NOUNS

and pronouns.
Nouns are words that give a
name to people, places or
things, though they can also Examples: Sara,
refer to ideas and other Pachuca, pencil, cat,
abstract objects. bicycle, president,
Disneyland, freedom,
basketball.
 Information they provide
Case: shows the relation of a noun to other words in
the sentence or phrase.
1. Nominative case:
A noun is said to be in the Nominative case if it is the
subject of a verb.

• The painter painted the house

The painter is a common noun in Nominative case.

• The teacher is buying fruit at the market.

The teacher is a noun in Nominative case.
2. Objective case (or Accusative case):

Nouns (or pronouns) are said to be in Objective cases if they are

the direct objects of verbs or if they are the objects of preposition.

Examples:

• I met your mother.

“mother” is in objective case.

• The shop sells apples.

“Apples” is in objective case.
3. Dative Case

A noun is said to be in dative case if it is the Indirect object of the verb. There
should not be a preposition before the indirect object because in that case it
will be the object of that preposition.

Examples:

• The teacher gave the students few exercises.

“Students” is in dative case. It is the indirect object of the verb ‘give’.

• The Postman brought me a letter.

“Me” is in dative case.
4. Possessive case (Genitive case):

A noun is said to be in possessive case, if it denotes ownership. A noun or

pronoun in the possessive case is governed by the noun that follows it.

Examples:

• This is your book.

“Your” is in possessive case.

• It is our idea.
“Our” is in possessive case.
5. Vocative case:

A noun or a pronoun is said to be in Vocative case if it is used to

call (or to get the attention of) a person or persons.
Examples:

• Fred, students are waiting for you in the main hall.

“Fred” is in vocative case.

• You there, what is your name.

“You” is in vocative case.
NUMBER
Most nouns change their form to indicate number by adding “-s” or
“-es”:

When Bob was small he rarely read a book.

-Most people don’t read books.

In the cave there was an unexpected echo.

-I love to hear the echoes that return when I shout.

He saw a fox running across the road.

-In the countryside there are many foxes.
GENDER

Nouns can be male, female, neutral or

common gender. Some nouns (common to
both men and women) in English used to take
different forms depending on the sex of the
person represented.
1. Masculine gender:

A noun is said to be in the Masculine gender if it refers to a male

character or member of a species.

Man, lion, hero, boy, king, horse and actor are nouns of masculine
gender.

• A boy is playing football in the park.

• The hero of this movie is not a native of this country.

2. Feminine gender:

A noun is said to be in the feminine gender if it refers to a female

member of a species.

Woman, lioness, heroine, girl, mare, niece, empress, cow and

actress are few of the feminine-gender nouns that we use.

• A girl is playing hockey in the park.

• The heroine of the movie is not a native of this country.

3. Neutral gender:

A noun is said to be in the Neutral gender if it refers to a member

of a species which is neither a male nor a female. Normally nouns
referring to lifeless objects are in neuter nouns, for example, chair,
table and cup.

• The tree fell over last night.

• Stars are not visible in the day-time.
• My book is fascinating at the moment.
4. Common gender:

A noun is said to be in Common gender if it refers to a

member of species which can be a male or a female. Child,
student, and friend are examples of common gender nouns.

• A child is standing over there.

• A good student should study hard.

