Political Science

Paper – 1
Part A
Western Philosopher

Plato Ideal State (Idealistic)

 Justice
o Cepheus: Justice is telling truth and paying debts
o Polymarcus: Justice is giving what is due
o Socrates: What do you mean by that?
 Be good with friend and go against the enemy?
 Justice is that enemy should be dealt fairly.
o Thrasymacus: Justice is interest of the Strongest (Ruler)
o Socrates: Intelligent ruler knows that his interest and his peoples’ interests are
aligned. Justice is integral to human life
o Plato Observation
 Humans are motivated by
 Hunger/Desire
 Courage/bravery
 Wisdom
 Plato Creation of classes upon Polymarchus statement
 Artisan/producer
 Military/Soldier
 Rulers (Due to Thrasymacus statement restrictions will be applied)
 Characteristics
 Division of society
 Specialization (Right man for the right job)
 Non-interferance
 Criticism
 Division no possible
 Static concept of life
 Lack of opportunities
 Ignores rights
 Non-interference is impossible

 Education (Basis for Ideal State)

o Athenian private education system
o Welfare state -> state sponsored education
o Education Roadmap
 Basics
 0-7 years -> parents teaching courage bravery stories
 Elementary Education
 7-18 years -> Gymnastic (sound body) and music (patriotic music)
 19-20 years -> military training, war tactics
 Higher Education
 20 years -> screening test -> fail -> artisian/producer
 passed -> 20-35 years -> Math & Astronomy
 35 years -> screening test -> fail -> Civil & Military Administrations
 pass -> 30 – 35 years -> Philosophy, Dialect
 35 years -> field job
 50 years -> Rulers with absolute authority
o Criticism
  Too lengthy education system i.e. average life
 Subjects ignored, economics, law, pol science
 Anti-democratic, rule of minority and totalitarianism

 Plato Communism
o Communism for upper class only (marx theory whole community)
o Communism Property
 Artisan can have property
 Rulers & Military no property
o Communism Family/Wives
 Artisan can do monogamy and have family
 Rulers & Military can have shared wives and children
 Wives and children will be looked by state
 Size, quality and quantity of children will be monitored by state
 Abortion, infanticide of chronically ill and unfit recommended by Plato
o Aims/Characteristics
 Efficiency
 Honesty
 Devotion to state
 Concentration of attention
 Selflessness
 Unity and harmony
o Criticism
 Impracticable
 Ignore fundamental human parental instincts
 Ignores the importance of family
 Against human psychology
 Against natural process of upbringing
 Family is the biggest motivation

Aristotle Idea State (Realistic)

 Population -> 15k-100k

 Territory -> Rulers can see the state from top of the mountain or from a high region
 Geography -> not land locked, not on costal
 Education -> public education to produce good citizens (male only, due to Aristotelianism
women got rights late)
 Environment -> not too cold not too hot
 Division of society
o Citizens (Defence (young), Ruling (middle age), Religion (old))
o Slaves (agriculture, art, craft) (Aristotle some are born to rule and some are born to be
ruled)
 Property -> unlike Plato, every citizen can have property, equally, no rich no poor
 Rule of Law -> like Plato superiority if law
 Types of rulers in a state
No. of Good Form Bad Form
Rulers
1 Monarchy Tyranny
Few Aristocracy Oligarchy
Many Polity/ Democracy
Constitutional

 Forces of Society
o Quality -> Rich/ Oligarch -> brings Tyranny/ oligarchy
o Quantity -> mass society, poor, democratic character of society
  Democracy -> only middle class brings Democracy when they titled towards Quality and
Quantity equally
 Aristotle said one type of ruler always bring the second one because it’s a cyclic process
 Concept of state
o Human Nature ->Man is social animal
o Family -> it’s social, psychological and physical need
o Big Communities -> interdependent families, economically, socially
o State -> welfare state

 Plato vs Aristotle State

o Similarities
 Both upheld slavery
 Both are against democracy
 Botha are advocates of justice
 Both believe in welfare state
 Importance of education
 Classification of society
 Unity and harmony

o Differences
 Plato Deductive vs Aristotle Inductive
 Difference of communism concepts
 Aristotle Constitution/polity and Plato Monarchy/ totalitarianism
 Aristotle men superior vs Plato all are equal
 Plato 03 x classes vs Aristotle 02 x Classes
 X
Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527)

