COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING PART 11

FIBER OPTICS 8. If a ray of light approaches a material with a greater

refractive index:
Multiple Choice: Encircle the letter that corresponds to
your answer. a. The angle of incidence will be greater than the
angle of refraction
1. A transparent material along which we can transmit b. TIR will always occur
light is called: c. The speed of the light will increase immediately
as it crosses the boundary
a. a fiber optic d. The angle of refraction will be greater than the
b. a flashlight angle of incidence
c. an optic fiber
d. a xenon bulb 9. If a light ray crosses the boundary between two
materials with different refractive indices:
2. A simple fiber optic system would consist of:
a. no refraction would take place if the angle of
a. a light source, an optic fiber and a photo- incidence was 0
electric cell b. refraction will always occur
b. a laser, an optic fiber and an LED c. the speed of the light will not change if the
c. a copper coaxial cable, a laser and a photo- incident ray is traveling along the normal
electric cell d. the speed of light never changes
d. an LED, a cathode ray tube and a light source

3. Optic fiber is normally made from:

a. coherent glass and xenon

b. copper
c. water 10. The common windows used in fiber optic
d. silica glass or plastic communications are centered on wavelengths of:

4. It is not true that: a. 300 nm, 1550 nm and 850 nm

b. 850 nm, 1500 nm and 1300 nm
a. endoscopes use coherent bundles of fibers c. 1350 nm, 1500 nm and 850 nm
b. silica glass is used because of its clarity d. 800 nm, 1300 nm and 1550 nm
c. photocell converts light into electric current
d. plastic fiber is normally used for long distance 11. A wavelength of 660 nm is often used for visible
communications light transmission. The frequency of this light in free
space would be:
5. The number of fibers in a typical endoscope is
about: a. 660 x 109 Hz
14
b. 4.5 x 10 Hz
a. 1870 c. 300 x 108 Hz
b. 300 d. 45 x 1012 Hz
c. 50,000
d. 60 12. In free space, light travels at approximately:

a. 180,000 ms-1
b. 3 x 109 ms-1
-1
6. The speed of light in a transparent material: c. 300 ms
d. 0.3 meters per nanosecond
a. is always the same regardless of the material
chosen 13. The window with the longest wavelength operates at
b. is never greater than the speed of light in free a wavelength of approximately:
space
c. increases if the light enters a material with a a. 850 nm
higher refractive index b. 1550 m
d. is slowed down by a factor of a million within c. 1350 nm
the first 60 meters d. 1.55 m

7. A ray of light in a transparent material of refractive 14. The 850 nm window remains popular because it:
index 1.5 is approaching a material with a refractive
index of 1.48. At the boundary, the critical angle is: a. uses visible light and this allows plastic fibers to
be used
a. 90 b. the fiber is less expensive to install and has
b. 9.4 lower losses than any other windows
c. 75.2 c. the system is less expensive and easier to
d. 80.6 install
 d. allows higher data transmission rates
a. always result in breakage of the fiber
15. No material could have a refractive index of: b. can be caused by microbends and macrobends
c. are used to detect the length of fiber on a drum
a. 1.5 d. are caused by the difference in the operating
b. 1.3 temperature of the core compared with the
c. 1.1 cladding on active fibers
d. 0.9
23. Dispersion:
16. As the meridional ray is propagated along the optic
fiber it: a. causes the core to spread out and get wider as
the pulse is transmitted along the fiber
a. travels in a sort of spiral shape b. results in the wavelength of the light increasing
b. stays in the center of the fiber along the fiber
c. passes repeatedly through the center of the c. is the lengthening of light pulses as they travel
core down the fiber
d. is reflected off the the inside surface of the d. cannot occur with a laser light source
primary buffer. This is called TIR
24. An SI MM fiber has a core of 62.5 m diameter and
17. If the refractive index of the core of an optic fiber a numerical aperture of 0.2424. The number of
was 1.47 and that of the cladding was 1.44, the modes that would occur using a light of wavelength
cone of acceptance would have an angle of of 865 nm would be:
approximately:
a. 1
a. 17.19 b. 378
b. 72.82 c. 1513.78
c. 78.4 d. 1513
d. 34.36
25. Intramodal dispersion:
18. An active fiber detector:
a. only occurs in multimode fiber
a. is used to prevent accidental exposure to b. is also called chromatic dispersion
invisible light c. does not occur in multimode fiber
b. is a communication system used during d. could not occur in an all plastic fiber
installation
c. detects movement of fiber in security systems
d. can be used to weigh objects
26. If the wavelength of the transmitted light were to be
19. If light leaves a material of refractive index 1.45 and decreased, the number of modes would:
crosses an abrupt into a material of refractive index
1.0, the Fresnel loss would be: a. increase
b. decrease
a. 0.346 dB c. remain the same
b. 0.149 dB d. halve in a graded index fiber
c. 1.613 dB
d. 3 dB 27. The refractive index of a GI fiber

