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Introduction in Steel Design

This document provides an introduction to structural steel design. It discusses key concepts including: - The structural design process which involves determining overall proportions, dimensions, and selecting member cross sections within architectural constraints while prioritizing safety. - Common structural steel members like trusses, rigid frames, and built-up sections. - Design considerations like serviceability, economy, and evaluating multiple framing plans. - Loads on structures including dead and live loads. - Standards and specifications from organizations like AISC, AASHTO, and AREMA that provide guidance for structural steel design. - Properties of structural steel like stress-strain curves and grades identified by ASTM designations.

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Jade Carillo
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
111 views

Introduction in Steel Design

This document provides an introduction to structural steel design. It discusses key concepts including: - The structural design process which involves determining overall proportions, dimensions, and selecting member cross sections within architectural constraints while prioritizing safety. - Common structural steel members like trusses, rigid frames, and built-up sections. - Design considerations like serviceability, economy, and evaluating multiple framing plans. - Loads on structures including dead and live loads. - Standards and specifications from organizations like AISC, AASHTO, and AREMA that provide guidance for structural steel design. - Properties of structural steel like stress-strain curves and grades identified by ASTM designations.

Uploaded by

Jade Carillo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTRODUCTION TO STEEL

DESIGN
By ENGR. ANGELINE C. BULACAN
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
➔ The structural design of buildings, whether of structural steel or reinforced
concrete, requires the determination of the overall proportions and dimensions
of the supporting framework and the selection of the cross sections of individual
members.
➔ In most cases the functional design will have been done by an architect, and the
structural engineer must work within the constraints imposed by this design.
➔ The first priority of Structural Engineers is Safety
➔ Other Design Considerations:
◆ Serviceability (how well the structure performs in terms of appearance and deflection)
◆ Economy (An economical structure requires an efficient use of materials and construction labor.)
➔ A good design requires the evaluation of several framing plans.
STRUCTURAL STEEL
MEMBERS
a truss with vertical
concentrated forces applied at
the joints along the top chord.
STRUCTURAL STEEL
MEMBERS
rigid frame
- Placing several of these frames in
parallel and connecting them with
additional members that are then
covered with roofing material and
walls produces a typical building
system.
LOADS
The forces that act on a structure are called loads. They belong to one of two broad
categories: dead load and live load.
● Dead loads are those that are permanent, including the weight of the structure
itself, which is sometimes called the self-weight.
● Live loads, are those that are not as permanent as dead loads. They may or
may not be acting on the structure at any given time, and the location may not
be fixed. If a live load is applied slowly and is not removed and reapplied an
excessive number of times, the structure can be analyzed as if the load were
static.
○ Wind exerts a pressure or suction on the exterior surfaces of a building, and because of its
transient nature, it properly belongs in the category of live loads.
○ Earthquake loads are another special category and need to be considered only in those
geographic locations where there is a reasonable probability of occurrence.
BUILDING CODES
➔ a legal document containing requirements related to such things as
structural safety, fire safety, plumbing, ventilation, and accessibility to the
physically disabled.
➔ has the force of law and is administered by a governmental entity such as
a city, a county, or, for some large metropolitan areas, a consolidated
government.
DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS
➔ give more specific guidance for the design of structural members and their connections.
➔ They present the guidelines and criteria that enable a structural engineer to achieve the objectives
mandated by a building code.

The specifications of most interest to the structural steel designer are those published by the following
organizations.

1. American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC): This specification provides for the design of structural
steel buildings and their connections (AISC, 2010a).
2. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO): This specification
covers the design of highway bridges and related structures. It provides for all structural materials
normally used in bridges, including steel, reinforced concrete, and timber (AASHTO, 2010).
3. American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association (AREMA): The AREMA Manual
for Railway Engineering covers the design of railway bridges and related structures (AREMA, 2010). This
organization was formerly known as the American Railway Engineering Association (AREA).
4. American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI): This specification deals with cold-formed steel (AISI, 2007)..
STRUCTURAL STEEL
The characteristics of steel that are
of the most interest to structural
engineers can be examined by
plotting the results of a tensile test.

