Practice Questions

Chapter No.: 6

Chapter Title: The Normal Distribution

and Ideas of Sampling

Class: BSc

Subject: Statistics-1

Course Code: 04a

Compiled By: Sir Waseem Mustafa

Cell No.: 0334 8111881

E-Mail: [email protected]
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Important Points:
6.1) The Random Variable:
A numerical quantity, whose value is determined by the outcome of a random
experiment, is called a Random Variable.
Random variables come in two ‘types’ discrete and continuous. Discrete random
variables are those associated with count data, such as the score on a die, while
continuous random variables refer to measurable data, such as height, weight and
time.

6.2) Discrete Probability Distribution:

Suppose that X is a discrete random variable and that x is one of its possible values. The
probability that a random X takes specific value x is denoted by 𝑷 (𝑿 = 𝒙). The
probability distribution of a random variable is a representation of the probabilities
for all the possible outcomes. This representation might be algebraic, graphical, or
tabular. For discrete random variables one simple procedure is to list the probabilities of
all the possible outcomes according to the values of x.
For example let the variable X denote the number resulting from a single roll of a six
sided balanced die. In this case probability distribution will be as follows:

x 1 2 3 4 5 6

𝑷 (𝑿 = 𝒙). 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6

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6.3) The Mean and Variance of a Discrete Random Variable:
For a discrete random variable X the mean of X (μ) or expected value of X (E(X)) is
calculated as
𝝁 = 𝐄(𝐗) = ∑ 𝐱𝐏(𝐱)

Similarly, the variance of X (𝛔𝟐 ) or V(X) is calculated as

𝟐
𝛔𝟐 = 𝐕(𝐗) = ∑ 𝐱 𝟐 𝐏(𝐱) − (∑ 𝐱𝐏(𝐱))

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Or
𝟐
𝛔𝟐 = 𝐕(𝐗) = 𝐄(𝐗 𝟐 ) − (𝐄(𝐗))

Or
𝑵

𝛔𝟐 = 𝐄((𝐗 − 𝝁)𝟐 ) = ∑ 𝒑𝒊 (𝒙𝒊 − 𝝁)𝟐

𝒊=𝟏

6.4) Properties of Expected Value and Variance:

If X is a discrete random variable and a and b are constants, then there are certain
properties of expected value and variance of X which are as follows:
(1) 𝑬(𝒂𝑿) = 𝒂 𝑬(𝑿) (2) 𝑬(𝒂𝑿 + 𝒃) = 𝒂 𝑬(𝑿) + 𝒃
(3) 𝑽(𝒂𝑿) = 𝒂𝟐 𝑽(𝑿) (4) 𝑽(𝒂𝑿 + 𝒃) = 𝒂𝟐 𝑽(𝑿)

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6.5) The Normal Distribution:
Normal distribution is used to model continuous random variable as a probability
distribution function. A sketch of its distribution is as follows:

6.6) Characteristics of The Normal Distribution:

The properties or Characteristics of a normal distribution can be summarized as follows:

1) The distribution is symmetrical about mean (μ).

2) The mode, median and mean are all equal due to the symmetry of the distribution.
3) The range of X is from −∞ to +∞.
4) The total area under the curve is unity (1).
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The Normal Distribution is a two-parameter distribution, the parameters being μ its mean
and σ, its standard deviation. The practical implication of this link is beyond the scope of
this course, so it will be sufficient for you to refer to the random variable X as having a
normal distribution by using the notation:

X ~ 𝐍 (μ, 𝛔𝟐 )

If you want to evaluate the probabilities associated with this distribution it is necessary to
evaluate the areas under the normal curve.

6.7) The Standard Normal Distribution:

To evaluate probabilities associated with normal distribution the Standard Normal
Distribution is used which, as its name implies, has all the properties of a normal
distribution but in addition it has a mean of zero and a standard deviation of 1. The
Standard Normal Distribution is denoted by Z where Z ~ 𝐍 (0, 𝟏𝟐 ) and the important
feature of this distribution is that any normal distribution can be mapped onto the
Standard Normal Distribution.

