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Alegbra Lecture 1

This document provides an overview of topics in college algebra including: 1) Sets can be described using the roster or rule method to list or define their elements. 2) A set is a subset of another if all its elements are also elements of the other set. 3) Basic set operations include unions, intersections, and complements. Venn diagrams can illustrate relationships between sets. 4) Axioms define equality and properties of addition and multiplication like commutativity and distributivity.

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Justin Grantos
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14 views

Alegbra Lecture 1

This document provides an overview of topics in college algebra including: 1) Sets can be described using the roster or rule method to list or define their elements. 2) A set is a subset of another if all its elements are also elements of the other set. 3) Basic set operations include unions, intersections, and complements. Venn diagrams can illustrate relationships between sets. 4) Axioms define equality and properties of addition and multiplication like commutativity and distributivity.

Uploaded by

Justin Grantos
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© © All Rights Reserved
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COLLEGE ALGEBRA

PRESENTED BY:
SAMUEL S. SUDARIO, CE, MP
SETS
▪ DESCRIBING SETS
▪ ROSTER METHOD
▪ RULE METHOD

▪ ROSTER METHOD – Elements of Sets are listed

▪ RULE METHOD – Property of the Set which defines


whether an object is an element of the set or not is
specified and enclosed in braces.
SUBSETS
▪ If every element of a given set C is also an
element of another set D, then C is a subset of D.
In symbols, C⊂D.
BASIC OPERATIONS OF SETS
Events
An event is a subset of a universal set
An event can be a subset that includes
of all of the universal set.
An event can also contain no element/s
of a universal set(ϕ).
Complements
The complement of an event A with
respect to U is the subset of all elements
of U that are not in A. We denote the
complement of A by the symbol A’
Ex.
Consider the sample space S = {book,
cell phone, mp3, paper, stationery,
laptop}. Let A = {book, stationery,
laptop, paper}.

Then the complement of A is A’ = {cell


phone, mp3}.
BASIC OPERATIONS OF SETS
Intersection
The intersection of two events A and B,
denoted by the symbol A ∩ B, is the
event containing all elements that are
common to A and B.

Ex.
Consider tossing a fair die, find the
intersection of the events,

A be the event that an even number


occurs and

B the event that a number greater than


3 shows
BASIC OPERATIONS OF SETS
Intersection Ex.
Let V = {a, e, i , o, u} and C = {l, r, s, Let A = {a, b, c} and B = {b, c, d, e}
t};determine its intersection: then A ∪ B = {a, b, c, d, e}
Then it follows that V ∩ C = φ. That is, V If M = {x | 3 <x< 9} and N = {y | 5 <y< 12},
and C have no elements in common then M ∪ N = {z | 3 <z< 12}
and, therefore, cannot both
simultaneously occur.
Two events A and B are mutually
exclusive, or disjoint, if A ∩ B = φ, that is,
if A and B have no elements in
common.

Union
The union of the two events A and B,
denoted by the symbol A∪B, is the event
containing all the elements that belong
to A or B or both.
BASIC OPERATIONS OF SETS
Venn Diagram Find:
The relationship between events A∩B= regions 1 and 2,
and the corresponding sample B∩C= regions 1 and 3,
space can be illustrated A∪C= regions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7,
graphically by means of Venn
B’ ∩ A = regions 4 and 7,
diagrams. In a Venn diagram we
A∩B∩C= region 1,
let the sample space be a
(A ∪ B) ∩ C’ = region 2,6,7
rectangle and represent events by
circles drawn inside the rectangle
AXIOMS OF EQUALITY
Let a, b, c d ∈ R
Reflexive Law a=a
Symmetric Law If b=c, then c=b
Transitive Law If b=c and c=d, then b=d
Addition Law of Equality If a=b, then a+c=b+c
Multiplication Law of Equality If a=b, then a ∙ c=b ∙ c
Cancellation Law for If a ∙ c=b ∙ c and c≠0, then a=b
Multiplication
AXIOMS FOR ADDITION & MULTIPLICATION
Let a, b, c ∈ R
Commutative
The sum or product is not a+b=b+a
affected by the order in a∙ b=b ∙ a
which the numbers are
added or multiplied.
AXIOMS FOR ADDITION & MULTIPLICATION
Let a, b, c ∈ R
Associative
The sum or product is not (x + y)+ z = x+(y + z)
affected by the way in which (α ∙ 𝛽) ∙ 𝜃 = α ∙ (𝛽 ∙ 𝜃)
the numbers are grouped
before adding or multiplying
AXIOMS FOR ADDITION & MULTIPLICATION
Let a, b, c ∈ R
Identity
The number 0 is called the a+0=a
identity element for addition.

The number 1 is called the (α ∙ 1) = α


identity element for
multiplication.
AXIOMS FOR ADDITION & MULTIPLICATION
Let a, b, c ∈ R
Inverse
For every real number a, except 0, there exists another real
number 1/a (the reciprocal of a) such that a ∙ 1/a =1. The
number 1/a is called the multiplicative inverse of a.

Distributive (Distributive Property of a(b+c) = ab+ac


Multiplication over Addition)

The number ZERO


Any number multiplied by 0 is equal to 0.
Zero divided by any number except 0 is 0.
0/0 is indeterminate.
LAWS OF SIGNS
RULE 1
To add two signed numbers having like signs, find the
sum of their absolute value and prefix their common
sign to this sum.
-9 + (-5) = -14

RULE 2
To add two signed numbers having unlike signs, find
the difference between their absolute values and
prefix the sign of the number that has the greater
absolute value to the sum.
6 +(-10) = -4
LAWS OF SIGNS
RULE 3
To subtract one signed number from another, change the
sign of the subtrahend then proceed as in algebraic addition.
7-11=17+(-11) = 6 15 - (-8)=15 + 8 = 23
RULE 4
To multiply one signed number by another, find the product
of their absolute values. If the two signed numbers have like
signs, prefix a plus sign to the product; if they have unlike
signs, prefix a minus sign to the product.
2(22)=44 (6)(-7)=-42 (-6)(-7)=42
RULE 4
To divide signed numbers, divide their absolute value. If unlike
signs, use negative, if like signs, use positive.
(-24)/(-8)=3 (-24)/(-8)=3
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION
Monomial
An algebraic expression with one term. 2a, 4x, 4x2
Binomial
An algebraic expression with two terms. 2a+b, 4x+y, 5x2+y2
Trinomial
An algebraic expression with three terms. 2a+b+c, 4x+y+z

Degree of Polynomial
The degree of polynomial in certain 4x3-2x2+7x-1 is 3
variables is the degree of its term (or
terms) of the highest degree in those
variables.
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF
POLYNOMIALS
Addition/Subtraction
To add similar terms, find the algebraic
sum of their coefficients and multiply it
by the common literal factor.

6x-3y+4z, -8x+5y-2z, and 2x-7y-z

Subtract 7-2x-9x2 from 3x3-5x2-3

By how much does 6x2-4xy-5y, 2x2-


3xy+y?
EXPRESSIONS WITH GROUPING
SYMBOLS
When the parentheses or other grouping symbols to be
removed or inserted are preceded by a plus sign, the sign of
each term within the parentheses or grouping symbols remain
unchanged, however, if it is preceded by a negative sign,
change the remaining from + to - or – to +.

Remove the Parenthesis and


combine like terms 3x+(2x-4)

Rewrite the expression 2x2-5x+3y-y2 with


the last three terms in the parenthesis
preceded by (a)a plus sign and (b) minus
sign.

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