Science10 Q4

Module 2
MATTER AND ITS INTERACTIONS

Lesson 2 GAS LAWS

What I Need To Know

At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
Competency:
1. Investigate the relationship between
a. volume and pressure at constant temperature of gas; and
b. volume and temperature at constant pressure of gas.
2. Explain the above mentioned relationships using the Kinetic Molecular Theory.
(S10MT-IVa-b-21)
Objectives:
a. explain the interrelationships between pressure, volume, and temperature of gas;
b. solve problems involving the different gas laws: Boyle’s Law, Charles’ Law and the
Combined Gas Law; and
c. relate the concept of the different gas laws to real life applications.

What’s In
The measurable properties of gases such as pressure, volume, temperature, and
number of moles are related to each other. What do you think will happen to the other
properties if one of them will change? How do we predict these changes considering that
most gases are invisible?

What’s New
Changing one of the measurable properties of a gas has a corresponding change in
other variables depending on its relationship. Gas laws could predict these changes. In
this lesson, you are going to learn about three gas laws: Boyle’s Law, Charles’ Law, and the
Combined Gas Law.

What Is It
BOYLE’S LAW
Robert Boyle, an English chemist, was the first to investigate about the relationship
between pressure of a gas and its volume. Boyle’s Law states that at constant temperature
(T) and amount of gas (n), the volume (V) of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure
(P). In other words, when the pressure of a gas increases, its volume decreases.
For a given sample of gas under two different conditions at constant temperature and
amount of gas, the product of the pressure and volume is constant. Thus, it is written as
follows:
P1V1 = P 2V2
where: P1 = initial pressure P2 = final pressure
V1 = initial volume V2 = final volume
Kinetic Molecular Theory and Boyle’s Law
Gas particles have a very weak intermolecular force of attraction, hence they move
as far as possible from each other. They have the tendency to occupy all the spaces they
are contained in. If the pressure is increased, the volume will be decreased forcing the
gas particles to move closer to one another.

P P P

P = 1 atm P = 2 atm P = 4 atm

V=1L V = 0.5 L V = 0.25 L
T = 300 K T = 300 K T = 300 K
n = 1 mol n = 1 mol n = 1 mol

Figure 1 Schematic Diagram of Boyle’s Law

Example:
The inflated balloon that slipped from the hand of Renn has a volume of 0.50 L at sea
level (1.0 atm) and it reached a height of approximately 8 km where the atmospheric
pressure is approximately 0.33 atm. Assuming that the temperature is constant, compute for
the final volume of the balloon.
Given : P1 = 1.0 atm P2 = 0.33 atm
V1 = 0.50 L
Find : V2
Solution:
 Derive the formula for V2 from Boyle’s Law (P1V1 = P2V2).
P1V1
V2 = P2
 Substitute the given values to the equation.

V2 = (1.0 atm) (0.5 L)

0.33 atm
V2 = 0.5 L
0.33
V2 = 1.52 L
Did you notice the decrease in pressure and how it affects the final volume? The
pressure decreased by 1/3. That is why, the volume increased by 3-folds. Try to multiply V 1
by P1 and V2 by P2. Does it have the same product?

Applications of Boyle’s Law:

1. Breathing or respiration is one of the basic applications of Boyle’s law. As one
inhales, the diaphragm muscles contract, causing the thoracic cavity to expand. The
expansion increases the volume and results in the decrease of pressure. Meanwhile, as one
exhales, the muscles relax causing the thoracic cavity to decrease in volume. This causes
an increase in pressure inside the lungs; thus, pushing the air out.
2. Deep sea fishes, when brought to the surface, die due to decreased pressure. This
results in the increases volume of gases in their bodies.
3. A syringe plunger being pressed down to draw out the fluid causes the volume
inside the syringe to decrease while increasing the pressure inside.

CHARLES’ LAW
 The relationship between volume and temperature was first observed by French
physicist and balloonist Jacques Charles. According to Charles’ Law, the volume of a fixed
amount of gas at constant pressure is directly proportional to its absolute temperature. In
other words, when the absolute temperature (K) of a gas increases, the volume occupied by
the gas also increases.
For a given sample of gas under two different conditions at constant pressure and
amount of gas, the equation can be written as:
V1 = V2 __

T1 T2 or V1T2 = V2T1
_ ____ __ _ __
_
_

where: V1 = initial volume V2 = final volume

T1 = initial temperature (K) T2 = final temperature (K)
Note that the temperature must be expressed in Kelvin (K).

Kinetic Molecular Theory and Charles’ Law

Recall the kinetic molecular theory. What does it say about the relationship between
temperature and the kinetic energy of molecules? According to the kinetic molecular theory,
when the temperature is increased, the kinetic energy of the gas will also increase. This
results in frequent collisions of the particles with the walls of the container, causing it to
expand. To keep the pressure constant, the volume must also increase.

