2 9 2 » 2 * 2 » 2 * 2 » 2»2

TOEFL POST-TEST
SECTION 2
STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION
l i m e — 25 m in u t e s
( i n c l u d i n g t h e r e a d in g o f t h e d ir e c t i o n s )
N o w s e t y o u r c lo c k f o r 25 m in u t e s .

This section is designed to measure your ability to recognize language that is appropriate for standard
written English. There are two types of questions in this section, with special directions for each type.

S tru c tu re

D irections: These questions are incomplete sentences. Beneath each sentence you will see four
words or phrases, marked (A), (B), (C), and (D). Choose the one word or phrase that best com pletes
the sentence. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that
corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen.
Look at the following examples.

Exam ple I Sam p le Answer

The president_____ the election by a landslide

(A) won ©
(B) he w on
(C) yesterday
(D) fortunately

The sentence should read, "The president won the election by a landslide." Therefore, you should
choose answer (A).

Exam ple II S am p le Answer

W hen_____ the conference?

(A) the doctor attended ©

(B) did the doctor attend
(C) the doctor will attend
(D) the doctors attendance

The sentence should read, “When did the doctor attend the conference?" Therefore, you should
choose answer (B).

I
GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE
TOEFL* test directions and form at are rep rin ted by perm ission r
of ETS, the copyright owner. However, ali exam ples and test
questions are provided by P earson E ducation, Inc. STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION POST-TEST 259
 2 * 2 * 2 * 2 * 2 * 2 * 2*2
1. The planet Mercury. . rotations during 7. Created by the dissolution of limestone, the
every two trips around the Sun. underground cave system _____ Mammoth
Cave is noted for its stalactites and
(A) three complete stalagmites.
(B) completes three
(C) the completion of three (A) is known as
(D) completing three of the (B) it is known to be
(C) known as
2. In prehistoric. . of western Utah was (D) to be known
covered by Lake Bonneville.
8. Most slang terms are simply old words
(A) times, a large part additional new meanings.
(B) times, there was a large part
(C) part of the time (A) give
(D) for large parts of time (B) given
(C) are given
3. The helicopter is able to hover in . (D) they are given
powered rotors produce lift even at zero
forward speed. 9. North Carolina's Outer Banks are a chain of
low, narrow islands_____ the mainland
(A) flight because of the from the frequent Atlantic storms in the
(B) flying the area.
(C) the flying of the
(D) flight because the (A) they buffer
(B) that buffer
The upper levels of the Sun's atmosphere (C) to buffer them
are of very lo w _____ heats the gases there (D) that they buffer
to very high temperatures.
10. It is at the age of approximately eighteen
(A) dense and solar m onth s_____children begin to make
(B) density, solar activity combinations of two or three words.
(C) density, but solar activity
(D) density and activity of the Sun is (A) when many
(B) when are many
5. Lapis lazu li,. . stone, has been valued (C) when do many
for ornamental purposes for more than (D) when have many of the
6,000 years.
11. Story o f a Bad Boy, a semiautobiographical
(A) an opaque deep blue novel by Thomas Bailey Aldrich, ranks high
(B) is an opaque deep blue among books_____ have incorporated their
(C) it is an opaque deep blue boyhood experiences.
(D) that is an opaque deep blue
(A) the American authors
6. M ountaineers. _climb Mount Everest (B) which are American authors
must make reservations to do so, often up to (C) in which American authors
seven years in advance. (D) are those which American authors

(A) want to
(B) they want to
(C) who want
(D) wanting to

260 STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION POST-TEST

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12. In the La Brea tar pits of Los A ngeles------- 14. Not o n ly _____ more brittle than hard
which have been preserved from the maples, but they are also less able to
Pleistocene period. withstand high winds.

(A) thousands of animals are (A) soft maples are

(B) thousands are animals (B) are soft maples
(C) the thousands of animals (C) they are soft maples
(D) are thousands of animals (D) soft maples

13. _____provided aliv in g fo rn ea rly 9 0 15. _____ become blocked so that heat and
percent of the population of the American moisture could not escape, death would
colonies. result.