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This transformation is achieved by subtracting the mean and dividing by the standard
deviation. Hence:
𝑿−𝛍
𝒁=
𝛔
Where X ~ N (μ, 𝛔𝟐 ) and Z ~ N (0, 𝟏𝟐 ).

Since any random variable can be transformed into a standard normal variable then if
probabilities for the standard variable can be found then this property can be used to
evaluate probabilities associated with normal distributions.

If, for example you wish to evaluate P (12 < X < 16) where X ~ 𝐍 (10, 𝟒𝟐 ) then using
𝑿−𝟏𝟎
𝒁= gives:
𝟒

𝟏𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟔 − 𝟏𝟎
𝑷(𝟏𝟐 < 𝑿 < 16) = 𝑷 ( <𝑿< ) = 𝑷(𝟎. 𝟓 < 𝒁 < 1.5)
𝟒 𝟒
To evaluate such a probability it is necessary to introduce a special symbol ∅(𝒛)

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Where z is the particular value of Z and ∅(𝒛) represents the area to the left of any given z
value. Thus ∅(𝟏. 𝟓) represents the probability P (Z < 𝟏. 𝟓) and is equal to the area under
the standard normal curve between −∞ and 1.5.

so for the probability above:

𝑷(𝟏𝟐 < 𝑿 < 16) = 𝑷(𝟎. 𝟓 < 𝒁 < 1.5) = ∅(𝟏. 𝟓) − ∅(𝟎. 𝟓)

Evaluation ∅(𝒛) is very difficult but, fortunately values of ∅(𝒛) have been extensively
tabulated and you will find it in (table −4) (It will be given in past papers). Thus if you
now turn to this table and evaluate

𝑷(𝟏𝟐 < 𝑿 < 16) you will find:

𝑷(𝟏𝟐 < 𝑿 < 16) = 𝑷(𝟎. 𝟓 < 𝒁 < 1.5)

= ∅(𝟏. 𝟓) − ∅(𝟎. 𝟓)

= 𝟎. 𝟗𝟑𝟑𝟐 − 𝟎. 𝟔𝟗𝟏𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟒𝟏𝟕

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Since the table only gives values of 𝑷(𝒁 < 𝒛) for z in the interval (0.00, 3.30), to get
values of 𝑷(𝒁 > 𝑧) in the interval (0.00, 3.30) or to get values of ∅(𝒛) in the interval

(-3.30, 0.00) you need to remember that any normal distribution is symmetrical about its
mean and in particular the Standard Normal Distribution is symmetrical about zero.
Keeping in view this we may convert the situation discussed above into seven cases
which are as follows:

1) 𝑷(𝒁 < 𝑎) = ∅(𝒂)

2) 𝑷(𝒁 > 𝑎) = 𝟏 − ∅(𝒂)
3) 𝑷(𝒁 > −𝑎) = 𝑷(𝒁 < 𝑎) = ∅(𝒂)
4) 𝑷(𝒁 < −𝑎) = 𝑷(𝒁 > 𝑎) = 𝟏 − ∅(𝒂)
5) 𝑷(𝒃 < 𝒁 < 𝑎) = ∅(𝒂) − ∅(𝒃)
6) 𝑷(−𝒃 < 𝑍 < 𝑎) = ∅(𝒂) − ∅(−𝒃) = ∅(𝒂) − (𝟏 − ∅(𝒃))
7) 𝑷(−𝒃 < 𝑍 < −𝑎) = ∅(−𝒂) − ∅(−𝒃) = (𝟏 − ∅(𝒂)) − (𝟏 − ∅(𝒃))
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6.8) Jointly Distributed Continuous Random Variable:

