Lecture (2)

(C) Transcendental Functions

Logarithm Exponential Inverse of

Functions functions Trigonometric
‫الدوال اللوغارتمية‬ ‫الدوال االسية‬
Functions
‫الدوال المثلثية‬
‫العكسية‬

1. Logarithmic Functions
Define: If x is a positive real numbers , we define the function of the natural
logarithm of x as :
𝑥1
𝑙𝑛(𝑥) = ∫1 𝑑𝑡 (Natural logarithm) ‫اللوغارتم الطبيعي‬
𝑡

Note
1) 𝒆𝟏 = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟏𝟖𝟐𝟖𝟏𝟖𝟐𝟖
2) 𝒍𝒏 𝒆 = 𝟏; 𝒍𝒏(𝟏) = 𝟎 ; 𝒍𝒏 𝟎 = −∞

Properties: For any positive real number x & y we have:

1) 𝒍𝑛(𝑥𝑦) = 𝑙𝑛(𝑥) + 𝑙𝑛(𝑦)
But ln(x ± y) ≠ 𝑙𝑛(𝑥) ± 𝑙𝑛(𝑦)
𝑥
2) 𝑙𝑛 ( ) = 𝑙𝑛(𝑥) − 𝑙𝑛(𝑦)
𝑦

3) 𝑙𝑛(𝑥)𝑛 = 𝑛𝑙𝑛(𝑥) but (𝑙𝑛 𝑥)𝑛 ≠ 𝑛 𝑙𝑛(𝑥)

1
4) 𝑙𝑛 ( ) = −𝑙𝑛(𝑥)
𝑥

Def.: If x & y are positive real numbers (a≠1) we define the logarithm of (x) has
a (denoted by 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙) as:
𝒂

𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 = 𝒚 ⇒ 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒚
𝒂

1
Ex:
1. log 625 = 4 ⇒ 625 = 54
5
2. log 81 = 4 ⇒ 81 = 34
3

Properties: If x & y are positive real numbers (a≠1) and x be any real number then:
𝑙𝑛(𝑥) 𝑙𝑛(𝑥)
1. log 𝑥 = then 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 = = 𝑙𝑛(𝑥) 𝑙𝑛𝑒 = 1
𝑎 𝑙𝑛𝑎 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑒

log (𝑦𝑥) = log 𝑥 − log 𝑦

2. 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 }
But log(x ± y) ≠ log(𝑥) ± log(𝑦)
log(𝑥. 𝑦) = log(𝑥) + log(𝑦) 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎

3. log(𝑥)𝑛 = 𝑛 log(𝑥)
𝑎 𝑎
1
4. log ( ) = − log(𝑥)
𝑎 𝑥 𝑎

5. log 𝑎 = 1
𝑎

6. log(1) = 0 ; log 0 = ∞
𝑎 𝑎
𝒍𝒏𝒙
Ex: Prove that 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 =
𝒂 𝒍𝒏𝒂

Proof :- let 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 ⇒ 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒚

𝒂

∴ 𝑙𝑛(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑛(𝑎)𝑦
𝑙𝑛(𝑥) = 𝑦 𝑙𝑛(𝑎)
𝒍𝒏𝒙
∴𝒚= = log 𝑥
𝒍𝒏𝒂 𝑎

Ex: Evaluate:
1. log 16 = log 24 = 4 log 2 = 4
2 2 2
𝑙𝑛3 𝑙𝑛3 𝑙𝑛3 1
2. log 3 = = = = = 0.5
9 𝑙𝑛9 𝑙𝑛32 2𝑙𝑛3 2

3. log 0.001 = log 10−3 = −3 log 10 = −3

10 10 10

2
Ex: Solve for x if :
log 𝑥 2 + log 𝑥 = 30
10 10
Sol:.
2 log 𝑥 + log 𝑥 = 30
10 10
3 log 𝑥 = 30 ÷3
10
log 𝑥 = 10 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1010
10

Graph
1. 𝒚 = 𝒍𝒏(𝒙) 2. 𝒚 = −𝒍𝒏(𝒙)
y y

x
(1,0) x
(1,0)

𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥: 𝑥 > 0} 𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥: 𝑥 > 0}

𝑅𝑓 = 𝐼𝑅 𝑅𝑓 = 𝐼𝑅

3. 𝒚 = 𝒍𝒏(−𝒙) 4. 𝒚 = −𝒍𝒏(−𝒙)
y y

x x
(-1,0) (-1,0)

𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥: 𝑥 < 0} 𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥: 𝑥 < 0}

𝑅𝑓 = 𝐼𝑅 𝑅𝑓 = 𝐼𝑅

3
‫‪Derivative of logarithm functions:‬‬
‫دالة لــ‪x‬‬
‫𝑢𝑑‬
‫‪′‬‬ ‫𝑦𝑑‬ ‫𝑥𝑑‬
‫= 𝑦 ⇒ )𝑢(𝑛𝑙 = 𝑦 ‪a) If‬‬ ‫=‬
‫𝑥𝑑‬ ‫𝑢‬
‫𝑢𝑑‬
‫𝑥𝑑‬ ‫𝑢𝑑‬
‫)𝑢(𝑛𝑙‬ ‫‪′‬‬ ‫𝑢‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑‬
‫= 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑢 ‪b) If 𝑦 = log‬‬ ‫= 𝑦⇒‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫𝑎‬ ‫)𝑎(𝑛𝑙‬ ‫)𝑎(𝑛𝑙‬ ‫𝑎𝑛𝑙‬ ‫𝑢‬

‫𝑦𝑑‬
‫‪Ex: Find‬‬ ‫‪if :‬‬
‫𝑥𝑑‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪1.‬‬ ‫= ‪𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛(𝑥) ⇒ 𝑦 ′‬‬
‫𝑥‬
‫‪3𝑥 2 −4‬‬
‫‪2.‬‬ ‫= ‪𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 + 7) ⇒ 𝑦 ′‬‬
‫‪𝑥 3 −4𝑥+7‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪3.‬‬ ‫)‪𝑦 = 𝑥𝑙𝑛(𝑥) ⇒ 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥. + 𝑙𝑛(𝑥). (1‬‬
‫𝑥‬

‫)𝑥(𝑛𝑙 ‪= 1 +‬‬
‫)𝑥‪𝑙𝑛(𝑥 4 −‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪4𝑥 3 −1‬‬
‫‪4.‬‬ ‫= 𝑦 ⇒ )𝑥 ‪𝑦 = log(𝑥 4 −‬‬ ‫= ‪⇒ 𝑦′‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪𝑙𝑛7‬‬ ‫‪𝑙𝑛7‬‬ ‫𝑥‪𝑥 4 −‬‬

‫𝑥 ‪𝑠𝑒𝑐 2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪5.‬‬ ‫‪𝑦 = √𝑥 𝑙𝑛(𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) ⇒ 𝑦 ′ = √𝑥.‬‬ ‫‪+ 𝑙𝑛(𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥).‬‬
‫𝑥𝑛𝑎𝑡‬ ‫𝑥√ ‪2‬‬

‫𝑥𝑛𝑎𝑡 ‪6. 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 +‬‬

‫‪Sol:‬‬
‫‪1 + 𝑦′‬‬
‫𝑥 ‪= 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2‬‬
‫𝑦‪𝑥+‬‬
‫)𝑥 ‪∴ 1 + 𝑦 ′ = (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2‬‬
‫‪∴ 𝑦 ′ = (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥) − 1‬‬
‫مــــــالحظـــــة‪:‬أن الدوال اللوغارتمية تساعدنا في إيجـــــاد مشتقة بعض الدوال التي التوجد لها قاعــــــدة‬
‫ثابتة لالشتقاق مثالً دوال معقدة جدا ً او متغيرات مرفوعة الس متغيرات‪.‬‬
‫𝑦𝑑‬
‫‪Ex.s : Find‬‬ ‫‪if:‬‬
‫𝑥𝑑‬
‫𝒙𝒙 = 𝒚 ‪1.‬‬
‫‪Sol:‬‬
‫𝑥𝑛𝑙 𝑥 = 𝑦 ‪ln 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 𝑥 ⇒ ln‬‬
‫‪𝑦′‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫𝑥𝑛𝑙 ‪⇒ = 𝑥. +‬‬
‫𝑦‬ ‫𝑥‬