 State should be 1st priority

 Machiavelli Immoral rather unmoral
o Previously state has moral and ethical view points
o Separated church and state
o Prince
 state is an end and end justices the means
 for state be deceitful, hypocrite, liar, crush the rebellion
 subjects should fear him
 cruelty and virtue better than mercy and vice

o Truly it was an era of Bastards and Adventurous

o Italy was divided in 05 x cities, church and state action
o People are bad, wise ruler required
o strong government can provide security
o Required an absolute monarch
o State must expand or expire
o Pre-emptive strikes
o Fight with the stronger along with weaker, to prevent from future tyrant
o Replace traditions of occupied lands
o Rules and arms required

 Father of modern political science

o Modern concept of state
o Secular concept of state
o The concept of state as an end
o State priorities over everything
 o Respect for customs and traditions
o Necessity of force
o National army instead of mercenaries
o Theory of moral indifference

Thomas Homes
 English philosopher
 Influenced by Machiavelli
 Saw reigns of James 1st, Charles 1st and Charles 2nd
 Tussle between parliament and crown
 Seconded Al-Farabi 10th century philosopher
 Social Contract Theory
o Human Nature -> pessimistic human nature projection, emotions, bad person
o State of Nature -> every man was the enemy of other men, no common laws, authority.
Only might was right. Men were solitude, poor, nasty, brutish and short
o Social Contract -> “I authorize and give up my right of myself to this man or his assembly
of men on the conditions that thou give up your right to him or them and authorize all his
actions in right manner.”
o It was building block for Leviathan philosophy (contract with permission from governed)
o Social contract for security
 Implications of the contract
o Unilateral -> between subjects
o Irrevocable contract
o Absolute ruler basis
o Contract is not growth but an artifice
o No revolution
 Thomas Hobbes Sovereign
o Commonwealth by “institution” -> voluntarily submission
o Commonwealth by “acquisition” -> sovereign takes position by force

 Powers of sovereign
o Absolute power/ authority
o No division of the sovereign power
 Lords and commons led England to war
 It can be either monarchy, aristocracy, democracy
 Benjamin Franklin said “Those who sacrificed their liberty for the security neither deserves
security or liberty”

John Locke’s Social Contract Theory

 Thomas Hobbes dying and Locke growing
 Brought bloodless revolution, parliament took rights from crown willingly
 Father of UK Democracy
 Human Nature
o An essay Concerning Human Understanding 1960
o All Good thing about humans and their nature
o The spark of divine nature
o A rational, cooperative no not emotion driven

 State of Nature
o Two Characteristics
 Perfect Freedom
 Men follow limits of nature
 State of equality
 Mutual assistance and preservation
 o Ideal state of nature was an ideal moral order

 Requirement of Social Contract

o No common law or legislature
o No interpretations of law
o State of nature was equal but men intellect wasn’t equal
o Due to difference in intellect multiple interpretations arose

 Contract
o Political contract to establish a civil society
o Tow Folded
 First step -> establish trust -> government is the trustee of the people
 Representation form of government with supreme power to assembly
representative
 Cannot exercise power as per whim
 Powers according to general principle of the society
 No depriving from property
 Cannot delegate legislation

Roseau’s General Will

 will -> legislation (follow parliamentary proceedings)

 Against surrendering all right to government like in locke and hobbes theory
 Legislature should make laws as per “general will” -> public wish
 Majority vote is binding all -> minority has abide and be slaved by majority
 Minority should ensure their rights and freedom
 Monarchy is good but a good quality monarch is rare
 Liberty and equality, former is impossible without latter
 Equality for economy and social
 Government by law not by contract
 State religion instead of civil religion -> but not enforcing it as only religion
 State defined religion
 Initiated French revolution

Montesquieu: Separation of Power

 Son of a lawyer, follower of locke

 Influenced by English writers and Roman History
 Focused on liberty and different
 Reformed political system around “rights of men” & “Natural Equality of Men”
 Introduced British sense of liberty
 Separation of legislature and executive, judiciary
o Influenced by Europe and USA
o Power must be checked by power
o Separate body for legislature, executive and judiciary
o Right to vote as per will
o Separate election for nobility and commons
o Executive must have power of veto
o
 Montesquieu as Aristotle
o Both adopted empirical method
o both supported idealism
o separation of power
o influence of geography
 o classified government on the basis of law
 Montesquieu nature and principles of Government
o Government for civil society, which motivate the society
o Central laws as per nature and principle of government