20. Absorption loss is caused by: a. is at its highest value at the center of the core
b. is usually higher in the cladding than in the core
a. insufficient stirring of the ingredients during c. increases as we move away from the center of
manufacture the core
b. changes in the density of the fiber due to d. has a value of 4 instead of the 2 common in
uneven rates of cooling step index fibers
c. microscopic cracks in the cladding which allow
leakage of the vacuum in the core 28. A cable containing both optic fiber and copper
d. impurities in the fiber conductors is called:

a. an armored cable
21. Rayleigh scatter is most severe: b. a dehydrated cable
c. tight jacketed cable
a. in light with a short wavelength d. a hybrid cable
b. in blue light on the Earth and black light on the
moon 29. LSOH means low smoke:
c. in low frequency light
d. at sunset a. zero halogen
b. zero heat
22. Bending losses: c. optic fibers of hybrid design
 d. or heat a. waisting
b. a bubble being formed due to air being trapped
30. Spiral galvanized wires are sometimes added to a inside the fiber
cable to: c. a bulge in the fiber
d. runback
a. conduct electricity
b. allow the cable to stretch more to relieve stress 39. The main fusing arc is likely to have a duration of:
c. improve crush resistance
d. allow the fibers to be upgraded as necessary a. 15 s
b. 62.5 ns
31. Blown fiber allows: c. 10-20 minutes
d. less than a second
a. easy removal of the fibers to clean the ducts
b. the diameter of the fiber to be increased by 40. PAS stands for:
filling it with compressed air
c. easy removal of any water in the fiber a. position adjustment system
d. easy replacement of any damaged fiber b. profile alignment standard
32. Within buildings: c. plane alignment system
d. profile alignment system
a. both tight buffered and loose jacketed cables
are used 41. For viewing the splicing process, a CCD camera is
b. only loose jacketed cables are used preferable to a microscope because:
c. only armored cables can be used
d. only tight buffered cables are used a. higher magnification can be achieved
b. better resolution is possible
33. If light is launched from a fiber with a core diameter c. there is no risk of eye damage
of 50 m into a fiber of core 62.5 m diameter, the d. a CCD camera can operate at very low light
loss would be: levels

a. +1.9 dB 42. A splice protector:

b. zero
c. –1.9 dB a. provides more flexibility at the mechanical joint
d. 16.8 dB b. is not needed inside an enclosure
c. protects against unauthorized copying of data
34. Cleaving is the process of: d. provides mechanical protection to the fusion
splice
a. removing the cladding before connecting fibers
together 43. The three basic designs used for mechanical splices
b. cutting the end of the fiber in preparation for are:
connecting two fibers
c. cleaning the surface of optic fibers a. vee-groove, bent tube and precision hole
d. inspecting fibers for flaws b. vee-groove, PAS and LID
c. fusion splice, mechanical splice and enclosures
35. A tang is most likely to give rise to: d. UV curing epoxy, index matching gel and
isopropyl alcohol
a. increased values of NA 44. A typical value for the insertion loss for a
b. eccentricity mechanical splice is:
c. excessive amplification
d. gap loss a. –50 dB
b. 0.2 dB
36. The core of a typical monomode fiber would have a c. 12 mm
diameter of: d. 3 dB

a. 50 m 45. Mechanical splices have the advantage that they:

b. 50 nm
c. 8 m a. are easily mistaken for splice protectors
d. 1 mm b. have lower losses than fusion splices
c. are quick and easy to fit
37. Stripping off the primary buffer can be achieved by: d. are waterproof

a. chemical or mechanical means 46. An elastomeric splice:

b. cleaving the buffer off
c. isopropyl alcohol a. has losses which are about one thousandth of a
d. brushing on index matching gel then wiping off fusion splice
with lint free cloth b. uses a flexible plastic to align the fibers
38. Too much overfeed whilst splicing will cause: c. is based upon the bent tube principle
d. cannot be re-used
 a. more cable would be used and hence system
47. Some designs of mechanical splice can be easily reliability would increase
mistaken for: b. the power loss is lower than would be the case
if tee couplers were to be used
a. an enclosure c. higher levels of data errors could be tolerated
b. a PAS splicer d. less cable is used
c. a splice protector
d. an all plastic fiber 55. Coupling ratio is also known as:

48. Two fibers can be joined by: a. directional loss

b. coupling loss
a. two adapters plugged into each end of a c. splitting ratio
connector d. directivity ratio
b. a bare fiber connector
c. two connectors and one adapter 56. The output connection which carries the highest
d. a single connector power level is the:

49. A connector with a keyed ferrule and secured by a a. tap port

screw thread is likely to be an: b. power port
c. star
a. SC d. throughput port
b. FCPC
c. STPC 57. The safest type of laser is referred to as:
d. SMA 906
50. A PC finish: a. infrared
b. class 1
a. reduces both the return loss and the insertion c. pulsed
loss d. class 4
b. makes physical contact but damages the end of
the fiber 58. A typical value for the spectral width of a laser is:
c. is the result of polishing on a hard surface
d. is the result of using an incorrect dolly a. 1310 nm
b. 3 nm
51. A full length Delrin sleeve: c. 850 nm
d. 30 nm
a. converts the ferrule of an SMA 905 connector
to be compatible with the SMA 906 59. An APD:
b. can be used instead of an adapter
c. is a popular choice of connector with cable a. can produce visible light as well as infrared light
television companies at 850 nm, 1300 nm and 1550 nm
d. reduces the insertion loss of SMA 906 b. has good electrical output in low light conditions
connectors c. has a lower dynamic range than a PIN diode
d. is cheaper than a PIN diode
52. During polishing of a silica fiber, final inspection
reveals a large scratch running right across the 60. LEDs are not used as the light source for high
fiber. A likely cause of this is: speed telecommunications because of their:

a. contamination of the final lapping film with a. higher cost

some coarse grit from a previous stage of the b. poor reliability
polishing c. inability to provide a visible light output
b. using diamond lapping film instead of aluminum d. slow switching speed and higher spectral width
oxide film
c. using the wrong dolly 61. A typical value of tr for a laser would be:
d. water laying on the surface of the fiber. Simply
wipe it off with lint-free tissue a. 3.5 ns
b. 3 nm
53. A 4 x 4 coupler would have a total of: c. 90%
d. 0.3 ns
a. 16 ports
b. 4 ports 62. For contract purposes, test equipment should:
c. 9 ports
d. 8 ports a. have a valid certificate of calibration
b. be left switched on at all times
54. The main advantage of using a star coupler to c. be powered by internal batteries
connect a large number of terminals is that: d. be manufactured by the same company as
produced the fiber
63. Light sources often include a tone output. This d. lower initial cost of installation
enables:
71. Plastic fibers have the following advantages over
a. the length of the fiber to be calculated glass fiber except
b. our eyes to see the infrared light more easily
c. longer fibers to be tested a. flexibility
d. easy identification of the fiber being tested b. ease of installation
c. ruggedness
64. For detailed examination of a very short length of d. low attenuation
optic fiber cable, the OTDR should use the:

a. shortest possible wavelength 72. This explains how a light may react when it meets
b. shortest possible pulsewidth the interface of two transmission materials that have
c. longest available pulsewidth different indices of refraction.
d. highest available power
a. Huygen's Law
65. The averaging facility of an OTDR can be switched b. Nyquist's Theorem
off: c. Len's Law
d. Snell's Law
a. to provide a real time response
b. to remove noise and clean up the display of 73. In optical fibers
information
c. to allow the peak power to be used a. the core and cladding have the same index of
d. if simultaneous measurements on more than refraction
one fiber system are required b. the core and cladding have the same area
c. the core surrounds the cladding
66. Reducing the length of a multimode fiber would: d. the cladding surround the core

a. decrease the transmitter rise time 74. A type of fiber whereby light rays take many paths
b. decrease the system bandwidth between the source and the receiver
c. increase the bandwidth of the system
d. increase the system rise time a. monomode
b. multimode
67. Changing the spectral width of the light source c. single mode
would affect the: d. step Index

a. fiber bandwidth in a singlemode system 75. A figure of merit used to measure the light gathering
b. system bandwidth of a multimode system but or light collection ability of the optical fiber.
not a singlemode one
c. aging losses a. acceptance angle
d. number of likely repairs b. numerical aperture
c. acceptance core
68. If the transmitter and the receiver rise times were d. critical angle
0.5 ns and 1.5 ns respectively, and the fiber rise
time was 25 ps, the system rise time would be 76. The Basic Optical Fiber Communication System
approximately: consist of the following except

a. 25.05 ns a. optical source

b. 1.42 ns b. photodetector
c. 1.58 ns c. transmission medium
d. 5.19 ns d. 48 volts power supply