‫‪4‬‬
 ‫)𝑥𝑛𝑙 ‪𝑦 ′ = 𝑦(1 +‬‬
‫)𝑥𝑛𝑙 ‪𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 𝑥 (1 +‬‬
‫𝒙 𝒏𝒊𝒔𝒙 = 𝒚 ‪2.‬‬
‫‪Sol:‬‬
‫𝑥𝑛𝑙 ‪𝒍𝒏 𝒚 = 𝒍𝒏 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥.‬‬
‫‪𝒚′‬‬ ‫𝟏‬
‫𝒙𝒔𝒐𝒄 ‪∴ = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙. + 𝒍𝒏𝒙.‬‬
‫𝒚‬ ‫𝒙‬
‫𝟏‬
‫)𝒙𝒔𝒐𝒄 ‪𝒚′ = 𝒚 (𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙. + 𝒍𝒏𝒙.‬‬
‫𝒙‬
‫𝟏‬
‫)𝒙𝒔𝒐𝒄 ‪𝒚′ = 𝒙𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 (𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙. + 𝒍𝒏𝒙.‬‬
‫𝒙‬

‫‪Integral of logarithm Functions‬‬

‫𝒖𝒅‬
‫= ‪IF 𝒚 = 𝒍𝒏(𝒖) ⇒ 𝒚′‬‬ ‫‪then:‬‬
‫𝒖‬
‫𝒖𝒅‬
‫∫⇒‬ ‫𝒄 ‪= 𝒍𝒏|𝒖| +‬‬
‫𝒖‬
‫مالحظـــــــة ‪:‬اي اذا كانت الدالة كسرية فأول طريقة نفكر بها في حل السؤال هي‪:‬‬
‫اذا كانت مشتقة المقام= البسط عندها التكامل هو‬
‫))𝒄 ‪| +‬المقام|𝒏𝒍((‬
‫‪Ex: Find the following integral:‬‬
‫𝟏‬
‫𝑐 ‪1. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| +‬‬
‫𝒙‬
‫𝒙𝟐‬
‫∫ ‪2.‬‬ ‫𝑐 ‪𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛|1 + 𝑥 2 | +‬‬
‫𝟐𝒙‪𝟏+‬‬
‫𝟏‪𝒙−‬‬ ‫𝟏‬ ‫)𝟏‪𝟐(𝒙−‬‬ ‫𝟏‬
‫∫ ‪3.‬‬ ‫∫ = 𝑥𝑑‬ ‫𝑐 ‪𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 7| +‬‬
‫𝟕‪𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝒙−‬‬ ‫𝟐‬ ‫𝟕‪𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝒙−‬‬ ‫𝟐‬
‫𝟒‪𝒙−‬‬ ‫𝟒‪𝒙−‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫∫ ‪4.‬‬ ‫∫ = 𝑥𝑑‬ ‫∫ = 𝑥𝑑‬ ‫𝑐 ‪𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 1| +‬‬
‫𝟒‪𝒙𝟐 −𝟑𝒙−‬‬ ‫)𝟏‪(𝒙−𝟒)(𝒙+‬‬ ‫‪𝑥+1‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫𝑥𝑑‬ ‫𝑥√‬ ‫𝑥√‪2‬‬
‫∫ ‪5.‬‬ ‫∫=‬ ‫∫ ‪𝑑𝑥 = 2‬‬ ‫𝑐 ‪𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑙𝑛|1 + √𝑥| +‬‬
‫)𝒙√‪√𝒙(𝟏+‬‬ ‫𝑥√‪1+‬‬ ‫𝑥√‪1+‬‬