(A) Farming was what (A) Were the skin’s pores to

(B) What farming (B) The pores of the skin were to
(C) Farming was (C) The skin’s pores
(D) What was farming (D) If the pores of the skin

STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION POST-TEST 26 I

 2 * 2 » 2 « 2 « 2 » 2 * 2»2
W ritten Expression

Directions: In these questions, each sentence has four underlined words or phrases. The four
underlined parts of the sentence are marked (A), (B), (C), and (D). Identify the one underlined word
or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct. Then, on your answer sheet,
find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you
have chosen.
Look at the following examples.

Exam ple I Sam ple Answer

®
The four string on a violin are tuned
~ B ~C D~ ©
in fifths. (D)

The sentence should read, "The four strings on a violin are tuned in fifths." Therefore, you should
choose answer (B).

Exam ple II Sam ple Answer

®
The research for the book Roots taking (B)
\ B- C #
Alex Haley twelve years. ®
D

The sentence should read, "The research for the book Roots took Alex Haley twelve years." Therefore,
you should choose answer (C).

TOEFL* test directions and form at arc reprinted by perm ission

~ _ ____ ______ _____ ___ o f ETS, the copyright owner. However, all exam ples and test
262 STRUCTURE AND \WRITTEN EXPRESSION POST-TEST questions arc provided by Pearson E ducation. Inc.
16. The wave lengths of ultraviolet light are short than those of visible light but longer
A B C D
than those of X-rays.

17 All thoroughbreds are descended from three Arabian stallion imported into England
X B £ D
between 1689 and 1724.

18. By measuring the rate of decay of potassium isotopes in volcanic ash, scientists
A
can date the lavers of volcanic ash and any human remains in they.
-----B----- C D

19. Hundreds of partial to complete fossil skeletons of Triceratops have been gather in
A B C
North America from rocks of the late Cretaceous period.
D

20. By the time of the dinosaurs, turtles have already developed the hard shell
A B
into which their heads and legs could be drawn.
------ C------ D
21. A zoom lens produces an inverted real image,either on the film in a camera and on
A B C D
the light-sensitive tube of a television camera.

22 The leaves and young twigs of the henna plant are ground into a powder to produce a
A B
paste that can used as a dye.
“ C— D
23. Thirty-one pairs of spinal nerves arepresent in humans, and each pair have two
A B C D
roots

24 William Randolph Hearst built a chain of newspapers that included 25 dailies and 11
~ B C
Sunday editions at their peak in 1937.
D
25 The electromagnetic spectrum consists in bands o f different wavelengths.
A B C D

E E *

STRUCTURE AND W RITTEN EXPRESSION POST-TEST

 2 » 2 » 2 » 2 » 2 * 2 * 2 » rz

26. Lemon trees are similar in longevity and appear to orange trees but have more upright
A B C
growth.
D

27. Christopher Columbus, alike many other explorers, underestimated the size of the
A “T T C~
Earth and overestimated the width of Asia.
D

28. Manganese, found in trace amounts in higher animals, activates a large amount of
A B
the enzymes involved in metabolic processes.
C D

29. The remains of Homo erectus, an extinct species of early man, was first discovered
X B "TT D
on the island of Java by Dutch physician Eugene Debois.

30. The Ford Motor Company introduced the moving assembly line in 1914 so that it will
A TT
be able to meet the huge demand for its Model T.
' C "D

31. By 1830, approximately 200 steamboats had become operationally on the

A B C D
Mississippi River.

32. The huge Meteor Crater was created when a 63,000-ton iron meteorites struck the
A B C D
Earth near Winslow, Arizona.

33. Daniel Boone helped to build the Wilderness Road through the Cumberland Gap,
A B
creating a route for settlers heading westerly.
C -----D-----

34. The Appalachian Mountains extend Georgia and Alabama in the south to Canada in
A B C "D
the north.

35. Howard Hughes once did more than half a billion dollars in one day in 1966 when he
A B
received a single bank draft for $546,549,171 for his share of TWA.
C D-----

9 /
264 STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION POST-TEST
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36. The city of Tam pa, Florida, is located on peninsula across Tam pa Bay from S aint
A B C “ D“
Petersburg.

