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Memory

Long term memory stores information permanently through three types: episodic (personal events), semantic (knowledge of the world), and procedural (learned skills). Short term memory briefly stores information. Memory involves encoding, storing, and retrieving information. Encoding changes information to be stored visually, acoustically, or semantically. Retrieval methods include recognition, cued recall, and free recall. Bartlett's study on serial reproduction found that recall involves reconstruction based on culture and expectations, filling in gaps to make sense of memories. False memories can also occur and be implanted through suggestion.

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Mohamed Eldessouki
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10 views

Memory

Long term memory stores information permanently through three types: episodic (personal events), semantic (knowledge of the world), and procedural (learned skills). Short term memory briefly stores information. Memory involves encoding, storing, and retrieving information. Encoding changes information to be stored visually, acoustically, or semantically. Retrieval methods include recognition, cued recall, and free recall. Bartlett's study on serial reproduction found that recall involves reconstruction based on culture and expectations, filling in gaps to make sense of memories. False memories can also occur and be implanted through suggestion.

Uploaded by

Mohamed Eldessouki
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Memory:

Long term memory: the process in the brain which takes


information from the short-term memory and stores it forever.
Types of LTM
Episodic: It includes memories of when the events occurred and of
the people, objects, places, and behaviours involved. (Personal
Events) ex. First day at a job or a friend’s wedding
Semantic: This includes facts and our knowledge of what words
and concepts mean. (Our knowledge of the world) ex. Knowing
where the Pyramids of Giza are or knowing the colour or grass
Procedural: This includes our memories of learned skills. (Our
knowledge of how to do things) ex. knowing how to walk or how to
drive a car
Short term memory: Part of the memory where information is
stored for a relatively short time

 Processes of memory:
Encoding: information is translated to a form our brains
understand
- Types of encoding are Visual, Acoustic, and semantic
- Visual: Changing information by how it looks so it can be
stored
- Acoustic: Changing information by how it sounds so it can be
stored
- Semantic: Changing information by its meaning so it can be
stored
Storage: Information is then stored/kept in your brain for a period
(could be forever).
Retrieval: The part which locates the information stored in your
brain and brings it back
Methods of retrieval are:
Recognition: When you see something then identify it ex. People or
answer in multiple choice questions
Cued Recall: When you barely remember something then you get a
hint then you remember it immediately
Free Recall: When you retrieve information without any clues/help

Multi-Store Model of Memory:


Primacy and Recency Effect
Primacy Effect:
What is it? The tendency for people to remember the first 5 or so
words from the beginning of a list.
Why does It occur? The primacy effect occurs because the first
words are best rehearsed and transferred to LTM.
Recency Effect:
What is it? The tendency for people to remember the last 5 or so
words from the end of the list.
Why does it occur? The recency effect occurs because these are
the last words to be presented. Therefore, they are fresh and in
STM at the start of recall.
The serial position curve:
Serial Reproduction: Bartlett’s War of The Ghosts Study
What is it? a task where a piece of information is passed from one
participant to the next in a chain or series. Differences between
each version are measured.
 Evaluation:
Lacks Control – Participants were not told accurate recall was
important, which could’ve affected the results
Results were biased – Bartlett analyzed the recollections himself,
so we can’t fully trust the conclusion
Story was unusual – The story was unusual so may not reflect
everyday memory processes
Conclusion: After participants were given a story then told to
recall it after some time Bartlett found out that participants
remembered different parts of the story and then according to
their culture they changed and added details to fill the story up.
Culture? The beliefs and expectations that surround us.
Theory of reconstructive memory
What is reconstructive memory? Fragments of stored
information are reassembled during recall. The gaps are filled in by
our expectations and beliefs so that we can produce a story that
makes sense.
What does bartlett mean by reconstruction? Gaps are filled
by expectations to make sense of memory.
Effort after meaning: Use what’s familiar to us to give memory a
meaning+ fragments of information put together

 Interference
What is it? is when forgetting occurs because two memories
compete with each other. One memory prevents us from accessing
the other memory. This may be more common when 2 memories
are similar
Proactive interference: When old information goes ahead to
interfere with the retrieval of the new information.
Retroactive Interference: New information interferes with
the retrieval of information.
False Memories
What is a false memory? A false memory is a memory for
something that did not happen but feels as if it were a true
memory.
Evidence of false memories have been found during
eyewitness testimony of crimes and in cases where a
therapist has implanted a memory into a patient with
psychological problems.
Implanting memories: False memories can be planted in people
following traumatic experiences. The act of imagining an event has
the potential of creating and implanting a false memory in a
person, this shows that false memories are an example of reduced
accuracy in memory based on the idea of reconstructive memory

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