‫𝑥‪𝑠𝑖𝑛2‬‬ ‫𝑥𝑠𝑜𝑐 𝑥𝑛𝑖𝑠‪2‬‬

‫∫ ‪6.‬‬ ‫∫ = 𝑥𝑑‬ ‫𝑐 ‪𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛|2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥| +‬‬
‫𝑥 ‪2+𝑠𝑖𝑛2‬‬ ‫𝑥 ‪2+𝑠𝑖𝑛2‬‬

‫𝑥𝑠𝑜𝑐 𝑥𝑛𝑖𝑠‪Note:- IF= 𝑦 = 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 ′ = 0 + 2‬‬

‫‪5‬‬
‫‪Theorem‬‬
‫𝑥𝑛𝑖𝑠‬
‫∫ = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥𝑛𝑎𝑡 ∫ ‪1.‬‬ ‫𝑐 ‪𝑑𝑥 = −𝑙𝑛|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥| +‬‬
‫𝑥𝑠𝑜𝑐‬

‫𝑐 ‪= 𝑙𝑛|(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)−1 | +‬‬
‫𝑐 ‪= 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥| +‬‬
‫𝑥𝑠𝑜𝑐‬
‫∫ = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥𝑡𝑜𝑐 ∫ ‪2.‬‬ ‫𝑐 ‪𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥| +‬‬
‫𝑥𝑛𝑖𝑠‬
‫𝑥𝑛𝑎𝑡‪𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥+‬‬
‫‪3. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥.‬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑‬
‫𝑥𝑛𝑎𝑡‪𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥+‬‬

‫𝑥𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠 ‪𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 +‬‬

‫∫=‬ ‫𝑐 ‪𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥| +‬‬
‫𝑥𝑛𝑎𝑡 ‪𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 +‬‬
‫𝑥𝑡𝑜𝑐‪𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥+‬‬
‫‪4. ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥.‬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑‬
‫𝑥𝑡𝑜𝑐‪𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥+‬‬

‫𝑥𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐 ‪𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥 +‬‬

‫∫=‬ ‫𝑐 ‪𝑑𝑥 = −𝑙𝑛|𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥| +‬‬
‫𝑥𝑡𝑜𝑐 ‪𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 +‬‬

‫𝒙√𝒄𝒆𝒔‬ ‫𝟏‬
‫∫ ‪Ex:‬‬ ‫‪𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐√𝑥 .‬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑‬
‫𝒙√‬ ‫𝒙√‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪= 2 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐√𝑥 .‬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑‬
‫𝑥√ ‪2‬‬
‫𝑐 ‪= 2𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑒𝑐√𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛√𝑥| +‬‬
‫مالحــــــظة‪ :‬اذا كــــان السؤال يحوي على (‪ )Ln x‬هنا ويجب ان تكون المشتقة متوفرة كي نستمر بالحل‬
‫‪Exs: Find the following integrals:-‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫)𝒙(𝒏𝒍‬ ‫𝟏‬ ‫))𝑥(𝑛𝑙(‬
‫∫ ‪1.‬‬ ‫= 𝑥𝑑 ‪𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑙𝑛(𝑥)) .‬‬ ‫𝑐‪+‬‬
‫𝒙‬ ‫𝒙‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪(1+𝑙𝑛𝑥)2‬‬
‫𝒙𝒏𝒍‪√𝟏+‬‬ ‫𝟏‬
‫∫ ‪2.‬‬ ‫= 𝑥𝑑 ‪𝑑𝑥 = ∫(1 + 𝑙𝑛𝑥) .‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫𝑐‪+‬‬
‫𝒙‬ ‫𝒙‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫𝟑)𝒙𝒏𝒍(‬ ‫𝟏‬ ‫‪(𝑙𝑛𝑥)4‬‬

‫∫ ‪3.‬‬ ‫= 𝑥𝑑 ‪𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑙𝑛𝑥)3 .‬‬ ‫𝑐‪+‬‬
‫𝒙‬ ‫𝒙‬ ‫‪4‬‬

‫‪6‬‬