P = 1 atm P =1 atm P = 1 atm

V=1L V=2L V=4L
T = 100 K T = 200 K T = 400 K
n = 1 mol n = 1 mol n = 1 mol

Figure 2 Schematic Diagram of Charles’ Law

Example:
An inflated balloon with a volume of 0.75 L at 30°C was placed inside the freezer
where the temperature is -10°C. Find out what will happen to the volume of the balloon if the
pressure remains constant.
Given : V1 = 0.75 L
T1 = 30 °C T2 = -10 °C
Find : V2
Solution:
 Change the temperature to Kelvin.
T1 = 30 °C + 273.15 = 303.15 K
T2 = -10 °C + 273.15 = 263.15 K
 Derive the formula for V2 from Charles’ Law (V1T2 = V2T1).
V1T2
V2 = T1
 Substitute the given values to the equation.

V2 = _(0.75 L) (263.15 K)_

303.15 K
V2 = _197.36 L_
303.15
V2 = 0.65 L

The volume decreases because the temperature decreases too. In this case, the
volume between the gas molecules decreases because the kinetic energy is also affected by
temperature. Gas molecules move slowly, thus there is lesser collision and so it will occupy
smaller space.
Applications of Charles’ Law:
1. Charles’ law can be seen as one flies in a hot air balloon. The air inside the
balloon, when heated, causes the air to expand; thus, becomes lighter and so it rises.
2. An inflated balloon shrinks when placed inside the refrigerator.
3. During cold weather, bicycle tires become flat because the air molecules inside the
bicycle tires have lower kinetic energy due to the decrease in temperature.

COMBINED GAS LAW

Boyle’s law and Charles’ law can be combined and treated as a single law, called the
combined gas law. This law describes the relationship of pressure, volume, and absolute
temperature of a constant amount of gas. Scientists generally follow the customary
reference point known as the Standard Temperature and Pressure or STP which is 273.15 K
and 1 atm pressure.

The equation can be written as:

P1V1 = P2V2 __

T1 T2 or P1V1T2 = P2V2T1
_ ____ _ _ __
_
_

where:
P1 = initial pressure V1 = initial volume T1 = initial temperature (K)
P2 = final pressure V2 = final volume T2 = final temperature (K)

Example:
The oxygen tank manufacturer used to produce 5.0 L oxygen tanks at 2000 psi and
25°C. Statistics suggests that the 3.0 L oxygen tank at 1500 psi more marketable. What
temperature requirement in degree Celsius is needed to produce a 3 L oxygen tank at 1500
psi?
Given : P1 = 2000 psi V1 = 5 L T1 = 25°C + 273.15 = 298.15 K
P2 = 1500 psi V2 = 3 L
Find : T2 (in °C)
Solution:
 Derive the formula for V2 from Charles’ Law (P1V1T2 = P2V2T1).
T2 = P2V2T1
P 1 V1
 Substitute the given values to the equation.

T2 = (1500 psi) (3 L) (298.15 K)

(2000 psi) (5 L)
T2 = 1 341 675 K
10 000
T2 = 134.17 K
 Convert K to °C.
T2 = 134.17 K – 273.15
T2 = -138.98 °C

Application of the Combined Gas Law:

The principle of the Combined Gas law is the basis why aerosol cans, LPG tanks and
other pressurized containers should not be exposed to heat. The exposure to high
temperature increases the kinetic energy of the gases causing an increase in the pressure
due to the increased collision of the gases on the walls. An increase in pressure would result
in expansion of volume. But because the can is contained, thus the container explodes.
 Science 10

Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region VII, Central Visayas
DIVISION OF BOHOL

SCIENCE 10: QUARTER 4-MATTER

MODULE 2: GAS LAWS
STUDENT’S ANSWER SHEET

Name: ________________________________ Grade & Section: ______________

Activity 2.1: Problem-Solving

Directions: Solve the following problems involving the different gas laws. Show your
complete solution.

A. Problems involving Boyle’s Law

1. A scuba diver needs a diving tank in order to provide breathing gas while he is
underwater. How much pressure is needed for 6.00 liters of gas at 1.01 atmospheric
pressure to be compressed in a 3.00 liter cylinder?

B. Problems involving Charles’ Law

1. A tank (not rigid) contains 2.3 L of helium gas at 25°C. What will be the volume of the tank
after heating it and its content to 40°C temperature at constant pressure?

C. Problems involving the Combined Gas Law

1. Helium gas has a volume of 250 mL at 0°C at 1.0 atm. What will be the final pressure if
the volume is reduced to 100 mL at 45°C?