 Proper Nouns
Nouns that are used to name a person,
ns n
o u
N ica tio place or thing specifically. Proper nouns
sif always begin with a capital letter.
la s
C
Examples:
My name is Rose.
This is my dog, Bruno.
David came back from Minsk.
Louis Philippe is a famous brand of men’s clothing.
Common nouns are those nouns that
refer to a generic item, group or
place. Common nouns are not
capitalised unless they appear at the Common
beginning of a sentence.
Nouns
Examples:
I bought a pen yesterday.
I am going to school.
Only ten employees showed up to work today.
The car is out of fuel.
 A concrete noun refers to
objects that are material and
can be perceived by the human
Concrete senses.
Nouns Examples:
The book is on the table.
I had a cup of coffee.
Sharon opened the windows.
Hardy goes to school by bus.
 Any entity that cannot be
perceived by the five senses
of the human body are
Abstract called an abstract noun.
Nouns Examples:
Love is a strong emotion.
Honesty is the best policy.
It takes a lot of courage to raise your voice and
stand up against injustice.
You should not misuse the freedom you are
given.
Countable nouns are those nouns
that can be counted or measured.
Examples: Types of
Tom brought ten packets of lays Nouns
for the trip.
Mom asked me to buy a dozen
eggs.
I saw an aeroplane around seven
in the morning.
 Uncountable nouns are those
nouns that cannot be counted.
ble
ta Examples:
un s
co n I have a lot of homework to
n u
U No
do.
I have a cup of tea.
We are facing terrible
weather today.
 Nouns in English are preceded by the
definite article when the speaker
believes that the listener already knows
what he is referring to.
Definite
Examples:
Nouns We went on a walk in the forest
yesterday.
I scratched the red car parked outside.
The sun rose at 6:17 this morning.
This is the third time I have called you
today.
He was born in the seventies.
An indefinite noun doesn’t refer to
something that is known or familiar,
but to something that is theoretical
or random.
Indefinite
Examples: Nouns
She is a pupil at London Road School.
She was wearing blue shoes
Police are searching for a 14-year-old
girl.
 A collective noun is a naming
word that is used to denote a
group of objects, animals or
people.
Collective
Examples:
Nouns A chain of mountains
A fleet of ships
A board of directors
A company of actors
A herd of elephants
A flock of sheep
 Singular and plural
(regular and irregular forms)
Singular nouns represent one of something.

- one car

- a friend

- this daisy

Plural nouns, on the other hand, represent two or more of something.

- five cars

- a few friends

- these daisies

You can tell the difference between most singular and plural nouns by how the word ends, except for
irregular nouns.
the major difference between plural and possessive
nouns is the apostrophe;

possessive nouns have it, but plural nouns don’t (unless

they’re plural possessive nouns).

[singular] boss

[singular possessive] boss’s

[plural] bosses

[plural possessive] bosses’

To make a regular noun plural, you add –
s or –es to the end, depending on the
word’s ending. Sometimes, letters of the
original word get changed to make the
plural form, such as half and its plural
form, halves.
Irregular nouns has its own unique plural form, such
as:
man – men
woman – women
tooth – teeth
foot – feet
mouse – mice
person – people

Uncountable nouns, like art, usually aren’t expressed

as plurals, even when they represent multiple things.
 Plural noun rules
1.-To make regular nouns plural, add –s to the end.

cat – cats

house – houses

2.-If the singular noun ends in –s, –ss, –sh, –ch, –x, or –z, you usually add -es to the end to make it
plural.

iris – irises

truss – trusses

marsh – marshes

lunch – lunches

tax – taxes

blitz – blitzes
3.- For most nouns that end with –f or –ef, you add an –s to form the plural version. Be aware of
exceptions, however. For some nouns ending this way, you must change the –f or –ef to –ve before
adding the –s.

roof – roofs

belief – beliefs

chef – chefs

chief – chiefs

4.- If a singular noun ends in –y and the letter before the –y is a consonant, you usually change the
ending to –ies to make the noun plural.

puppy - puppies

city - cities
5.- If the singular noun ends in –y and the letter before the –y is a vowel, simply add an –s to make it
plural.

ray – rays

boy – boys

6.- If the singular noun ends in –o, you usually add –es to make it plural.

potato – potatoes

tomato – tomatoes

7.- the singular noun ends in –us, the plural ending is frequently –i.

cactus - cacti

focus - foci
8.- the singular noun ends in –is, the plural ending is –es.

analysis – analyses
ellipsis – ellipses

9.- If the singular noun ends in –on, the plural ending is usually –a.

phenomenon – phenomena
criterion – criteria

10.- Some nouns don’t change at all when they’re pluralized.

sheep – sheep
series – series
species – species
deer – deer
PRONOUNS: Examples:
A pronoun is a word that
refers to or takes the He was tired.
place of a noun. Takes the place of a noun.
The noun being referred
to is called the
Ivan said he was tired.
antecedent.
Refers to a noun.
 3 characteristics:
Number Person Gender

Femenine, masculine or
Singular or plural. 1st, 2nd and 3rd.
neutral.

Singular: I, you, 1st: I, we.