37. The closer it gets to D ecem ber 21, the first day of winter, the short the davs becom e
A B ~ C ~ D
38. Only about a hundred o u t of an estim ating 3,000 know n m ineral species
A
have been found at least reasonably suitable for use as gems
B C------- ~ D ~

39. Most of the y ear San Miguel Island is shrouded in fog, and strong northw est w inds
A B
b a tte r relentlessly the island.
C D

40. W omen have adm itted to the United States M ilitary Academy a t West Point since

1976, and the first w om en cadets graduated in 1980.

C D

This is the end of Section 2.

If you finish before 25 minutes has ended,
check your work on Section 2 only.

(s t o p ) (s t o p) (s t o p ) (s to p ] (s t o p) 0 ( 0 )

W h e n y o u fin ish th e test, y o u m ay d o th e fo llo w in g :

* T u rn to th e D ia g n o s tic C h a r t o n p a g e s 5 8 5 -5 8 7 , a n d
c ir c le th e n u m b e r s o f th e q u e s tio n s th a t y o u m isse d .
* T u rn to S c o r in g I n fo r m a tio n o n p a g e s 5 8 1 -5 8 2 , a n d
d e te r m in e y o u r T O E F L sc o r e.
* T u rn to th e P r o g r e s s C h a r t o n p a g e 5 9 1 , a n d ad d y o u r
sc o r e to th e chart.

STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION POST-TEST 26S

36363 6 3636363 6 3
TOEFL POST-TEST
SECTION 3
READING COMPREHENSION
TIme--55 minutes
(including the reading of the directions)
Now set your clock for 55 minutes.

This section is designed to measure your ability to read and understand short passages similar in
topic and style to those that students are likely to encounter in North American universities and
colleges. This section contains reading passages and questions about the passages.

Directions: In this section you will rend several passages. Each one is followed by a number of
questions about it. You are to choose the one best answer. (A). (B), (C), or (D), to each question. Then,
on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the
letter of the answer you have chosen.

Answer all questions about the information in a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied
in that passage.
Read the following passage:

John Quincy Adams, who served as the sixth president of the United States from 1825
to 1829, is today recognized for his masterful statesmanship and diplomacy. He dedicated his
life to public service. both in the presidency and in the various other political offices that he
Line held. Throughout his political career he demonstrated his unswerving belief in freedom of
(5) speech, the antislavery cause. and the right of Americans to be free from European and Asian
domination.

Example I Sample Answer

To what did John Quincy Adams devote his life? (£)

(A) Improving his personal life
(B) Serving the public
(C) Increasing his fortune
•
@
@
(D) Working on his private business

According to the passage, John Quincy Adams "dedicated his life to public service: Therefore, you
should choose answer (B).

Example II Sample Answer

In line 4. the word "unswerving" is closest in meaning to (£)

@
(A)
(8)
(C)
(D)
moveable
insignificant
unchanging
diplomatic
•
@

The passage states that John Quincy Adams demonstrated his unswerving belief "throughout his

---
career: This implies that the belief did not change. Therefore, you should choose answer (C).

TOEFL- test directions and fannat are reprinted by pcnnission

or E"'-;. the copyright owner. However. all examples and test
queshon~ an- provided by PcarYln Education. Inc. READING COMPREHENSION POST-TEST 355
 Questions 1-10
Aspirin's origins go back at least as early as 1758. In that year, Englishman Edward Stone
noticed a distinctive bitter flavor in the bark of the willow tree. To Stone, this particular bark seemed
to have much in common with "Peruvian Bark," which had been used medicinally since the 1640s to.
Line bring down fevers and to treat malaria. Stone decided to test the effectiveness of the willow bark. He
(5) obtained some, pulverized it into tiny pieces, and conducted experiments on its properties. His tests
demonstrated that this pulverized willow bark was effective both in reducing high temperatures and
in relieving aches and pains. In 1763. Stone presented his findings to the British Royal Society.
Several decades later, further studies on the medicinal value of the willow bark were being
conducted by two Italian scientists. These chemists, Brugnatelli and Fontana, determined that the
(10) active chemical that was responsible for the medicinal characteristics in the willow bark was the
chemical salicin. which is the active ingredient of today's aspirin.
The name "aspirin" is the trade name of the drug based on the chemical salicin. properly known
as acetylsalicylic acid. The trade name "aspirin" was invented for the drug in the I 890s by the Bayer
Drug Company in Germany. The first bottles of aspirin actually went on sale to the public just prior to
(15) the tum of the century. in 1899.

