Search

Form 2 Science Notes

Uploaded by Meiiz YanShan on Aug 05, 2013

 100% (2) · 2K views · 20 pages

Document Information 
Chaper 2 - 10

Download now
Date uploaded 
Aug 05, 2013

Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
c) Maintaining the concentration of blood.

Available Formats
d) Maintaining the body temperature.
5. Water is lost through breathing, in the form of urine and through perspiring (we may die if we lose as
much as 20% of the water in our blood.)
DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
Food Tests

Share this document Aim

(a) To test for starch 
Method
Add a few drops of iodine solution
Observation
Yellow -> dark blue

(b) To test for glucose  Pour the glucose solution into a test Blue -> brick red precipitate
tube and add the same amount of
benedict’s solution.
 Heat the misture in a beaker of
boiling water

Facebook (c) To test for protein  Twitter

Pour a little albumen solution into a White -> brick red precipitate
test tube and a few drops of
million’s reagent.
 Heat the mixture in a beaker of


boiling water

(d) To test for fat - Place a drop of oil or fat on a piece Greasy spot left
of filter paper and dry over a flame

Email

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate? Report this Document

2.2 Importance of A Balanced Diet
2.2.1 A Balanced Diet
1. A balanced diet contains 7 classes of food in the right amount.
2. A balanced diet:
- Provides energy for work and movement, and maintains the body temperature
- Provides building materials needed to grow new cells and tissues.
- Enables the repair of damaged tissues.
- Is important in maintaining body functions.
- Helps fight diseases
3. A balanced diet is determined by:
(a) Age
- A child requires more carbohydrate and protein ( more energy and body-building materials.)
(b) Sex
- Males need more energy than females.
- Males have less fatty tissues. Therefore, heat loss is faster in males.
(c) Body size
- Bigger body = more energy needed
(d) Physical activity and occupation
- Athletes need more protein for building muscles and instant energy
(e) State of health
- Ill person needs more energy to overcome infections, maintaining the body temperature and
repairing damaged cells and tissues.
- Pregnant woman needs more iron and calcium ( blood and bones)
- Diabetes should reduce sugar and fat intake.
- High blood pressure should avoid food that is salty and fatty
(f) Climate
4. Babies = More protein, calcium and phosphorus ( most nutrients are from mother’s milk)
5. Children = calcium + phosphorus ( teeth and bones), minerals + vitamins ( prevent disease)
6. Adults = Protein ( repair tissues), carbohydrates
7. 1 calorie = 4.2 joules

Insufficient carbohydrates -Will not be energetic

-tired
-weak
Insufficient protein -kwashiorkor
Insufficient fibre -constipation
-cancer of intestines
Too much salt -high blood pressure
-heart disease
Too much fat -obesity
Human Digestive System

1. Digestion is the process of breaking down large and complex food substances into smaller, simpler
molecules. These molecules are soluble and can be absorbed by body cells.
2. Digestive system consists of alimentary canal (gut), salivary glands, liver, gall bladder and pancreas.

3. There are two types of digestion:

(a) Physical digestion = breaking down of large pieces of food into smaller pieces using teeth and
churning actions of the alimentary canal
(b) Chemical digestions = breaking down of complex food molecules into small soluble molecules by
digestive enzymes
4. Enzymes are proteins that speed up the biochemical reactions in cells.
5. End products of digestion:
(a) carbohydrates -> glucose
(b) proteins -> amino acids
(c) fats -> fatty acids and glycerol

Mouth • chew and grinds food using the teeth

• digests cooked starch. The amylase enzymes in the saliva change
cooked starch to maltose.
• The salivary glands secrete saliva which contains an enzyme called
amylase.
• Amylase digests starch and convert it to maltose (a type of sugar)
Oesophagus •bolus-shaped food is moved from the mouth to the stomach along the
oesophagus by wave-like muscular contractions called
peristalsis.
Stomach • holds food, secretes gastric juices which begin the digestion of protein
• secretes acids contains hydrochloric acid which kill the bacteria
in food.
Duodenum • receives bile from the liver and pancreatic juice from the pancreas.
• Digestion and absorption of food.
small • secretes intestinal juice which completes the digestion of protein,
intestine carbohydrates and fat.
• Absorbs end products of digestion into the blood
large • absorption of most of the remaining water and minerals.
intestine
Rectum • stores faeces
Anus • removes faeces through defecation