Let 𝑿𝟏 , 𝑿𝟐 ,…,𝑿𝑲 be K random variables with means 𝛍𝟏 , 𝛍𝟐 ,…,𝛍𝑲 and variances
𝛔𝟐 𝟏 , 𝛔𝟐 𝟐 ,…, 𝛔𝟐 𝑲 . The following properties hold:
1) The mean of their difference is the difference of their means; that is,
𝑬(𝑿 − 𝒀) = 𝛍𝑿 − 𝛍𝒀
2) The variance of their difference is
𝑽(𝑿 − 𝒀) = 𝛔𝟐 𝑿 + 𝛔𝟐 𝒀
3) The mean value for the linear combination (aX + bY) of two random
variables, X and Y, is
𝑬(𝒂𝑿 + 𝒃𝒀) = 𝒂𝛍𝑿 + 𝒃𝛍𝒀
4) The variance for the linear combination (aX + bY) of two random variables,
X and Y, is
𝑽(𝒂𝑿 + 𝒃𝒀) = 𝒂𝟐 𝛔𝟐 𝑿 + 𝐛𝟐 𝛔𝟐 𝒀
5) The mean value for the linear combination (aX - bY) of two random
variables, X and Y, is
𝑬(𝒂𝑿 − 𝒃𝒀) = 𝒂𝛍𝑿 − 𝒃𝛍𝒀
6) The variance for the linear combination (aX - bY) of two random variables, X
and Y, is
𝑽(𝒂𝑿 − 𝒃𝒀) = 𝒂𝟐 𝛔𝟐 𝑿 + 𝐛𝟐 𝛔𝟐 𝒀

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6.9) Sampling with Replacement:
1) In this case, total numbers of possible samples are 𝐍 𝐧 , where N represents
population size and n represents sample size.
Let 𝐗̅ denote the sample mean of a random sample of n observations from a
population with mean 𝛍𝑿 and variance 𝛔𝟐 . Then
̅ has mean
2) The sampling distribution of 𝐗
𝑬(𝑿̅) = 𝝁
̅ has standard deviation
3) The sampling distribution of 𝐗
𝛔
𝛔𝐗̅ =
√𝐧
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6.10) Sampling without Replacement:

1) In this case, total numbers of possible samples are (𝐍𝐧), where N represents
population size and n represents sample size.
̅ denote the sample mean of a random sample of n observations from a
Let 𝐗
population with mean 𝛍𝑿 and variance 𝛔𝟐 . Then
̅ has mean
2) The sampling distribution of 𝐗
𝑬(𝑿̅) = 𝝁
̅ has standard deviation
3) The sampling distribution of 𝐗
𝛔 𝑵−𝒏
𝛔𝐗̅ = √
√𝐧 𝑵 − 𝟏

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6.11) Estimator versus Estimate:
An estimator is a statistic (which is a random variable) describing how to obtain a
(point) estimate (which is a real number) of a population parameter.

6.12) The Central Limit Theorem:

The Normal distribution could be used for samples whose parent (population)
distribution was not normal. The Central Limit Theorem justifies this. It states
roughly that for a large enough sample size n. In practice 30 or more is usually
̅ may be normal for n much less than 30. This
sufficient, although the distribution of 𝐗
depends on the distribution of the original population variable. If this population
distribution is in fact normal, then all sample means computed from it will be normal.
However if the population distribution is very non-normal, then a sample size of at
least 30 would be needed to justify normality, the sampling distribution of the sample
mean 𝐗 ̅ from a random sample of size n with replacement from a population of values
for X is close to the normal distribution.

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N ( μ, 𝛔𝟐 /n), where the population values of X have mean μ and variance 𝛔𝟐 .

This is an approximate version of the precise result for samples from N( μ, 𝛔𝟐 ), but
holding much more generally, for the population is not restricted to be normal. To be
more precise, the theorem says that, for each fixed value x:

𝒙−𝛍
̅ ≤ 𝒙) = 𝑃 (𝒁 ≤
𝑃(𝐗 )
𝛔
⁄ 𝒏
√
as n → ∞.

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Example:

A random sample of 16 values is taken from a Normal distribution with μ = 25 and 𝛔 = 3.

̅ > 26)?
What is P ( 𝐗

Solution:
̅ is exactly
Since the population is normally distributed, the sampling distribution of 𝐗
𝟗
N (25 , ). If Z is the standard normal random variable, then
𝟏𝟔

̅ > 26) = 𝑃 (𝑍 > 26−25

𝑃(X 3 )
⁄
√16

= 𝑃(𝑍 > 1.33)

= 1 − ∅(1.33)

= 1 − 0.9082

= 0.0918

6.13) Standard Error:

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Exercise:
Find the mean and variance of each of the following distributions of X:

Q 1)
x 1 2 3
P (X = x) 1⁄ 1⁄ 1⁄
3 2 6

Q 2)
x -1 0 1
P (X = x) 1⁄ 1⁄ 1⁄
4 2 4

Q 3)
x -2 -1 1 2
P (X = x) 1⁄ 1⁄ 1⁄ 1⁄
3 3 6 6

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Q 4) Two fair cubical dice are thrown: one is red and one is blue. The random variable M
represents the score on the red die minus the score on the blue die.
(a) Find the distribution of M. (b) Write down of E (M).
(c) Find V (M).