I. According to the passage. aspirin 5. What did the willow bark look like after
originated Stone prepared it for his experiments?

(A) no later than 1758 (A) It was in large chunks.

(B) sometime after 1758 (B) It was a thick liquid.
(C) definitely sometime in 1758 (C) It was a rough powder.
(D) no earlier than 1758 (D) It was in strips of bark.

2. It can be inferred from the passage that 6. The Italian chemists mentioned in the
Peruvian Bark passage (!lost probably conducted their
studies 011 willow bark
(A) caused fevers
(B) was ineffective in treating malaria (A) in the 1750s
(C) was described to the British Royal (B) in the 1760s
Society by Stone (C) in the 17705
(D) was in use prior to aspirin (D) in the 1780s

3. The pronoun "it:' in line 5 refcrs to 7. What is true about Brugnatelli and
Fontana?
(A) malaria
(B) willow bark (A) They were from Italy.
(C) effectivcness (B) They added a chemical to the willow
(D) the British Royal Society bark.
(C) They conducted studies on the willow
4. The word "properties" in line 5 could hest bark.
be replaced by (0) They were medical doctors.

(A) ownership 8. The expression "prior to" in line 14 could

(B) body best be replaced by
(C) characteristics
(0) materials (A) at
(B) before
(C) during
(D) after

356 READING COMPREHENSION POST-TEST

9. The word "turn" in line 15 could best be 10. Where in the passage does the author
replaced by name the scientific compound that makes
up aspirin?
(A) spin
(B) comer (A) Lines 2-4
(C) change (B) Line 7
(0) reversal (C) Lines 8-9
(0) Lines 12-13

READING COMPREHENSION POST-TEST 357

 Questions 11-20

Herman Melville, an American author best known today for his novel Moby Dick, was actually
more popular during his lifetime for some of his other works. He traveled extensively and used the
knowledge gained during his travels as the basis for his early novels. In 1837, at the age of eighteen,
Line Melville signed as a cabin boy on a merchant ship that was to sail from his Massachusetts home to
(5) Liverpool, England. His experiences on this trip served as a basis for the novel Redburn (1849). In
1841 Melville set out on a whaling ship headed for the South Seas. After jumping ship in Tahiti, he
wandered around the islands of Tahiti and Moorea. This South Sea island sojourn was a backdrop to
the novel 0"'00 (1847). After three years away from home, Melville joined up with a U.S. naval frigate
that was returning to the eastern United States around Cape Hom. The novel While-Jackel (1850)
(10) describes this lengthy voyage as a navy seaman.
With the publication of these early adventure novels, Melville developed a strong and loyal
following among readers eager for his tales of exotic places and situations. However, in 185 I, with the
publication of Moby Dick, Melville's popularity started to diminish. Moby Dick, on one level the saga
of the hunt for the great white whale, was also a heavily symbolic allegory of the heroic struggle of
(15) humanity against the universe. The public was not ready for Melville's literary metamorphosis from
romantic adventure to philosophical symbolism. It is ironic that the novel that served to diminish
Melville's popularity during his lifetime is the one for which he is best known today.

I I. The main su bject of the passage is IS. The passage implies that Melville stayed in
(A) Melville's travels Tahiti because
(8) the popularity of Melville's novels (A) he had unofficially left his ship
(C) Melville's personal background (8) he was on leave while his ship was in
(D) Moby Dick port
(C) he had finished his term of duty
12. According to the passage, Melville's early (D) he had received permission to take a
novels were vacation in Tahiti
(A) published while he was traveling
(8) completely fictional 16. A "frigate" in line 8 is probably
(C) all about his work on whaling ships (Al an office
(D) based on his travels (8) a ship
(C) a troop
13. In what year did Melville's book about his (D) a train
experiences as a cabin boy appear?
(A) 1837 17.. How did the publication of Moby Dick
(B) 1841 affect Melville's popularity?
(C) 1847
(A) His popularity increased immediately.
(D) 1849
(8) It had no effect on his popularity.
(C) It caused his popularity to decrease.
14. The word "basis" in line 5 is closest in (D) His popularity remained as strong as
meaning to ever.
(A) foundation
(B) message
(C) bottom
(D) theme

