MONULY ~ 04 Feu ndarmen| abe _of Logic Tar} woduefion t bogie =» Method oP Reasoning Logie Ws expressect In Byenbolie fanquags Y catted Matheanefireat’ Logic..' (%) PROPOSITIONS: A proposrtionis oi Shefemenf Catecfaretion) Iihreh mn a given context, can be Sard bo be el-thew Qaue @ -fatge , but not poh. 1s testy ee Bangalore, 13 vi Karrnafaka ny : coat He ie Ce ee divis Ibe by 3. ade os a A = yh, : Sov Ania we cannot decravety Aay wihelher rene me @o nol, ainless wre Know Ihe what 3 % andy (vinetnes te 1a ege (oo Real me) igen bes: met a propositien. -~ p-ropasitiona ane “gps uatty | “gepresented by Samat} Qefyows Bruth agi py yr ee — Ohe Lwefh ( She farsity of a pronportin 2 cetttect 12% ~Ponefh «bcebhe, voulue. ° - te 1s otemofed by phe ~ Tf a pwoposition “Jrrue tauth value 4+ IS o pero posi pn tA folme ib 14 demoled by y jhe -lmeth value ‘0’. (4) Logi cal conmnecfives dhe jlords ake ‘mot’, i “if then’, | if and omy f , Such loads are called of Logical commnecfives, (#) Compound _propogition : One new prroposit ion ven pro posit1ons USING called oF compound \ obtained bY combining the tro 9) jhe logical prropoz!tion: comnecfives are Gr) Stmnple prropozition :- vinich do d Syenple : Proposition ef comfang an'f proposition. Logical conmecfives are calle @) Negahon (~) A proposition iB an an OPprap position. ‘pw denoted by oP obtained bY ingesting she riage piace az called She howd «mot? me gation of the given pro Dhe onegasion of O proposition eg: HPs iB wp: 3 Torfh table: Pale aa sion! o | 2 a prime mumber — 1 2 net a pwme mumber — O@) Pp: B rx divisible by 3 —O | amp: & w mot divisible by 3-4 Touth fable P_|oP ° a a7) 0 Ge) Comjunctson (A) A Compound proposition vs obtained by tngerting the Word tand’ peyween two given proposthons 12 called conjunction of the given proposition. dhe comj unefion of P and qs ts chenoted by PAY, Dhe conjunction of pand a rm true only lAthen beth p and qe are $e, tn at! ofher cases it I fSalge. adieu) P| gy | PAQ, m® ho ° ee ° af ° oO 1 a ae AeGY) Disjuncfim (v) A compound proposition 72 ebtained by ingerting the tatord 0’ befween 40 given Proposition is catled disjunefion of She given proposition Dhe disjunefion of Pandas ¥ dencfed by PVV. dagen eae (4) ahre ceva junchion of pone (-K) Dhe diajunction pyy ez falge only when onby peth Pv Ie false ofherianse itis fous = Fo o|w (#) Exctusive disjunction ( ¥) exclusive disjunction of tro propositions dhe 7 iB denoted by pyvq ( Read st as etthes pand 4 pm) Dhe exclusive a pwtue OY iz fre igjuncfion ts “jarite omly When cither but not befh Frush Jable:&) conditional (-+) cornpound proposition i oblained by tnzerfing A place r% Called the werd ‘tf then’ in an appropriate 4ne conditional. dhe conditional of pand a % denetect by P—bay [reead az if phen q). Dhe conditional p--ay iz falze only When P te 4rue and a % falze. : oo Truth table: To fo. 4 a | #) Bi-conditional t- () A comnpound proposition 72 obtained by rnseating he Word ‘Ff and only if’ vn an approperiate place 4 called a2 piconditsonal of the given proposition. 