Q 5) A fair coin is tossed two times and the random variable H represents the number of
heads recorded.
(a) Find the distribution of H. (b) Write down of E (H).
(c) Find V (H).

Q 6) The random variable Z ~ 𝐍 (0, 𝟏𝟐 ). Find:

(a) P (Z < 1.78) (b) P (Z > 2.5)
(c) P (0.32 < Z < 1.38) (d) P (-1.2 < Z < 2.1)
(e) P (Z < -1.0 or > 2.0)

Q 7) Find the value of z in each of the following:

(a) ∅(z) = 0.9495 (b) ∅(−z) = 0.3783

Q 8) The random variable A ~ 𝐍 (28, 𝟑𝟐 ). Find:

(a) P (A < 32) (b) P (A > 36)
(c) P (28 < A < 35) (d) P (22 < A < 26)

Q 9) The random variable X has a normal distribution with mean 16 and variance 0.64. Find
x, such that 𝑷(𝑿 < 𝑥) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟓.
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Q 10) Tyre pressures on a certain type of car independently follow a normal distribution with
mean 1.9 bars and standard deviation 0.15 bars. Safety regulations state that the pressures
must be between 1.9 − b bars and 1.9 + b bars. It is known that 80% of tyres are within these
safety limits. Find the safety limits.

Q 11) Suppose that a population of men’s heights is normally distributed with a mean of 68
inches, and standard deviation of 3 inches. Find the proportion of men who are:
a) under 66 inches
b) over 72 inches
c) between 66 and 72 inches.

Q 12) Two statisticians disagree about the distribution of IQ scores for a population under
study. Both agree that the distribution is normal, and that the standard deviation is 15, but A
says that 5% of the population have IQ scores greater than 134.6735, whereas B says that
10% of the population have IQ scores greater than 109.224. What is the difference between
the mean IQ score as assessed by A and that as assessed by B?

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Q 13) Check that (approximately):
(a) 68% of normal random variables fall within 1 standard deviation of the mean.
(b) 95% of normal random variables fall within 2 standard deviations of the mean.
(c) 99% of normal random variables fall within 3 standard deviations of the mean.
Draw the areas concerned on a normal distribution.

Q 14) The following six observations give the time taken, in seconds, to complete a 100-metre
sprint by all six individuals competing in the race, hence this is population data.

(Question continues on next page)

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Questions from Past Papers:

Q 15) (Paper-2003, Zone-A, Section-A, Question-1 (d))

Measurements of a certain characteristic have a standard normal distribution. What can you
say about an individual’s position (with respect to this characteristic) in the population if their
score is

(i) 1.96 (ii) -5.5 (iii) 0.3

Q 16) (Paper-2003, Zone-A, Section-A, Question-1 (g) (i))

x can take values 1, 2, 3 and 5 with probability 0.1, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.2 respectively. Find E (X)

Q 17) (Paper-2003, Zone-B, Section-A, Question-1 (d))

Measurements of a certain characteristic have a standard normal distribution. What can you
say about an individual’s position (with respect to this characteristic) in the population if their
z score is

(i) 1.66 (ii) 6.5 (iii) -0.5

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Q 18) (Paper-2003, Zone-B, Section-A, Question-1 (g) (i))

x can take values 1, 4, 5 and 6 with probability 0.2, 0.4, 0.3 and 0.1 respectively. Find E (X)

Q 19) (Paper-2004, Zone-A & B, Section-B, Question-2 (b))

(Question continues on next page)

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Q 20) (Paper-2005, Zone-A, Section-A, Question-1 (b))

State whether each of these statements is true or false, giving brief reasons why this is so
(Note that no marks will be awarded for a simple true/false reply)

i) The chance that a normally distributed statistic is less than two standard deviations
from its mean is greater than 99%.