358 READING COMPREHENSION POST.TEST

18. According to the passage, Moby Dick is 20. The passage would most likely be assigned
reading in a course on
(A) a romantic adventure
(B) a single-faceted work (A) nineteenth-century novels
(C) a short story about a whale (B) American history
(0) symbolic of humanity fighting the (C) oceanography
environment (0) modern American literature

19. The word "metamorphosis" in line 15 is

closest in meaning to

(A) cirr.le
(B) change
(C) mysticism
(0) descent

READING COMPREHENSION POST-TEST 359

 Questions 21-31

Although only a small percentage of the electromagnetic radiation that is emitted by the Sun is
ultraviolet (UV) radiation, the amount that is emitted would be enough to cause severe damage to
most forms of life on Earth were it all to reach the surface of the Earth. Fortunately, all of the Sun's
Line ultraviolet rauiation does not reach the Earth because of a layer of oxygen, called the ozone layer,
(5) encircling the Earth in the stratosphere at an altitude of about 15 miles above the Earth. The 07.one
layer absorbs much of the Sun's ultraviolet radiation and prevents it from reaching the Earth.
Ozone is a form of oxygen in which each molecule consists of three atoms (OJ) instead of t~e
two atoms (02) usually found in an oxygen molecule. Ozone forms in the stratosphere in a process
that is initiated by ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. UV radiation from the Sun splits oxygen
(10) molecules with two atoms into free oxygen atoms, and each of these unattached oxygen atoms then
joins up with an oxygen molecule to form ozone. UV rddiation is also capable of splitting up ozone
molecules; thus. ozone is constantly forming, splitting, and reforming in the stratosphere. When UV
radiation is absorbed during the process of ozone formation and reformation, it is unable to reach
Earth and cause damage there.
(15) Recently, however, the 07.one layer over parts of the Earth has been diminishing. Chief among
the culprits in the case of the disappearing ozone, those that are really responsible, are the
chloroflurocal'bons (CFCs). CFCs meander up from Earth into the stratosphere, where they break
down and release chlorine. The released chlorine reacts with ozone in the stratosphere to form
chlorine monoxide (ClO) and oxygen (02)' The chlorine then becomes free to go through the cycle
(20) over and over again. One chlorine atom can, in fact, destroy hundreds of thousands of ozone
molecules in this repetitious cycle. and the effects of this destructive process are now becoming
evident.

21. According to the passage, ultraviolet 24. According to the passage, an ozone
radiation from the Sun molecule
(A) is causing severe damage to the (A) consists of three oxygen molecules
Earth's ozone layer (B) contains more oxygen atoms than the
(B) is only a fraction of the Sun's usual oxygen molecule does
electromagnetic radiation (C) consists of two oxygen atoms
(C) creates electmmagnetic radiation (0) contains the same number of atoms
(0) always reaches the Earth as the usual oxygen molecule

22. The word "encircling" in line 5 is closest in 25. The word "free" in line 10 could best be
meaning to replaced by
(A) rotating (A) liberal
(B) attacking (B) gratuitous
(C) raising (C) unconnected
(0) surrounding (0) emancipated

23. It is stated in the passage that the ozone 26. Ultraviolet radiation causes oxygen
layer molecules to
(A) enables ultraviolet radiation to reach (A) rise to the stratosphere
the Earth (B) burn up ozone molecules
(B) reflects ultraviolet radiation (C) split up and reform as ozone
(C) shields the Earth from a lot of (D) reduce the number of
ultraviolet radiation chloroflurocarbons
(0) reaches down to the Earth

360 READING COMPREHENSION POST-TEST

27. The pronoun "it" in line 13 refers to 30. Where in the passage does the author
(A) radiation explain how much damage chlorine can
do?
(B) process
(C) formation (A) Lines 1-3
(D) damage (B) Lines 12-14
(C) Lines 18-19
28. The word "culprits" in line 16 is closest in (D) Lines 20--22
meaning to which of the following?

