Environmental Management:

Policy and Legal Frameworks

Local
 Presidential Decree (PD) 1151
Philippine Environmental Policy of 1977
• The purpose of this Decree is to formulate an intensive,
integrated program of environmental protection through the
requirement of environmental impact assessments and
statements. Every individual shall be responsible in contributing
to the preservation and enhancement of the Philippine
environment.
 Republic Act 9003 Ecological
Solid Waste Management Act of 2000
• This Act makes provision for the efficient solid waste management, for
the volume reduction of the waste, its environment friendly disposal,
composting, recycling, re-use, recovery, green charcoal process; for the
collection, treatment and disposal in environmentally sound solid waste
management facilities whereas it shall be possible to correctly dispose
the proper segregation, collection, transport, storage, treatment and
disposal of solid waste. It also concerns the protection of groundwater
from pollution.
 Republic Act 9275
Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004
• This Act provides for the abatement and control of pollution
from land based sources, and lays down water quality standards
and regulations. The Act shall apply to water quality management
in all water bodies: fresh, brackish and marine waters.
 Republic Act 8749
Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999
• The Act provides for the creation of a national program of air
pollution management focusing primarily on pollution prevention;
for the promotion of mass media communication in order to
create social awareness and active participation in air quality
planning and monitoring.
International
 Convention on Biological Diversity 1992

• It recognized for the first time in international law that the

conservation of biological diversity is “a common concern of
humankind” and is an integral part of the development process.

Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Use

 Nagoya Protocol
• The Nagoya Protocol establishes a framework that helps researchers access
genetic resources for biotechnology research, development and other
activities, in return for a fair share of any benefits from their use. This
provides the research & development sector with the certainty they need to
invest in biodiversity-based research.
• Indigenous and local communities may receive benefits through a legal
framework that respects the value of traditional knowledge associated with
genetic resources.
Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Use
 Ramsar Convention on Wetlands

• It provides the framework for the conservation and wise use of

all wetlands through local and national actions and international
cooperation, as a contribution towards achieving sustainable
development throughout the world.

Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Use

 The World Heritage Convention of 1972

• It links together in a single document the concepts of nature

conservation and the preservation of cultural properties. The
Convention recognizes the way in which people interact with
nature, and the fundamental need to preserve the balance between
the two.

Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Use

 United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification
• It is the sole legally binding international agreement linking
environment and development to sustainable land management. It
prioritizes human wellbeing, health, and livelihoods through
efforts to combat desertification and land degradation and
mitigate the effects of drought.

Land Management
 United Nations Convention on the
Law of the Sea 1982
• It lays down a comprehensive regime of law and order in the world's oceans
and seas establishing rules governing all uses of the oceans and their
resources.
• The Convention recognizes the limits of a coastal nation’s maritime zones
and boundaries, balancing the rights of coastal States with those of flag
states in each of the maritime zones with a greater preference for coastal
state rights in the zones closest to the coastal State’s shores.

Marine Environment Protection

 Vienna Convention for the Protection of the
Ozone Layer

• The Convention aimed to promote cooperation among nations

by exchanging information on the effects of human activities on
the ozone layer. In doing so, the creators of the Convention
hoped policymakers would adopt measures to combat those
activities responsible for ozone depletion.

Ozone Layer Protection

 Montreal Protocol

• It s a global agreement to protect the stratospheric ozone layer by

phasing out the production and consumption of ozone-depleting
substances (ODS).

Ozone Layer Protection

 United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change 1992
• The ultimate objective of the Convention is to stabilize
greenhouse gas concentrations "at a level that would prevent
dangerous anthropogenic (human induced) interference with the
climate system." It states that "such a level should be achieved
within a time-frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt
naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not
threatened, and to enable economic development to proceed in a
sustainable manner."
Climate Change Response
 Kyoto Protocol

• The Kyoto Protocol was an international treaty which extended

the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions, based on the scientific consensus that global warming
is occurring and that human-made CO₂ emissions are driving it.

Climate Change Response

 Paris Agreement 2015

• It is a legally binding international treaty on climate change.

Adopted in 2015, the agreement covers climate change mitigation,
adaptation, and finance.

Climate Change Response

 Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic
Pollutants 2001
• A global treaty whose purpose is to safeguard human health and
the environment from highly harmful chemicals that persist in the
environment and affect the well-being of humans as well as
wildlife.

Chemical Management
 Minamata Convention on Mercury

• The Minamata Convention on Mercury is an international treaty

designed to protect human health and the environment from
anthropogenic emissions and releases of mercury and mercury
compounds.

Chemical Management
 Basel Convention

• The Basel Convention regulates the transboundary movements of

hazardous wastes and other wastes and obliges its Parties to
ensure that such wastes are managed and disposed of in an
environmentally sound manner. The Convention covers toxic,
poisonous, explosive, corrosive, flammable, ecotoxic and
infectious wastes.

Waste Management
Food for Thought