6. Flow of food particles in the alimentary canal:

Mouth -> Oesophagus -> Stomach -> Small intestine -> Large intestine -> Rectum -> Anus

7 a. mouth
i. Digestion begins in the mouth.
ii. The teeth chew and grind food into smaller particles.
iii. the salivary glands secrete glands secrete saliva which contains an enzyme called amylase.
iv. Amylase digests starch and converts it to maltose, a type of sugar.
v. The wave-like contractions of the oesophagus muscles are known as peristalsis
b. stomach
i. in the stomach, food is mixed with gastric juices. Gastric glands in the stomach wall.
ii. Gastric juices contains hydrochloric acid and enzymes (rennin and pepsin) .
iii. The functions of hydrochloric acid include:
a. Hydrochloric acid stops the action of the enzymes in saliva.
b. It also kills bacteria in food.
iv. Enzymes in the gastric juices start the digestion of protein.
Example:
a. pepsin digests protein into peptones.
Protein -> pepsin -> peptones
b. Rennin coagulates milk in the stomach to help in the enzymic action of pepsin.
Liquid milk proteins -> rennin -> solid milk proteins
v. Partially digested food is then released into the duodenum.
c. small intestine
i. The duodenum is the first parts of the small intestine.
ii. The duodenum receives bile and pancreatic juice. (bile is stored in
the gall bladder)
iii. The function of bile:
a. Emulsifications of fat i.e. breaking up large fatty globules into small droplets for enzymic action.
b. Preparation of an alkaline medium for enzymic action.
iv. The pancreatic amylase digests starch into maltose.
v. The protease digests protein/peptones into amino acids.
vi. The lipase digests fat into fatty acid and glycerol.
vii. The small intestine (ileum) produces enzymes which digest maltose into glucose (simple sugar)
viii. Digestion is completed in the small intestine.
ix. The digested food is then ready to be absorbed through the thin walls of the small intestine into the
bloodstream.
 Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.
 Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.
Share this document
    

You might also like

Document 62 pages

69818
Anis Farhanah
No ratings yet
 Document 10 pages

NUTRITION_333
Zirctheace Nowx
No ratings yet

Document 41 pages

Chapter 6 - Nutrition (Part

1)
Ema Fatimah
No ratings yet

Magazines Podcasts

Sheet music

Document 62 pages

3 Human Digestive
System
Kip Skipper
No ratings yet
Document 3 pages

Science f2 Jan 2010

David Antonito
No ratings yet

Document 10 pages

NUTRITION -Animal
Kekeletso
No ratings yet

Document 4 pages

ANSWER KEY1.docx.pdf
santhosh kumar
No ratings yet

Document 6 pages

Animal nutrition 1
Arianz Gaming
No ratings yet
Document 10 pages

Digestive System Notes

Archanna Vyass
No ratings yet

Document 54 pages

Chapter 2 Nurition
teacherYatie82
No ratings yet

Document 6 pages

Balance Diet
YongAnn
100% (1)

Document 18 pages

SCIENCES FORM 2-18feb

zakiyya
No ratings yet

Show more
About Support

About Scribd Help / FAQ

Press Accessibility

Our blog Purchase help

Join our team! AdChoices

Contact us Publishers

Invite friends
Social
Gi"s

Scribd for enterprise Instagram

Twitter
Legal Facebook

Terms Pinterest

Privacy

Copyright

Cookie Preferences

Do not sell or share my personal

information

Get our free apps

Audiobooks • Books • Documents • Magazines • Podcasts • Sheet music

Language: English

Copyright © 2023 Scribd Inc.