Q 21) (Paper-2005, Zone-A, Section-A, Question-1 (f) (ii))

Find E(X)

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Q 22) (Paper-2005, Zone-A & B, Section-B, Question-4 (a))

Q 23) (Paper-2005, Zone-B, Section-A, Question-1 (b))

State whether each of these statements is true or false, giving brief reasons why this is so
(Note that no marks will be awarded for a simple true/false reply)

i) The chance that a normally distributed statistic is less than two standard deviations
from its mean is greater than 95%.
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Q 24) (Paper-2005, Zone-B, Section-A, Question-1 (f))

Q 25) (Paper-2006, Zone-A, Section-A, Question-1 (h))

State whether each of these statements is true or false, giving brief reasons why this is so
(Note that no marks will be awarded for a simple true/false reply)

iv) The larger a sample, the larger the variation in its sample mean.

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Q 26) (Paper-2006, Zone-A & B, Section-B, Question-2 (b))

Q 27) (Paper-2006, Zone-B, Section-A, Question- 1(d))

Three balls are thrown at random into five bowls so that each ball has the same chance of
going into any bowl independently of wherever the other 2 balls fall. Determine the
probability distribution of the number of empty bowls.
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Q 28) (Paper-2006, Zone-B, Section-A, Question- 1(h))

State whether each of these statements is true or false, giving brief reasons why this is so
(Note that no marks will be awarded for a simple true/false reply)

iv) The larger a sample, the smaller the variation in its sample mean.

Q 29) (Paper-2007, Zone-A & B, Section-A, Question- 1(g))

In an examination the scores of students who attend schools of type A are normally distributed
about a mean of 55 with a standard deviation of 6. The scores of students who attend type B
schools are normally distributed about a mean of 60 with a standard deviation of 5. Which
type of school would have a higher proportion of students with marks above 70?

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Q 30) (Paper-2007, Zone-A, Section-B, Question- 2(b))

A charity believes that when it puts out an appeal for charitable donations the donations it
receives will normally distributed with a mean £50 and standard deviation £6, and it is
assumed that donations will be independent of each other.

i) Find the probability that the first donation it receives will be greater than £40.

ii) Find the probability that it will be between £55 and £60.

iii) Find the value x such that 5% of donations are more than £x.

iv) Find the probability that the first donation is at least £3 more than second.

Q 31) (Paper-2007, Zone-B, Section-B, Question- 2(b))

A charity believes that when it puts out an appeal for charitable donations the donations it
receives will normally distributed with a mean £50 and standard deviation £6, and it is
assumed that donations will be independent of each other.

i) Find the probability that the first donation it receives will be less than £40.

ii) Find the probability that it will be between £40 and £45.

iii) Find the value x such that 5% of donations are more than £x.

iv) Find the probability that the first donation is at least £3 more than second.
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Q 32) (Paper-2008, Zone-A, Section-A, Question- 1(a))

State whether each of these statements is true or false, giving brief reasons why this is so
(Note that no marks will be awarded for a simple true/false reply)
i) When using a large random sample, we cannot assume that its mean forms part of a
normal distribution.

Q 33) (Paper-2008, Zone-A, Section-A, Question- 1(g))

Assume that the number of weekly study hours for students at a certain university is
approximately normally distributed with a mean of 22 and a standard deviation of 6.
i) Find the probability that a randomly chosen student studies less than 12 hours.
ii) Estimate the percentage of students that study more than 37 hours.
iii) A certain lecture group consists of 225 students. You may assume that this class group
forms a simple random sample from the students in the university. Find the probability
that the average number of study hours for this group is between 21 and 23 hours.

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Q 34) (Paper-2008, Zone-B, Section-A, Question- 1(a))

State whether each of these statements is true or false, giving brief reasons why this is so
(Note that no marks will be awarded for a simple true/false reply).
i) When using a large random sample, the distribution of the sample mean may be
regarded as normal due to the central limit theorem.

