metropolitan area networks
 Wireless technologies and grid computing
 Theoretically has faster data transfer rates and a longer range
 Newer but attracting a lot of attention: than Wi-Fi
 WiMAX and cloud computing
 Disadvantages:
 Interference from other wireless devices, high costs, and
interruptions from weather conditions
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Bluetooth 49 Grid Computing 51

 Connecting different computers to combine their processing

power to solve a particular problem
 Can be used to create a personal area network (PAN)
 “Node”
 Wireless technology for transferring data over short distances
 Each participant in a grid
 Specifications are developed and licensed by the Bluetooth Special
Interest Group  Processing on overused nodes can be switched to idle servers
and even desktop systems
 Uses a radio technology called Frequency Hopping Spread
Spectrum (FHSS)  Advantages:
 Improved reliability
 Parallel processing nature
 Scalability

Bluetooth (cont’d.) 50 Utility (On-Demand) Computing 52

 Used to connect devices such as:  Similar to the SaaS model

 Computers, global positioning systems (GPSs), mobile phones, laptops,  Provides IT services on demand
printers, and digital cameras
 Users pay for computing or storage resources on an as-needed basis
 No line-of-sight limitations
 Main advantages
 Limited transfer rate
 Convenience and cost savings
 Drawbacks
 Privacy and security
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Cloud Computing 53
Cloud Computing Categories and the Top Players
55

Categories Top Players

 Platform incorporating many recent technologies under one
platform, including:
Foundations (tools and software that Vmware, Microsoft, Red Hat
 SaaS model, Web 2.0, grid computing, and utility computing make it possible to build cloud
infrastructure)
 Variety of resources can be provided to users over the Internet
Infrastructure Amazon, IBM
 Example: Network services (the communication Level 3 Computing Services , Amazon,
components that combine with Cisco, Citrix
 Editing Word document on an iPhone
cloud foundation and infrastructure
 Same advantages and disadvantages as distributed computing to form cloud architecture)

Platforms Amazon, IBM

Applications Google, Salesforce.com, Oracle,
DROPBOX
Security EMC/RSA, Symantec, IBM
Management IBM, Amazon

Cloud Computing (cont’d.) 54 Cloud Computing in Action 56

 Services typically require a fee  Amazon.com

 Some are free  Established a computing platform that companies can use, regardless
of their location
 Google Apps
 Provides storage and processing power on demand
 Includes Gmail, Google Talk, and Google Docs,
 Companies pay only for the resources they use
 Provides commonly used applications accessed via a Web browser
 Google Apps
 Introduced in February 2007
 Competing with Microsoft’s Office Suite
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Nanotechnology 57

 Incorporates techniques that involve the structure and composition

of materials on a nanoscale
 Nanometer is one billionth of a meter (10-9)
 Current technology for making transistors and other components
might reach their miniaturization limits in the next decade
 Some consumer goods incorporating nanotechnology are already
on the market
 Nanomaterials

Summary 58

 New trends:
 Software as a service
 Virtual reality
 RFID
 Biometrics
 Networking
 Grid, utility, and cloud computing
 Nanotechnology