 Forms of Government
o Republic => some elected people govern, check on electable, power took from nobles by
common people, few people Aristocracy, Many people Democracy, equality before law
o Monarchy => only one rules, mechanised power flow, checked by law, power took by
nobles from Monarch, Monarch rule by honour and respect, authority of judiciary.
o Deposition => power from nobles, he is the law, rules by viziers (backed by despot
o himself), fear of despot among all, nobles and commoners are powerless
 Montesquieu book “The spirit of Laws”, contain laws and their relation with government, laws if
designed properly and implemented thoroughly then society can be saved otherwise it will
collapse on itself
o Laws of education
 Democracy => education for patriotism, self-restrain, Government election
process
 Monarchy => education for self-interest but general good
 Despotism => education for superiority of law
o Laws of economic
 Democracy => for all, well defined limits for inequality
 Monarchy => taxation, abolishment of wealth in few hands, national army
 Despotism => national army requirement
o Laws of Civil and Criminal laws
 Democracy => Government punishments. Criminal laws, rules and regulations
 Monarchy => laws are required to maintain the day to day affair and to excel the
state
 Despotism => it’s the will of the Governing not of the governed
o Laws of Corruption
 Democracy => corruption must not be tolerated and checks must be implemented
 Monarchy => sharing of powers, so every department can check other department
 Despotism => Despot is already corrupt
o Laws of Territory
 Democracy => small territory is preferred
 Monarchy => small territory is preferred, confederation can govern large territories
 Despotism => central authority will keep its fear

Dialectical Materialism of Marx

 Influenced by Hegel dialectical method
 Hegel Progress = Thesis + Antithesis
 Clash of ideas are maternal forces and locals are product of their material environment in which
they live
 Hegel theory component
o Forces of production => raw material, natural resources and technology which is
converted into consumable goods
o Relations of Production = > those who have forces of production and those have not,
change in forces of production requires change in relations of production i.e. factory
earning vs it’s labour pay, otherwise ready for clash
o Super structure of society => economy is non-materialistic things of society. laws, moral
codes, religion are materialistic driven things of society.
 new commanding class requires new superstructure for rationalization.
 Ideology is presentation of that society, its not right or wrong, its appropriate or not
appropriate
o Critique
  brought system in response to capitalism
 Dialect of Marx brought balance between Forces of product and Relations of
product

Al-Farabi (870-950)

• Mu'al-lim-e-sani=> The second Aristotle

•First Muslim Philosopher to have left political writings

a) A Summary of Plato's Laws.

b) Siyasatu'l-Madaniyah;

c) Ara'u ahli'l-Madinatu'l-Fadilah;

d) Jawami' u's-Siyasat and

e) ljtima'atu'l-Madaniyah.

He discussed old Greek philosophers and tried to relate philosophy with Islam. He followed the foot prints of Plato but his teachings are
practicable.

He classified human society into different groups from villages,wards to Madina(ideal city state) and global community as an Ummah.

He gave the concept of social contract which later on adopted by the Thomas Hobbes because in the society, all the humans are not
equal in physical strength and power.

Headship of the state:

Plato=> Philosopher King(Republic)=> Board of Phylakes (Laws)

Al-Farabi=> Philosopherprophet

Al-Farabi enumerated twelve attributes of an ideal Sovereign, but he himself points out that

if this ideal is ever attained, its possessor would become the egotistical ruler of the habitable globe.

However, here are the following attributes of Farabi's Raisul-Awwal:

i) He must possess persuasion and imagination to attain perfection as well as a Philosopher skilled in the speculative science

ii) He must be physically sound with metaculous understanding;

iii) He must have visualization of all that is said;

iv) He must have a retentive and sharp memory;

v) He should discuss the matters with least possible arguments and must have authorite to get the work done;

vi) He must have power to convey to others exactly according to his wish and he has profound love of learning and knowledge;

vii) He must have perfect capacity for a comprehensive knowledge and prescription of the theoretical and practical sciences and art, as
well as for the virtues leading to good deeds.

viii) He, in order to become and prove an ldeal Rais over the state, must shun off playfulness and control over anger and passions. He
should not indulge in excess of eating, drinking and sexual intercourse,

ix) Al-Farabi's Ideal Rais must have love of truth; persuasion of justice and hatred of hypocrisy, knavery and duplicity:

x) He must have for utmost happiness to his subjects, and he should do away with all forces of tyranny and oppression;
xi) He must have power to distribute justice without any effort, fearless in doing things as he thinks best to be done; and

xii) He must serve the people of his state from all internal and external dangers. He must be in possession of considerable wealth, so
that he should not prone to greed and lust.