69. If the dispersion figure for a singlemode fiber is

known to be 44 ps, the bandwidth of the fiber would
be:

a. 10 GHz
b. 7.95 GHz 77. Optical fibers can be made out of
c. 100 MHz
d. 795 MHz a. glass
b. plastic
70. The following are the advantages of optical fiber c. combination of glass and plastic
system except d. any of these

a. greater capacity 78. In ____________ , the core has index of refraction

b. crosstalk immunity that changes continuously from the center to the
c. safer to handle outside
 b. glass core and cladding
a. step index fiber c. plastic core and glass cladding
b. graded index fiber d. glass core and plastic cladding
c. monomode
d. multimode 86. The scientist who coined the term “fiber optics”

79. The following are causes of attenuation and loss of a. H.H. Hopkins
optical power within the fiber except b. C.W. Hansel
c. N.S. Kapany
a. microbending loss d. A.C. Van Heel
b. connector loss
c. splicing loss
d. ohmic loss

80. For a signal to be propagated through the optical

fiber, the angle of incidence should be __________
the critical angle. 87. That dielectric material of an optical fiber
surrounding the core
a. greater than
b. less than a. cladding
c. equal to b. armor
d. none of these c. shield
d. cover
81. Scattering loss is caused by:
88. Approximately what is the frequency limit of the
a. insufficient stirring of the ingredients during optical fiber?
manufacture
b. changes in the density of the fiber due to a. 20 GHz
uneven rates of cooling b. 1 MHz
c. microscopic cracks in the cladding which allow c. 100 MHz
leakage of the vacuum in the core d. 40 MHz
d. impurities in the fiber
89. A single fiber can handle as many voice channels
as

a. a pair of copper conductors

b. a 1500 pair cable
c. a 500 pair cable
82. Cleaving is the process of d. a 1000 pair cable

a. removing the cladding before connecting fibers 90. An incident ray can be defined as
together
b. cutting the end of the fiber in preparation for a. a light ray reflected from a flat surface
connecting two fibers b. a light ray directed toward a surface
c. cleaning the surface of optic fibers c. a diffused light ray
d. inspecting fibers for flaws d. a light ray that happens periodically

83. The following are light detectors in Fiber Optic 91. It is made from semiconductor material such as
Communications System except aluminum-gallium-arsenide or gallium-arsenide-
phosphide.
a. ILD
b. PIN diode a. APD
c. APD b. Injection laser diode
d. NOTA c. Light emitting diode
d. Positive-intrinsic-negative
84. The following are the three distinct regions of an
optical fiber except 92. An absorption loss caused by valence electrons in
the silica material from which fibers are
a. core manufactured.
b. cladding
c. jacket a. ultraviolet absorption
d. coating b. ion resonance absorption
c. modal dispersion
85. Which of the following combinations is impossible d. infrared absorption
for optical fibers
93. The loss in signal power as light travels down a fiber
a. plastic core and cladding is
 c. diffraction
a. attenuation d. resolving power
b. scattering
c. propagation
d. absorption

94. An object farther from a converging lens than its

focal point always has an __________ image.

a. inverted
b. virtual
c. smaller size
d. the same in size

95. The refractive index number is

a. a number which compares the transparency of

a material with that of air
b. a number assigned by the manufacturer to the
fiber in question
c. a number which determines the core diameter
d. a term for describing core elasticity

96. The mechanical splice is best suited for

a. quicker installation under ideal conditions

b. minimum attenuation losses
c. field service conditions
d. situations in which cost of equipment is not a
factor

97. The cladding which surrounds the core

a. is used to reduce optical interference

b. is used to protect the fiber
c. acts to help guide the light in the core
d. ensures that the refractive index remains
constant

98. The different angles of entry of light into an optical

fiber when the diameter of the core is many times
the wavelength of the light transmitted is known as
__________.

a. refraction
b. emitter
c. mode
d. sensor

99. Proposed the use of a clad glass fiber as a dielectric

waveguide

a. Kao and Keck

b. Karpon and Keck
c. Bockham and Kao
d. Karpon and Brockham

100. The wavelength of light has no role in

a. polarization
b. interference