If a test specimen is subjected to an


axial load P, as shown in the figure,
the stress and strain can be
computed as follows:
STRUCTURAL STEEL
This curve is typical of a class of
steel known as ductile, or mild
steel.
Steel exhibiting the behavior shown
is called ductile because of its ability
to undergo large deformations
before fracturing.
Beyond the elastic limit, unloading
will be along a straight line parallel
Stress-Strain Curve
to the initial linear part of the
loading path, and there will be a
permanent strain.
STRUCTURAL STEEL
The proportional limit, elastic limit, and the upper
and lower yield points are all very close to one
another and are treated as a single point called
the yield point, defined by the stress Fy.

The other point of interest to the structural


engineer is the maximum value of stress that can
be attained, called the ultimate tensile strength,
Fu .

The shape of this curve is typical of mild structural


steels. The ratio of stress to strain within the
elastic range, denoted E and called Young’s
Idealized Stress-Strain Curve
modulus, or modulus of elasticity, is the same for
all structural steels and has a value of 200,000
MPa.
STRUCTURAL STEEL
high-strength steels are less ductile than the
mild steels. Although there is a linear elastic
portion and a distinct tensile strength, there
is no well-defined yield point or yield
plateau.
The yield stress for steel with a stress–strain
curve of the type shown is called the yield
strength and is defined as the stress at the
point of unloading that corresponds to a
permanent strain of some arbitrarily
defined amount.
stress–strain curve for high-strength steels
the generic term yield stress is used, and it
can mean either yield pointor yield strength.
STRUCTURAL STEEL
Different grades of structural steel are identified by the designation assigned
them by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).
STANDARD
CROSS-SECTIONAL SHAPES
The dimensions and designations of the
standard available shapes are defined
in the ASTM standards (ASTM, 2010b).

➔ The W-shape, also called a wide-flange shape,


consists of two parallel flanges separated by a single
web.
➔ The American Standard, or S-shape, is similar to the
W-shape in having two parallel flanges, a single web,
and two axes of symmetry.
➔ The angle shapes are available in either equal-leg or
unequal-leg versions.
➔ The American Standard Channel, or C-shape, has
two flanges and a web, with only one axis of
symmetry.
➔ The Structural Tee is produced by splitting an
I-shaped member at middepth. This shape is
sometimes referred to as a split-tee.
STANDARD
CROSS-SECTIONAL SHAPES
Other frequently used cross-sectional shapes.

➔ Bars can have circular, square, or rectangular cross


sections.
➔ If the width of a rectangular shape is 8 inches or
less, it is classified as a bar.
➔ If the width is more than 8 inches, the shape is
classified as a plate.
➔ The usual designation for both is the abbreviation
PL .
➔ Other shapes are available, but those just described
are the ones most frequently used. In most cases,
one of these standard shapes will satisfy design
requirements.
BUILT-UP SECTIONS

➔ Building up sections is an effective way of strengthening an existing structure that is


being rehabilitated or modified for some use other than the one for which it was
designed.
➔ Sometimes a built-up shape must be used because none of the standard rolled
shapes are large enough; that is, the cross section does not have enough area or
moment of inertia.
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
The following problems illustrate the concepts of stress and strain.

1. A 6m long W200 × 100 is suspended from one end. If the modulus of


elasticity is 200 GPa, determine the following.

a. What is the maximum tensile stress?

b. What is the maximum normal strain?


SAMPLE PROBLEMS
2. The strain in member AB was measured to be 8.9 × 10^–4. If the member is an
L3×21/2 x ¼ of A36 steel, determine the following. E = 29,000 ksi

a. What is the change in length in inches?

b. What is the force in the member?


SAMPLE PROBLEMS
3. Calculate the weight (in pounds) of a 1 ft. length of a steel built-up member having
a cross section as shown:

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