"Al-Farabi fully realises that these fine qualities cannot be found in one single human being,so he says that one without just five or six of
these qualities would make a fairly good leader.If however, even five or six of them are not found in a person, he would have one who
has been brought up under a leader with these qualities, and would thus seen to prefer some kind of hereditary Ieadership, with the
important condition that the heir should follow the fotsteps of his Worthy predecessor. In case even such a person is not available, it is
preferable to have a Council of two or even five members possessing an aggregate of these qualities provided at least one of them is
Hakim,i.e. one who is able to know the wants of the people and visualise the needs of the state as a whole. This Hakim is to Farabi a
desideratum of every kind of governament. If such a one is not procurable then the State is bound to be shattered to atoms."

He has to implement the existing divine laws and above the law as was Philosopher King.

State Administration:

• Meritocracy in appointment of officials

• Rais being supereme Head(Heart) doesn't submit before any human superior but remaining caders(other organs of the body) will
submit to thier superior officials.

Formation of the state:

Al-Farabi's state allowed individual property, individual knowledge and individual action. He negated Communism and gave reasons
under which ignorant state (jahiliya) changes into political Society;

i) Cooperation due to fear and force

ii) Patriarchy theory

iii) inhabitants of the ignorant state learnt the happiness found in ideal state.

iv) Cooperation due to material relationship

v) Pact among the people

vi) Geographical factors

Kinds of states:

Al-Farabi divides ignorant state into following:

a) State of Necessity (Daruriya)=> People help each other in securing necessities of life.

b) Vile State (Nadhala)=> Strive for wealth and riches for thier own sake.

c) Base and despicable state=> Aims at attaining pleasure after obtaining necessities of life and wealth.

d) Timocracy (Madina Karama)=> Honour due to individual's personality traits (virtue) and accorded to men (wealth ).

e) Tyranny (Taghallub)=> victory=> Tyranny and enslavement.

f) Democracy (Madinn Jama'iya)=> Freedom=> government by the consent.

Al-Farabi's Sovereignty:

Sovereign will acquire liberty, freedom and peace for his citizens.He will be contended with praise for his deeds and words. He will have
deep regard for the welfare of the subjects.

Place of Al-Farabi in the political Philosophy:

(Muslim Political thought and Administration by Sherwani)

(Rosenthal =>A history of Medieval Islam)

Al-Mawardi (974-1058):

•Qazi-ul-Quzat of Baghdad in the era of Abbasid caliph Al-Qaim.

• He made conditional will to publish his writings after his death.

1) Al-Ahkam Al-Sultaniyah=> Political theory=>Sources were past philosophy and contemporaries+ personal thinking.

2)Nishatul-Muluk=> Advice to Kings

3) Qanun-ul-wazarat=> Laws of the ministry

4)Tahsilun Nazar Fi Tahsiluz-zafar=> The control of sight for facilitating victory.

Theory of Imamate:

• Objective of the state is the rule of justice and truth and to bring tranquility and peace to its inhabitants.

Imamate have following salient Features:

i) Imamate is requirement if shari'ah so it's obligatory.

ii) Imamate is instituted by means of election and qualifications of the electoral college are:

a) Justice will all conditions pertaining to it.

b) Knowledge of religion and interest and Policy of the nation.

c) Wisdom

=> Conditions for the candidate of Imamate are:

a) Justice

b) Learning

c) Integrity of physical senses

d) Integrity of Physical organs

e) Wisdom

f) Bravery

g) Quraishite descent

*In this context, Rosenthal elaborat"The Caliph be physically and mentally fit to discharge his duties as ruler, and he must possess
courage and determination to protect the territory of Islam and wage holy war (Jihad) against its enemies and against infidels. He must
also be a descendant of the Quraish. (Political Thought in Medieval Islam).

iii) The right of franchise is not enjoyed only by the people in the capital.

iv)It's necessary for candidate of Imamate to be from Quraishite descent=>Saqifah bani Saidah is evident.

v) Two ways for the appointment of Imam:

a)Elected by the electoral college ( even person=> Abbas said to Ali)

b) Nominated by the ruling Imam=> Pledge is necessary

vi) Election of the less qualified person in the presence of a more qualified person is perfectly legal.

vii) If there is only one suitable candidate for the Imamate, he automatically becomes the Imam and no election is required.
viii) The existence of two Imams contemporaneously is illegal.

