Checklist Module : Statistics 2 Board : Edexcel

Topic Amplification Confidence in this topic?

Factorial The factorial notation   
Permutation   

Binomial Theorem The binomial theorem:   

The expansion of (p + q)n,where is a positive integer.   

Conditions for B(n , p)   

Binomial  A fixed number (n) of trials.
distribution  The trials are independent.
 The trials have only two outcomes: success or failure.
 The probability of success (p) is constant for each trial.

The probability function is P(X = r) = nCr pr qn – r, where q = (1  p) and n is a positive integer.

  
Mean and Variance of B(n , p)   
E(X) =  = np and Var(X) = 2 = npq ,
where q = (1  p).

E(X1 + X2 + …+ Xn) = E(X1) + E( X2 )+ …+ E(Xn)   

Var(X1 + X2 + …+ Xn) = Var(X1) + Var( X2 )+ …+ Var(Xn)   
where the Xi are independent

Students are expected to use B(n , p)   

to model a situation and comment critically on its appropriateness.
Poisson distribution Conditions for a Poisson distribution:   
If X is a number of occurrences of a particular event in an interval of time, then the events   
occur:
 independently of each other
 singly in continuous space or time
 at a constant rate ( in the sense that the mean number in an interval is proportional to the
length of the interval).
The probability function of Po():
P(X = r) = (e-r )/r! where the parameter  is the mean   

  
Mean and Variance of Po()
E(X) =  = 
Var(X) = 2 = 
  
Students will be expected to use these distributions to model a real-world situation and to
comment critically on their appropriateness.

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Checklist Module : Statistics 2 Board : Edexcel
  
Binomial & Selecting the appropriate distribution:
Poisson  B(n , p) must have a finite value for n.
 Po() has no theoretical limit to the maximum value for n, but must have a value for , the
average number of successes.
Continuous Random Variables The concept of Continuous Random Variables.   

p.d.f., f(x):   
 f(x)  0, for all x


 P(a < X < b) =

 The formulae used in defining f(x) will be restricted to simple polynomials which may
expresses piecewise.

c.d.f. , F(x):
 0  F(x)  1   


 F(xo) = P(X  xo) =

Mean & Variance Mean and Variance of continuous random variables.
  
 = E(X) =

2 = VAR(X) =  2
= E(X2)  [E(X)]2

Mode, median and quartiles of continuous random variables.

Mode, Median and  Mode : most dense, maximum point on the pdf.
Quartiles  Median : F(m) = 0.5   
 Quartile Q1 : F(Q1) = 0.25
 Quartile Q3 : F(Q3) = 0.75
Uniform Distribution The continuous uniform (rectangular) distribution over the interval (, ) has pdf :   

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Checklist Module : Statistics 2 Board : Edexcel

f(x) =

Mean = median = ( + )/2

Variance = (  )2/12

Cdf : F(xo) = ,  < xo < 

The normal distribution as an approximation to the binomial distribution:

Use of the Normal Distribution   
B(n , p) can be approximated by N( , 2) when  = np and 2 = np(1  p) = nq provided that
 n is large
 np > 5
 nq > 5

The normal distribution as an approximation to the Poisson distribution:   

Po() can be approximated by N( , ) for  > 10.
Approximation Poisson as a n approximation to the binomial:   
to Binomial If X  B(n , p) and
 n is large
 p is small
then X can be approximated by Po(np).
Populations & Sampling Definitions of Population, Census, Sample, Sampling Unit, Sampling Frame.   
The advantages and disadvantages associated with a census and a sample survey.
Hypothesis Concept and interpretation of a hypothesis test:   
Test  Null hypothesis : Ho
 Alternative hypothesis : H1
 Test statistic
 Significant level

Critical region: the range of values of a test statistic T that would lead to reject H o.   

 Critical values are the boundary values of the critical region
  
One-tailed tests: only considering deviations in one direction, say p > k.
  
Two-tailed tests: considering deviations in two directions, say pk.
  
Hypothesis tests for parameter p of a binomial distribution.   
Hypothesis tests for parameter p for the mean of a Poisson distribution.

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