(A) Guilty parties 31. The paragraph following the passage most
likely' discusses
(B) Detectives
(C) Group members (A) the negative results of the cycle of
(D) Leaders ozone destruction
(B) where chloronurocarbons (CFCs)
29. According to the passage, what happens come from
after a chlorine molecule reacts with an (C) the causes of the destruction of ozone
ozone molecule? molecules
(D) how electromagnetic radiation is
(A) The ozone breaks down into three
created
oxygen atoms.
(B) Two different molecules are created.
(C) The two molecules combine into one
molecule.
(D) Three distinct molecules result.

READING COMPREHENSION POST-TEST 36/

 Questions 32-40

A number of non metric measurements in common usc may at first glance seem to lack the logic
and clarity of the metric system, with its measurements all neatly based on tens and multiples of tens.
However, these nonmetric measurements developed over time from habitual use of commonplace
Line items to make simple measurements. They might not seem like simple measurements today, but such
(5) is their history.
The measurements (001 and yard developed based on average lengths of body parts. As can be
infened from the name, the Romans used the term (001 to describe the length of a man's foot, from
the base of the heel to the tip of the big toe. Though not exactly an accurate measurement, due to the
varying lengths of men's feet, a foot was a measurement that was easy to conceptualize and visualize
(10) by most people. The term yard was used extensively by the English as the measurement from the tip
of a man's nose to the tip of his outstretched thumb. English King Edward I redefined a yard as
equivalent to three feet in 1305, and it still has this meaning today.
To describe longer distances, the Romans also invented the use of the term mile. The word mile
comes from the Latin word mille, which means one Ihousand. A mile was meant to conform to a
(15) distance of one thousand paces, each pace consisting of two steps or approximately five thousand feet.
On the ocean, speed is measured in knots, with one knot roughly equivalent to one nautical mile
per hour. This meaSUI"ement of speed comes from the days when sailors used a knotted rope to
determine their speed while at sea. A rope was knolled at regular intervals and tossed overboard. The
rope was let out as sand flowed through an hourglass. When the sand had passed through the hourglass,
(20) the speed of the boat was determined by counting the number of knots that had been let out.

32. The main idea of the passage is that 35. It is NOT mentioned in the passage that
nonmetric measurements the term yard

(A) are, in reality, quite illogical (A) was originally used to describe a
(B) lack the clal'ity of metric measurement based on body parts
measurements (B) changed in definition in the 14th
(C) arc actually based on simple concepts century
(0) developed from Roman (C) is now equal to three feet
measurements (0) was in use prior to the term (001

33. What is stated about the term (001 as used 36. The word "extensively" in line 10 could
by the Romans? best be replaced by

(A) It had nothing to do with the body (A) lengthily

part of the same name. (B) precisely
(B) It was not a standard measurement. (C) widely
(C) It was equal in length to two (0) occasionally
footsteps.
(0) It was not very easy for people to 37. What is NOT true, according to the
understand. passage?

(A) The English word mile is derived from

34. The word "visualize" in line 9 is closest in
a Latin word.
meaning to
(B) The Latin word mille has the same
(A) picture mentally meanings as the English word mile.
(B) describe exactly (C) A distance of a mile is approximately
(C) sketch roughly 2,000 steps.
(0) measure precisely (0) A distance of a mile is roughly
equivalent to 5,000 feet.