4 iB TL iz denoted by P~XYV- : jhe picenditional p (ear) [(~p) ¥ (way) o-jo|t ' O° | \ ° Oeeeeaell oO oO | ! | ajojoys ! o \ ) 2416.16 ° J oO Oo @) hef pray and x be the propositions having Jah OO sanded. nespecfively. Find Jhe -}mtth P tne following Compound POP Va)ues si tions. values OF @) (Pvy) ver NET RAG) ata dw pP+(v> (ow) Sol?) - Gj) (pyUv~ = (ovo)vl On| as (i (ong). a = (ore oe SO eae (i) pP+[vs(ey) = o-+[o-+ (0) = o>] Sat(4) construct the 4vesh table for tne following compound propas tions (i) Cprayt (em (i) vn(~rsp) ~ a ay [a | pay [or [prad-re9ler lavatory) olo]olo 1 ) Imo 5 1 2 > rye 2 fy | 0 o |! ° 0 e 1 } 0 ° le } ! o oO ! | \ 1 }o {o |] 0 ' | | ° Je leo ky ° ° | \ oO | | rho fut \ \ | \ | ! | | o | oO] ] Jy Tarefor ogy : A com : i pound Proposition uthich: 1 4oye for at Possible +mtth values of it8 comnponents ys catled a Lawefology. OH Comefrracticfion : | A compound proposition which 1g false for all possible fmtty values of its componenss ps called a comp wadiction. &) Contingency : ea, Compound. po posi ton Jnaf can he we ow false ( depending upon tne tmth Values of 1% componends) iB called a confingency. pound Proposition SNefe :- contingency vz a com ¥ mora conrad jcton inich JZ meither & Faceforog PROBLEMS: (1) prove Shot for any proposition p,» pv~P oe tautology and PANP a conmdradicfion. Hence PVP 18 a Lawlology and’ pA~p a comf-rad chon,propositions: pand vy (pva)) t% a Faefology PAY) % conf-rad chien (@) Show tnaf , for any +he Ccommpd. proposition Dar and the compa. proposition pa(~ pyay | Po (pyv) | oP | m~pagy | PAlHPry, oO a A o ° 4 4 4 a ° a ® ° ° ° ae 4. Os;5 ° fe) fl Hence, Pr (PY) 13 true for" possible meth value hence tb 18 f£awfology PACH PAG) 18 falze “Por atl possible, Leth, values hence o£ 18 ComfracitHon. (3) prove that fowany propositions p,as,% then the compound proposition, p> (y-ra} >f[lPray-prt 13 a Laufology. Bele = é ' -| lar | Prerral Pay | px [Payer May} Mira aor e PRooOo:a PpPrBon, PPP pap EDP im Po Pe PO Fo is > yPsco Pp ep Ppp J ocP colts 5 [peo fF ofen -a, PTOVE that for any proposition’ p,q, the Compound proposition. [ (evan at tema tr-+13) i tautology, |p y | v | pry} Poy lar] Fes 7 oo Ter a Olojoloa |; | 1 ; ofolsfo Pry ; ° ofalola ]y fo a is QyAKa pdt) 1 ) \ a]ojo}! o}) ° % ; ajloja]t | ) ) BY ' , oO} ao | olo e 6 : a{ofals flee ' Hence) fepvanntipraalaray] 77 # a tautology, <7) eo facttology yea confrradicsion ei that (i) (PY WV (P | Ry (pya) A( P<” freiaich | Gi. (PYWA(P>% 4 a comfingency > [p fay |pyv|pod| pHa] @ | a) [aw Ooo ' ah ° a oO | ' ° 1 | ¢ ele ! ° fo} ! o O° Bat i if oiebogical Equaiva lence {€) Two propesilions wand Vom gated fo be Prop Logically eqrtivatemt iaihe meyer th and Vv hewe the S game mth value Inte Wane, Use We, Hewe “She Brymbol foe Sandy ” Pow "ogicatty eqaivalent to J Neter i. Ithen the prrmpositiong wand a7 mot Pogicatly eyo. 2. laihenever doen Wey 1s cdfoays Lcurlology equi vetfemt pWwe polkt a uand yoare logreatly equ atent preoblewns + ve that Por cainy three propositions PrUsie ) pro [Cpvaa aye [pr May], soln ; =o oe P fla | + | pva|(pvaya] poy | (Pa) a (oy > yi ojo}jol;o 1 \ | ! ojo} | o ! ' ! 