Q 35) (Paper-2008, Zone-B, Section-A, Question- 1(g))

Assume that the number of weekly study hours for students at a certain university is
approximately normally distributed with a mean of 20 and a standard deviation of 8.
i) Find the probability that a randomly chosen student studies less than 10 hours.
ii) Estimate the percentage of students that study more than 35 hours.
iii) A certain lecture group consists of 100 students. You may assume that this class group
forms a simple random sample from the students in the university. Find the probability
that the average number of study hours for this group is between 19 and 21 hours.

Q 36) (Paper-2009, Zone-A, Section-A, Question- 1(e))

State whether the following are possible or not and give a brief explanation. (Note that no
marks will be awarded for a simple possible/not possible reply).
i) Random sampling causes high variability in estimates.
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Q 37) (Paper-2009, Zone-A, Section-A, Question- 1(g))

The random variable X has the following probability distribution:

i 1 2 3 4

X -1 0 +1 +2

P(X=x) 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.1

Calculate: E(X)

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Q 38) (Paper-2009, Zone-A, Section-B, Question- 2(b))

The starting annual salaries for students graduating from two departments, X and Y, of a
university are being investigated. Two random samples of last year's intake have been selected
and the results are as follows:

i) What proportion of new graduates from Department X earn more than $ 22,000 per month?

Q 39) (Paper-2009, Zone-B, Section-A, Question- 1(e))

State whether the following are possible or not. Give a brief explanation. (Note that no marks
will be awarded for a simple possible/not possible reply)

i) Random sampling gives unbiased estimates for parameters.

Q 40) (Paper-2009, Zone-B, Section-A, Question- 1(g))

The random variable X has the following probability distribution:

X -1 0 +1 +2

P(X=x) 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.1

Calculate: E(X)
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Q 41) (Paper-2009, Zone-B, Section-B, Question- 2(b))

The starting annual salaries for students graduating from two departments, X and Y, of a
university are being investigated. Two random samples of last year's intake have been selected
and the results are as follows:

What proportion of new graduates from Department X earn more than $22,000 per month?

Q 42) (Paper-2011, Zone-A, Section-A, Question- 1(h))

Assume that the marks of students at a certain university are normally distributed with mean
52 and variance 100. Consider a randomly chosen student from that university and find the
probability
i) of failing the class (pass mark is 34).
ii) of obtaining a mark between 60 and 70.

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Q 43) (Paper-2011, Zone-B, Section-A, Question- 1(h))

Assume that the marks of students at a certain university are normally distributed with mean
55 and variance 81. Consider a randomly chosen student from that university and find the
probability
i) of getting a first (70 or above).
ii) of obtaining a mark between 50 and 60.

Q 44) (Paper-2012, Zone-A, Section-A, Question- 1(c))

A test is taken by some students, their marks are recorded and we are interested in the
properties of the sample mean. Under the assumption that the marks follow a Normal
distribution with exact mean 60 and variance 81, calculate the probability that the mark of a
randomly selected student

i) is greater than 59.5 exactly; and

ii) lies between 59 and 60.5 exactly.
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Q 45) (Paper-2012, Zone-A, Section-A, Question- 1(f))

The probability distribution of a variable X is given below.

ii) Find the expected value of X, E(X).

Q 46) (Paper-2012, Zone-A, Section-A, Question-1 (g))

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Q 47) (Paper-2012, Zone-B, Section-A, Question- 1(c))

A test is taken by some students, their marks are recorded and we are interested in the
properties of the sample mean. Under the assumption that the marks follow a Normal
distribution with exact mean 65 and variance 144, calculate the probability that the mark of a
randomly selected student

i) is greater than 67.5 exactly; and

ii) lies between 63 and 67 exactly.

Q 48) (Paper-2012, Zone-B, Section-A, Question- 1(f))

The probability distribution of a variable X is given below.

ii) Find the expected value of X, E(X).

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Q 49) (Paper-2012, Zone-B, Section-A, Question-1 (f))

Q 50) (Paper-2013, Zone-A, Section-A, Question- 1(c))

Monthly household expenditure in country A is normally distributed with a mean of £1200

per week and a standard deviation of £400 per week.

In country B it is also normally distributed but with a mean of £960 per week and a standard
deviation of £200 per week.

Which country has a higher proportion of households spending less than £800?

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Q 51) (Paper-2013, Zone-B, Section-A, Question- 1(c))

Weekly household expenditure in country A is normally distributed with a mean of $300 per
week and a standard deviation of $100 per week.