Femenine: She/her.
he, she, it. 2nd: You.
Masculine: He/his.
Plural: We, you, 3rd: He, she,
Neutral: They/them.
they. it, they.
 9 TYPES OF PRONOUNS:
TYPE: MEANING: INCLUDE:

Subject pronouns PERFORM the action in a I, you, he, she, we, they..
(personal). sentence. (She woke up early)

Me, you, him, her, us,

Object RECEIVE the action in a them....
pronouns. sentence.
(I hate him)

Myself, herself,
Reflexive Refer directly to the themselves, itself...
pronouns. nouns, (-selves, self).
(She did it herself)
 PRONOUN: MEANING: INCLUDE:

Who, whom, whose, which,

Relative Relate to smt previously that, what.
pronouns. mentioned.
(My friend, who is 20, is pretty)

Everyone, anybody, all,

each, any...
Indefinite Don’t refer to a specific
pronouns. person, thing, quantity...
(Everybody is paying
attention)

Demonstrative Identify nouns This, these, that, those.

pronouns. (which one?) (This is my dog).
+ verb*
 PRONOUN: MEANING: INCLUDE:

What, which, who, whose,

Interrogative Used to form questions. whom.
pronouns.
(Whose book is this?)

Reciprocal Refer to two or more One another, each other.

pronouns. people who are both the
subject. (They loved each other).

Mine, yours, his, hers,

Possessive Show ownership. ours, theirs.
pronouns.
(The house is mine).
NOUNS: Usages
Examples:
1.Noun functions as
subject Richard kicked the ball
The subject of the
Who? Richard
English sentence tells
“who” or “what” about The car rammed the
the verb of the shop window
sentence. What? the car
NOUNS: Usages
Examples:
2.Noun functions as
Direct Object Robert helped his wife
The direct object clean the house
answers "whom" or Whom? his wife