Succession:

1) The ruling Imam can nominate his successor

2) Nominee by the Imam doesn't be his his father or son=> in case of son concurrence must be obtained.

3) Nomination of a person as heir apparent becomes effective only when he declares his consent to it. The Imam can't withdraw
nomination until there occur important change ls in nominee which legally invalidate him.

4) Ruling Imam can appoint electoral college as well as the persons who may contest for the Imamate.

5) Imam can nominate two or more heirs-apparents to succeed him one after the other.(Battle of Mutah)

Designation and Privileges:

•Unquestioning obedience=> but Islamic idea is fuller participation

• Imam may he addressed as the Khalifat Allah=> Majority jurist forbid it because Caliph Abu Bakar exclaimed "Don't address me as
Khalifat Allah but as the Khalifa Rasul- Allah."

Duties of the Imam:

i) To safeguard and defend the established principles of the religion with proper arguments.

ii) The dispensation of justice and disposal of all litigations in accordance with the Shari'ah.

iii) Maintenance of law and order in the country for peace and prosperity of the subjects.

iv) The enforcement of criminal code of Holy Quran to protect fundamental rights of the people and implementation of Islamic
teachings.

v) The defensce of the frontiers against foreign invasions to guarantee the security of life.

vi)The organization and prosecution of religious wars.

vii) The imposition and collection of Kharaj and Zakat in accordance with the laws of the Shari'ah.

viii) The sanction of allowances and stipends from the state Treasury to the needy.

ix) To appoint honest men to the principal offices of the state and to Treasury.

x) The Imam personally should look into the affairs of the state to protect the interest of the subjects and cordial relationship with the
neighbors.

Disposition of the Imam:

Imam can't be removed from the office unless there occurs some definite changes in him:

1) Occurrence of moral changes either connected with his body or his faith.

2) Occurrence of physical changes like loss of physical senses(loss of the mental health and eye-sight),bodily organs or inability to
Administer the state(Usurper, captivity).

Al-Mawadi's place in the history:

Although he borrowed concepts from many others and remained confused in some thoughts but he wrote about each and every
institution of the state.

Al-Ghazzali (1058-1111):

•At par with the four Imams.

His Works:

a) Ihyaul-Ulam

b)Tibrul-Masbuk

c)Kitabul-Wajiz

Concept of state:

•Three distinct classes of society

•Constitution,law and religion

•Biological Similes (Heart-King, Common sense -Minister, Limbs-Professions, Desire -magistrate,Anger -Police)

•Method=> Historical

Theory of Justice: Ruler must

a) Mentally put himself in the position of contending parties

b)Dispense justice without making any discrimination

c) Uphold the principles of justice and regard the people

d) Doesn't indulge in luxurious food and clothing

e) Advocate peace, practice leniency and strive for justice and tranquility. He must avoid harshness in his official dealings.

f) Content the subjects with rule of law

g) Diligently supervise the Affairs of the people

h)Try to meet the men of Caliber and should encourage them

i) See that his officers perform thier duties Diligently.

Doctrine of Sovereignty: In routine ruler must

i) Riding after Morning prayer for the sake of investigation

ii) Sit in Open Court for direct access

iii) Take advice from everyone

iv) Well versed in diplomacy and meet to diplomats

v) Avoid luxury and lead simple life

vi) Divide his time into four parts=> Prayers, State affairs & justice, food & rest, and Recreation.

vii) Not pay head to the advice offered by his favorite wife

viii) Made Merit base appointments

IBN-KKHALDUN(1332-1404):

• Born in Africa from a migrant family after Christian's conquest of Spain. He wandered to different countries and finally came back and
took refuge in African desert Qalah Ibn-Salamah and compiled his work. His Famous writing is Muqaddamah.