In country B it is also normally distributed but with a mean of $240 per week and a standard
deviation of $50 per week.

Which country has a higher proportion of households spending less than $200?

Q 52) (Paper-2014, Zone-A & B, Section-A, Question- 1(c))

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Q 53) (Paper-2014, Zone-A & B, Section-A, Question- 1(g)(ii))

Find E (X), the expected value of X.

Q 54) (Paper-2015, Zone-A, Section-A, Question- 1(f))

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Q 55) (Paper-2015, Zone-A, Section-A, Question- 1(g (ii)))

Find E (X), the expected value of X.

Q 56) (Paper-2015, Zone-A, Section-A, Question- 1(h (i)))

State whether the following are true or false and give a brief explanation. (Note that no marks
will be awarded for a simple true/false answer.)

i) The chance that a normal random variable is less than one standard deviation from its
mean is 95%.
 P a g e | 21

Q 57) (Paper-2015, Zone-B, Section-A, Question- 1(c))

Q 58) (Paper-2015, Zone-B, Section-A, Question- 1(e))

Find E (X), the expected value of X.

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Q 59) (Paper-2015, Zone-B, Section-A, Question- 1(h (i)))

State whether the following are true or false and give a brief explanation. (Note that no marks
will be awarded for a simple true/false answer.)

i) The chance that a normal random variable is less than two standard deviation from its
mean is 99%.

Q 60) (Paper-2016, Zone-A & B, Section-A, Question- 1(e))

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Q 61) (Paper-2017, Zone-A, Section-A, Question- 1(c))

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Q 62) (Paper-2017, Zone-A, Section-A, Question- 1(d))

Q 63) (Paper-2017, Zone-A, Section-A, Question- 1(f) (iii))

State whether the following are true or false and give a brief explanation (no marks will be
awarded for a simple true/false answer).

Q 64) (Paper-2017, Zone-B, Section-A, Question- 1(c))

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Q 65) (Paper-2017, Zone-B, Section-A, Question- 1(d))

Q 66) (Paper-2017, Zone-B, Section-A, Question- 1(f) (iii))

State whether the following are true or false and give a brief explanation (no marks will be
awarded for a simple true/false answer).

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Q 67) (Paper-2018, Zone-A, Section-A, Question- 1(c) (ii))

State whether the following are true or false and give a brief explanation (no marks will be
awarded for a simple true/false answer).

Q 68) (Paper-2018, Zone-A, Section-A, Question- 1(e))

 P a g e | 24

Q 69) (Paper-2018, Zone-A, Section-A, Question- 1(f))

Q 70) (Paper-2018, Zone-B, Section-A, Question- 1(c) (ii))

State whether the following are true or false and give a brief explanation (no marks will be
awarded for a simple true/false answer).

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Q 71) (Paper-2018, Zone-B, Section-A, Question- 1(e))

Q 72) (Paper-2018, Zone-B, Section-A, Question- 1(f))

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Answers:
11 17
Q 1) E(X) = V(X) =
6 36

Q 2) E(X) = 0 V(X) = 0.5

Q 3) E(X) = −0.5 V(X) = 2.25

Q 4) a)
m: -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
P(M=m): 1⁄ 2 3 4 5 6 5 4 3 2 1
36 ⁄36 ⁄36 ⁄36 ⁄36 ⁄36 ⁄36 ⁄36 ⁄36 ⁄36 ⁄36
b) E(M) = 0 c) V(M) = 35⁄6

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Q 5) a)
h: 0 1 2
P(H=h): 1⁄ 1⁄ 1⁄
4 2 4

b) E(H) = 1 c) V(H) = 1⁄2

Q 6) a) 0.9625 b) 0.0062 c) 0.2907 d) 0.867 e) 0.1815

Q 7) a) 1.64 b) 0.31

Q 8) a) 0.9082 b) 0.004 c) 0.4904 d) 0.2286

Q 9) 14.432

Q 10) Safety limits are between 1.71 and 2.09

Q 11) a) 25.46% b) 9.18% c) 65.36%.

Q 12) The difference 𝜇𝐴 – 𝜇𝐵 = 110 – 90 = 20.