"what" after the action Jonathan married

verb in a sentence Emma
Whom? Emma
NOUNS: Usages
Examples:
3.Noun functions as
Indirect Object David taught the
The indirect object tells students public speaking
to whom? students
"to whom" or "for
whom" the action is David loaned
done in the sentence Rebekah the car
to whom? Rebekah
NOUNS: Usages
Examples:
4.Noun functions as
Predicative Nominative David is the lecturer at
A Predicative the local college
Nominative will always
rename the subject of Jenny is the captain of
the sentence the women's football
team
NOUNS: Usages
Examples:
5.Noun functions as
Object of Preposition The bus stopped at the
The object of lights
preposition is the last starts with Pre. ends with N.
word in a prepositional Dad drove the car into
phrase the garage
NOUNS: Usages
Examples:
6.Noun functions as an
Appositive Robyn, my sister, moved
An Appositive follows away from the family
extra info.
and renames another
noun in order to classify My country, Australia,
or clarify it. is a beautiful place
extra info.
NOUNS: Usages
Examples:
7.Noun functions as
Objective Complement Rachel named her dog
The objective eutanasio
complement follows a R. the one who receives the action
direct object and Americans elected Trump
renames the direct president in 2016
object
NOUNS: Usages
Examples:
8.Noun functions as
Noun of Direct Address People, listen to your
The noun of Direct leader
Address is used to
address someone or Class, it is time to break
something (speak, for music practice
write)
NOUNS: Location in a
sentence
Noun position
often determines
the function of a
noun in a sentence.
PRONOUNS: Usages
Examples:
Subjective They are getting tired.
pronouns.
They are used as She will leave
subjects tomorrow.
PRONOUNS: Usages
Examples:
objective The clerk gave the
pronouns. forms to me.
They are used as The boss gave her a
objects raise.
PRONOUNS: Usages
Examples:
Reflexive pronouns. I cut myself when I
We use them when was making dinner
the subject and the
We need to believe in
object of a verb are
ourselves more.
the same.
PRONOUNS: Usages
Examples:
Relative pronouns. The man who lives
They are used to next door to me is
introduce a relative called Jamil.
clause (give us extra My bike. which I've owned
information). for three years, is in need
of some maintenance
PRONOUNS: Usages
Examples:
Indefinite pronouns. Everybody enjoyed the
They are used to refer to concert
people or things
without saying exactly Everything was ready
who or what they are for the party.
PRONOUNS: Usages
Examples:
Demonstrative
This is my friend Jamie.
pronouns.
They are used to point I don’t know about
to something or that. Let’s discuss it
someone specific. tomorrow.
PRONOUNS: Usages
Examples:
Interrogative Who called last night?
pronouns.
We use interrogative
pronouns to ask Which is your address?
questions.
PRONOUNS: Usages
Example:
Reciprocal pronouns. Peter and Mary helped
We use them (each each other.
other and one another) = Peter helped Mary
when two or more and Mary helped Peter.
people do the same
thing.
PRONOUNS: Usages
Examples:
Possessive I don't think this one is
pronouns. mine.
They are used to
Those books are his.
make statements
about ownership
PRONOUNS: Location
Subject pronoun.
A pronoun is used appears at the start of a
in place of one or sentence, before the
more than one verb.
noun. Object pronoun. comes
after a verb or
preposition.
 References:
1. Monmouth University. (2011). PRONOUNS. Monmouth University, Tutoring and Writing Services.
https://www.monmouth.edu/resources-for-writers/documents/pronouns.pdf/
2. Nkopuruk, I., & Saheed, O. (2018). The English Pronouns and Their Usage. Tai Solarin University of
Education.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327542058_The_English_Pronouns_and_thier_usage
3. Simon, I. (2014, January 4). Properties of nouns. English.
https://ianeslonline.wordpress.com/2014/01/02/properties-of-nouns/
4. Ellis, M. (2022c). What are plural nouns? Rules and examples | Grammarly. What Are Plural Nouns?
Rules and Examples | Grammarly. https://www.grammarly.com/blog/plural-
nouns/#:~:text=Singular%20nouns%20represent%20only%20one,call%20them%20people%20(plural
).
5. British Council. (s.f.). Nouns. https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/grammar/english-grammar-
reference/nouns
6. Grammarly. (2022, October 20). What Is a Noun? Definition, Types, and Examples. Grammarly.
https://www.grammarly.com/blog/nouns/
 References:
7. BYJU’S. (2022, February 18). Nouns: Definition & Types with Examples.
https://byjus.com/english/nouns/
8. EF. (s.f.). The definite article. https://www.ef.edu/english-resources/english-grammar/definite-article/
9. Leverkuhn, A. (2023, August 11). What Is an Indefinite Noun?. Language humanities.org.
https://www.languagehumanities.org/what-is-an-indefinite-noun.htm?expand_article=1
10. British Council. (s.f.). The indefinite article: ‘a’ and ‘an’.
https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/grammar/english-grammar-reference/indefinite-article
11. Begg. (2023, 26 abril). 8 Noun Functions | How nouns function in English sentences. Basic English
Grammar. https://www.basic-english-grammar.com/8-noun-functions.html/
12. Ifioque. (s. f.). Noun Positions Can Help Identify Noun’s Function in Sentences | Ifioque.
https://www.ifioque.com/parts-of-speech/nouns/noun-position
13. Caulfield, J. (2023b). What is a pronoun? | Definition, types & examples. Scribbr.
https://www.scribbr.com/nouns-and-pronouns/pronouns/
 References:
14. Reflexive pronouns. (2023b, septiembre 18). LearnEnglish.
https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/grammar/b1-b2-grammar/reflexive-pronouns
15. Caulfield, J. (2023c). Relative Pronouns | Definition, List & examples. Scribbr.
https://www.scribbr.com/nouns-and-pronouns/relative-pronouns/
16. Indefinite pronouns. (2010, 12 marzo). LearnEnglish.
https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/grammar/english-grammar-reference/indefinite-pronouns
17. Caulfield, J. (2023a). Demonstrative Pronouns | Definition, List & examples. Scribbr.
https://www.scribbr.com/nouns-and-pronouns/demonstrative-pronouns/
18. Questions: Interrogative pronouns ( what, who ). (2023). En Cambridge Grammar.
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/questions-interrogative-pronouns-what-who#
19. Reciprocal pronouns. (2010, 12 marzo). LearnEnglish.
https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/grammar/english-grammar-reference/reciprocal-pronouns
20. Caulfield, J. (2023e). Possessive Pronouns | Examples, definition & list. Scribbr.
https://www.scribbr.com/nouns-and-pronouns/possessive-pronouns/
21. Pronoun Usage Grammar Handout 068 (April 2013; ASC Eng/Read)