Ibn-Khaldun's Concept of Asabiya:

State foundation is on two moral principles=> Sense of Oneness and Religion

Stages in the development of the society and the state:

1)Establishment of solidarity=>Voluntary unity under the command of Chief due to cultural,religious & other factors.

2) Period of Consolidating the ruler's power to create absolute kingship by paid Administration

3)Ruler's spending in luxury and Leisure=>Extra spending on Beautifying cities etc.

4) Period of rest and self indulgence=> Ruler and ruled are satisfied and complacent.

5) Fall of the ruler either due to treacherous courtiers or invaders

Influence on Western Philosophers:

Machiavelli, Montesquieu,Hegel, Karl Marx

Shah Wali Allah(1703-1762)

Definition of Khilafahat:

It is the general authority to undertake the establishment of Religion through the revival of religious sciences, the establishment of
the pillars of Islam, the organisation of jihad and its related functions of maintenance of armies, financing the soldiers, and allocation of
their rightful portions from the spoils of war, administration of justice, enforcement of hudud, elimination of injustice, and enjoining
good and forbidding evil, to be exercised on behalf of the Prophet (PBUH).

Features and Duties of Khilafahat:

1) Physically strong to undertake task assigned

2) Ideological Character=> Establishment of the supermacy of religion.

3) Dissemination of Justice and implementation of Hudood

4) Revival of religious sciences

5) Establishment of the pillars of Islam

6) Jihad

7) Defensce of the Islamic realms against the aggressive forces

8) Amr-bil-ma'aruf- wa- nahi-an-al-munkar

Qualifications of the Khalifah:

i) universally recognized conditions: Adult,Sane,Brave,Male, wise and ability to hear, observe and articulate etc.

ii) Loyalty to Islam

iii) Understanding of Shari'ah(Mujtahid)

iv) Highly level of integrity and upright conduct

v) Preferably Quraishite descent

Modes of appointment of the Khalifa:

Four Modes based on the precedents that were set in the appointment of the Pious Caliphs.

Allama Muhammad Iqbal (1877 - 1938)

His works:

i) Asrar-e-Khudi (Secrets of Self)

ii) Ramooz-e-Bay-Khudi (Mysteries of Selflessness).

iii) Development of Metaphysics in Persia. (Thesis for Ph. D)

iv) Payam-e-Mashriq (Message of the Orient)

v) Bang-e-Dara.

vi) Zaboor-e-Ajam

vii) Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam (a collection of lectures)

viii) Javed-Namah.

ix) Bal-e-Jibraeel.

x)Pas Che Bayad Kard Ay Aqwarh-e-Sharq.

xi)Zarb-e-Kaleem

xii) Armughan-e-Hijaz

Salient Features of his Philosophy:

1) Indivisibility of Life=> religion is not a private matter like western thought

2) Practicability of an Islamic State

3) Perfectability of man's hidden capabilities

4) Absurdity of western concept of Nationalism=> World war was it's product.

Political Ideology of Allama Iqbal:

•Seperate electorate for Indian Muslims

• Divorce between religion and politics will result in cultural and ethical degradation

•He was against the dogma of aggressive nationalism

•Caliphate=> Millat is repository of government power=> Shari'ah is eternal.

• Communism without Islam is destructive

• Western democracy is faulty

Relationship of an individual with the Society/Millat:

There is harmonious relationship between individual and society. Individual and nation are mirror to each other.

Requisites of an ideal society=> which contributes to the perfection of the individual

i) Touheed=> welded all nations and races without any discrimination

ii) Prophethood=> guidance, universal love and brotherhood.

iii) Code of guidance=>Shari'ah

iv) Preservation of traditions=>Communal ego must be preserved to protect the individual ego.

Democracy:
Western democracy is absurd => Anti-Islamic values

•Freedom of thoughts=> Unlimited freedom

•secularism=> Atheistic

•Capitalism=> Exploitation

•Natiinalism=> Races, boundaries=> Millat is borderless state

• Party system=> Maneuvering

Self ego/Khudi:

Human faculties can be best utilized by proper training. Man have a lot of hidden capabilities which are still to be explored.
A man can strength his ego by some do's and don's.

Forces fortify the human ego:

i) Love

ii) Faqr=> endless strive

iii) Courage

iv) Tolerance

v) Kas-e-halal

vi) Creative and original activity

Certain negative forces to weaken the ego:

i) Fear

ii) Beggary

iii)Slavery

iv) Nasab parasti