Q 13) We have to prove corresponding statements.

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Q 14) (a) 𝜇 = 14.33, σ = 3.09

(b)

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(c)
The mean of all the samples is:
(i)

(ii)

(iii)
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Q 15) 1.96 is above than mean, 0.3 is very close to the mean, and -5.5 is well below the mean.

Q 16) E(X) = 2.9

Q 17) 1.66 is above than mean, 6.5 is well above the mean and - 0.5 is very close to the mean

Q 18) E(X) = 3.9

Q 19) (i) 0.3707 (ii) 0.8212 (iii) 0.0668

Q 20) False, because two standard deviations from the mean is about 95.45%

Q 21) E(X) = 4.8

Q 22) (i) 0.2033 (ii) 0.19709

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Q 23) True, because two standard deviations from the mean is about 95.45%

Q 24) E(X) = 4.2

Q 25) False, for larger the sample size, smaller will be the variation of sample mean.

Q 26) (i) 0 (ii) 0.00939 (iii) 0.305

Q 27)
No. of empty bowls 2 3 4
Probabilty 12/25 12/25 1/25

Q 28) True, for larger the sample size, smaller will be the variation of sample mean.

Q 29) School B would have the higher proportion

Q 30) (i) 0.9525 (ii) 0.1558 (iii) 59.9 (iv) 0.3632

Q 31) (i) 0.9525 (ii) 0.1558 (iii) 59.9 (iv) 0.3632

Q 32) False, because when using a large random sample, we can assume that its mean forms
part of a normal distribution by Central Limit Theorem.

Q 33) (i) 0.048 (ii) 0.0062 (iii) 0.9876

Q 34) True, by Central Limit Theorem.

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Q 35) (i) 0.1056 (ii) 0.0304 (iii) 0.7888

Q 36) There is no reason why random sampling should have high or low variability in its
estimates. But, in general, the lower the sample size n, the higher the variability and so the
statement is `possible'.

Q 37) E(X) = 0.1 Q 38) 0.341

Q 39) This is indeed possible and an example, such as `we know that the mean of sample
means will be unbiased if we sample randomly'

Q 40) E(X) = 0.4 Q 41) 0.3475

Q 42) (i) 0.036 (ii) 0.176

Q 43) (i) 0.048 (ii) 0.422

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Q 44) (i) 0.5239 (ii) 0.0664

Q 45) E(X) = 1.3

Q 46) (i)

Q 47) (i) 0.4175 (ii) 0.1324

Q 48) E(X) = 3.3

Q 49) (i)

Q 50) Country B has a higher proportion

Q 51) Country B has a higher proportion

Q 52) (i) 0.5 (ii) b = 1.96

Q 53) 1.7
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Q 54) (i) 0.0668 (ii) 0.6827

Q 55) 2.9

Q 56) False; it is approximately 68%.

Q 57) (i) 0.6914 (ii) 0.6827

Q 58) 5.2

Q 59) False; it is approximately 97.75%.

Q 60) (i) 0.4 (ii) 2 (iii) 2.8

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Q 61) (i) 0.4706

(ii) The researcher's statement is justified since we can apply the central limit
theorem given the large sample size n.

Q 62) (i) 0.2 (ii) 7.2 (iii) 7.76

Q 63) False; A normal distribution is symmetric about its mean, hence P (X < 5) = 0:5.

Q 64) (i) 0.5924

(ii) The researcher's statement is justified since we can apply the central limit
theorem given the large sample size n.

Q 65) (i) 0.2 (ii) 6.6 (iii) 6.64

Q 66) False; A normal distribution is symmetric about its mean, hence P (X ≥ 7) = 0:5.

Q 67) True; A normal distribution is symmetric about its mean, hence P (X ≤ 3) = 0:5.
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Q 68) (i) 0.16 (ii) 1.24 (iii) 1.3824

Q 69) (i) 0.3085 (ii) 0.8732

Q 70) True; A normal distribution is symmetric about its mean, hence P (X ≥ 8) = 0:5.

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Q 71) (i) 0.15 (ii) 2.3 (iii) 1.71

Q 72) (i) 0.0668 (ii) 0.8372

The End
Good Luck