362 READING COMPREHENSION POST.TEST

38. What is a "knot" in line 16? 40. Which paragraph discusses examples of
measurements based on parts of the body?
(A) A measure of distance
(B) A measure of force (A) The first paragraph
(C) A measure of time (B) The second paragraph
(0) A measure of speed (C) The third paragraph
(0) The last paragraph
39. It is implied in the passage that

(A) a measurement in knots requires

information on both distance and
time
(B) a knot can be used to make
measurements on land
(C) a knotted rope could be used to
measure knots without an
hourglass
(0) the term knot has come to be used
only recently

READING COMPREHENSION POST-TEST 363

 Questions 41-50
In the first half of the nineteenth century, the U.S. government decided that it needed to set up a
system for protecting its coastline. It then began building a series of forts along the coast of the
eastern part of the country to facilitate its defenses.
Line The largest of these forts was Fort Jefferson, which was begun in 1846. This fort was built on
(5) Garden Key, one of a cluster of small coral islands 70 miles west of Key West. At the time of its
construction, Fort Jefferson was believed to be of primary strategic importance to the United States
because of its location at the entryway to the Gulf of Mexico. Because of its location at the entrance to
a great body of water, it became known as the Gibraltar of the Gulf, in reference to the island located
at the mouth of the Mediterranean. The fort itself was a massive structure. It was hexagonal in shape,
(}O) with 8-foot-thick walls, and was surrounded by a medieval-style moat for added security. Covering
most of the Garden Key, it was approximately half a mile in circumference.
In the latter half of the nineteenth century, during the Civil War and its aftennath, the fort was
used as a prison rather than a military installation. The most notorious of its prisoners was Dr.
Samuel Mudd, a physician who was most probably innocently involved in the assassination of
() 5) Abraham Lincoln. The actual assassin, John Wilkes Booth, broke his leg as he lept from the stage of
the Ford Theater during the assassination. Dr. Mudd set Booth's broken leg, unaware of Booth's
involvement in the assassination. As a result of this action, Dr. Mudd was sentenced to life in prison
and remanded to Fort Jefferson. He was pardoned after only four years because of his cou.-ageous
efforts in combatting an epidemic of yellow fever that ravaged the fort.
(20) Continuous use of Fort Jefferson ended in the 1870s, although the U.S. Navy continued with
~poradic use of it into the twentieth century. Today, the massive ruins still remain on the tiny island
that stands guard over the entrance to the gulf. undisturbed except for the occasional sightseer who
ventures out from the coast to visit.

41. The passage is mainly about 44. The pronoun "it" in line II refers to

(A) a series of forts (A) fort

(B) a series of events at one fort (B) shape
(C) a single event at one fort (C) moat
(D) a series of events at several forts (D) circumference

42. All of the following are true about Fort 45. All of the following are stated about Dr.
Jefferson EXCEPT that Samuel Mudd EXCEPT that

(A) it is on an island (A) he was a medical doctor

(B) it was built because of its strategic (B) he cared for Lincoln's assassin
location (C) he was impri~oned at Fort Jefferson
(C) it is in the middle of the Gulf of (D) he was most likely guilty of Lincoln's
Mexico assassination
(D) it has been compared with an island
at the opening of the Mediterranean 46. How was Fort Jefferson most likely used in
1865?
43. The word "hexagonal" in line 9 is closest in
(A) As a strategic defensive unit of the
meaning to U.S. military
(A) six-sided (B) As a penal institution
(B) seven-sided (C) As a regularly functioning naval base
(C) eight-sided (D) As a destination for tourists
(D) irregular in shape

364 READING COMPREHENSION POST-TEST

47. .Yellow fever" in line 19 is most likely 49. Where in the passage does the author
describe an injury to the man who shot
(A) an enemy military force
Lincoln?
(B) a prison regimen
(C) a contagious disease (A) Lines 5-7
(D) a mental illness (B) Lines 13-15
(C) Lines 15-16
48. What is implied about Fort Jefferson (D) Lines 18-19
today?
50. The information in the passage is
(A) It is a thriving community. presented
(B) It is a relatively quiet place.
(C) It is still in use by the U.S. military. (A) in chronological order
(D) It remains in good condition. (B) by listing examples of a concept
(C) in spatial order
(D) by arguing for a hypothesis

This is the end of Section 3.

8888888

When you finish the test, you may do the following:

• Turn to the Diagnostic Chart on pages !)HH-!i!)(), and
circle the numbers of the questions that yc,u missed.
• Turn to Scoring Information on pages r,H 1-!iH~, and
determine your TOEFL score.
• Turn to the Progress Chart on page !)!ll, and add your
score to the chart.

READING COMPREHENSION POST-TEST 365