1 : Ox Tt 16 | ° I fe] 6 ovr yet 1 1 J | rfo}jo}l ° ° a4 o VAO: || ) } ! ) Ls) eer bo pi ° ° ° ° wae eet ft t ) | Lh ww Logreatly equivalent 4(®) Examme frihefhea compound proposition [ (pv) [pry pyy7| oF (py) | wry e(pvay) olololo! 1 4 ofolifo] 4 al a Oly aa oO 1 ° oO i o}| 0 | rjofo/1}] ° Feo é rjofrfa] cat Iie oe! . ) cS c eta \ 0 a ; Hence | Th 6 Pogrcatty equivalent 9 one bens of bogie = ). poove Sha Pow any three propositions poyia (pr launrVDey ((praaleod) she corapound propositions pr yar) are Logically eayuivalent. | (muvv &. Show that and pv(qXK Inthe following Naws , To denofes a facjology Px) The bans of Logic and Fo clenoles a comtracticsion. 1. kaw of Double negation. (~~ p)=Y P Q. Idempojent law Gj) cpvperp W (PADS? P 3. Tdentity Paw (i) (pvr) p WIPATISYP WE traverse’ aw | G) (pyePer To (i) (PACPYEY Fo %. Domi nafion Laws. (i) (PV To) P tip [paCeva]} <7 P(Got a) De-Morgars haw (it) wCpvaey PP ARV (WD ~(pay)<&y ~ pv rv (9) Associatve Law Gi) pv las va) <> (PYVV™ (ii) palas nx) E> (PAW) A™ Wo Pisfributive Law (i) pyar CpvayaCpve? (iv) paleay va) (PAV) v (PAW) Yi) Law Sow the conmeti tional pow é&y ve VV a( PV, ipod ey 6) sli) procf a - ae pa pve (pve) ee Oe ha oO oO oO ! I ! ! 0 t |! 0 ! oO oO MeO | oO Oo | 1 ! I ° ° 0 oe Pienre provedPROBLEMS: (D prove fhe following hogical eqttivia tence Iti hou using fmuth Fable. (i) pv [pat pva}<>P St — p . bY am idempotent i : Law. (i) [ pvarv (~PrAwy rn) (pvvvy) soln [ puayy (w pang na)) cy [pvvv(x(pyy)ar)] by De-morgosis lao gE (pyy vy), ( J) (iii) (Cep Vey) + (payan]eyr pray Soln:- comsidey, [ (epyea) (Prva [pvFJyy <=y PNY YY (ii) (paajal[rvn il veg) ]e> a(vvp) ars fF poawalev aA(7wv ny) (ay-y ) po(evv7) & wpv(e ny v2) alprw vo Vary ( Assocrative fet) commiyfafive Lew. (3) prove tha f(pvaprrvf{rpa(nR oe ~Q) BA £aufology Vi (0 pared soln Lef wi demote the given poposHion, ee [cpvayrr{e pana Veg Vv (xpr~a)v (~Pvs a wy vd Now a €y ((pyayrnfe Pra ve®) very by. clemoxgan’s wiK=yu vw “=P V (QA RI} vel PY (QARIF ey To y Shus tne given comporing proposition 1B Laufology. &) Stmprfy the following compound proposition . using She kqws of kogtc. @ (pyvqg)n [ nw {(~p aws) <> (pva) al vopy ~y) by demorgan's Cars xy (pvay)at pv wa) Py (by adem} ity Laws) (b) ~[ wf (pvaary vew] &y ofa fipeyns wm: [cpvayae] Awngy Aemorgans lary w[enp Vv v(vva] => oP velyva)) demorgoms Law ee << wp rlyve) aw nok veal mo and fis a aeefiowal 1p oer 1raflomaf no .Suppose Sul ws a Compound proposition ane jks cuality 2 obtained by replacing (i) each a and V by MW andr ~vespesively (ii) each To & Fo by Fo &% respectively @), Duality Dra 12 wg demofed by ud, exis wt pa(as Ve) V (SATo) ud: pv (uv rwna(sv Fe) Cr) Converse _, Inverse Comsides a comfitionaf pry tren catled Jhe COmMVEmRE of poy we cathed Jhe tmverse of PY zs called he confrapositive of py, (4) Warp @ ~paweyv (3) wy 7>eP @) RULE OF INFERENCE ¢ consider a Bef of propositons Py s Pa» Pan Pn Ohen a Compound prroposikicn | and a proposition Q- pA Pr PN > => A Pry) Ft @ yw called Py» — ~~ Pay AE called the of the Porn ( a An umenf . Joeve P, premises of the argument and Q comcluston of the awgument. ze cathe &De er eee dhe fos of fabulas foowm y Je Py Po Ps ’ ' Pay a “ Q = She prre cect ing argument 1 gaid +o be valid f each of the premises Pre Por 77 Px ts fmte , then tne conc|usion Qs Qikenwe Gamue. Qn efher lords eine avquinent (Py A Pa A PA —-APa) FS whenever vw Valid when (BARA RAAT? Pa) YW For finding Fhe valrdity of Ay tumenf USE The auleg are catted Fhe Rules of hogrc and these Rules of Taference. (4) Rule of _compunceive pvopor ifiong pant Y Bimplicasion. WP PAY Fow any 4Jwo tnen Pp tF tame ve true i.e prav = tpRate of Disjundive Amphifical ion for any +0 proposifions P and cy “phen of pts ue pvyyv 1s tauc be p= PVG 5) Rule of Sytogram: for any Jhvee proposi and yYv7 B &nve gions » P1V ade if pow % ime phen pre rs Same re f(prayayay =y Pw In ta bulas form PY Woe Raaace A) iene mene hig aule safes thet vw ime -then Y rg Joue re fpAtPaMaV Tay Fapulay fowm p Pav pala OW ip pis krue and pv5) Modus Tollens : ohig aule States that if py w fue Ua qy false then p v8 false {(poya wah = ~P In fabulax fown, poy wy mp 6) Rule of pwsjuneive Syttogiam : Ohig wule Skates Jhaf if pyy % fre and p tw false then % fue [-e [(pv ay) AP] = y tn tabular form , pyvy ~P . vyPROBLEMS + Jest Whethey Ihe following are Va hd argument. A) If Sach hts a Cenfursy cthen he ges a-f-ree car. Sachin hits a Cenfisy +s Sachin gefz a-fvee car. So|n:- hef pi Sachim hrig a cerusy qt Sachem ges afwee car. Dhe gwen aregumen} vs of the form poy p 8 oY [(pPra)rrJonv %)- wa) =>. ~p [ by Modus Tomes) i el awalrd argument ail] Mef become A (5) ZL will become famouz (oI Musrclan T Wl) become a musrcian * LL Will become Pamoas, solm:- khef pi TL Wilt become famous ve T Will) become aq musician Ohe given argument 13 Pyey vu ay P[(pvew ag] =) p aos (VP)Ay WIKT by W=r Vv => Pp Hence 12 1x a valid argument. (6) Tf T study, doen J cto Mok —Peit in She exeminalier If I do notfat 1m the exarminafion, mY fafher Gifs a 100-mtheeltr tom PL Study then my father grhts a qo ~Wheeler fo me. Solhs- kef pi J study qt t ao nefPail in tne examiayion es my fafner gts a Jroo-tuiheelqy yore as peers —y pr (by Rule of [tray ' 2 i oi Te w a walrd argument(3) af Ravi gore orf Wh forends he Laiill mot 26 udy TH Ravi does not study , hs Safher becomes angry Hig fedner 38 Mol angoy a Ravi has nok gone ouf ith Priends, Soln:- ket p: Ravi go out with Porends qi Ravi does mot Sfudy at Hg feher becomes angry Ohe gig) argument Ww pry yar wT os wp { (pag) a(y-+Da wr] = ~P aa (UaAMAe®, Now, [ (parayrlur) J (Rule of syloguem) >(p> yoo) (by Rule of Modus qollen > oP %) sf 1 study, 1 will mot fail ra the exarminayion TP i dv mo Watch TV 7 She evenings 1 will Skudy J faited en the examination J must have lAlafched TV 9 the evenings,