Republic of the Philippines

Commission on Higher Education

Region IV – A CALABARZON
City of Lipa
KOLEHIYO NG LUNGSOD NG LIPA
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
Captivating knowledge Through Education

I. COURSE CODE / TITLE: GE 104 / Mathematics in the

Modern World
II. SUBJECT MATTER

Time -Frame
SETS 5 HOURS

III. COURSE OUTCOMES:

Upon completion of this course, the students will be able to:

A. understand the language and application of sets; and

B. utilize the language of variables and sets in problem
solving.
IV. ENGAGEMENT:

Directions: Read and analyze the following text.

Sets
Set theory is a topic in Mathematics that deals with the logic involving
group of objects that are most of the time have commonalities among them. A
set to be studied does not necessarily mean to be consisting of numbers only
but can also be group of colors, country, names, etc. Set theory is very
significant in understanding all branches of mathematics. It is considered as the
basis of all the other mathematics.

The study of set is important since it can actually help us analyze a

simple scenario up to a very complex picture.
In this portion we will be discussing the basic concepts in set theory.
Let us start this chapter with understanding the different important
terminologies that we will encounter in the later parts of this chapter.

Terminologies
1. Set
a. a well-defined collection of distinct objects
b. set can be denoted by a capital letter
Example:
A = {Even numbers} Q = {Primary colours} D = {0,2,5}

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 Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
Region IV – A CALABARZON
City of Lipa
KOLEHIYO NG LUNGSOD NG LIPA
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
Captivating knowledge Through Education

2. Element
a. The object that make up a set
b. Enclosed by braces and separated by commas
Example:
{1,2,3,4,5}, {2,4,6, ...}. {red, blue, yellow}

3. Universal Set
a. A set containing all the existing elements
b. All the sets are subset of the universal set
c. Usually denoted as U

4. Order of the set

a. Describe the number of elements inside a given set
Example:
{1, 21, 31, 41, 51, 61} Order = 6
{pants, shorts, trousers} Order = 3

Types of Sets
Sets are categorized into different types depending on their property and characteristics. Listed below
are some of the fundamental types of sets.

1. Empty set
a. A set that has no element in it
b. Also called as null set

2. Finite Set
a. Consist of countable numbers of elements
b. Has a determinate number of elements
Example: {2,4,6,8,10}

3. Infinite Set
a. Has indeterminate number of elements

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 Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
Region IV – A CALABARZON
City of Lipa
KOLEHIYO NG LUNGSOD NG LIPA
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
Captivating knowledge Through Education

Example: {even numbers}

4. Proper Subset of a Set

a. A set whose elements are found in a larger set
b. Part of a larger set
Example: Set = {Odd numbers Subset} = {1,3,11}

5. Improper Subset of a Set

a. A set is an improper subset of a given set if they are equal sets
b. Null set is an improper subset of any set

6. Disjoint Sets
a. Two or more sets with no common elements
Example: A = {vowels} and B = {consonants}

7. Joint Sets
a. Two or more sets with at least one common elements
Example: A = {composite numbers} and B = {odd numbers}

8. Equivalent Sets
a. Two or more sets with same number of elements
Example: {1,2,3,4,5} and {6,7,8,9,10}

9. Equal Sets
a. Two or more sets with the same elements
Example: {red, blue, yellow} and {primary colors}

Basic Operations in Sets

There are several operations that can be executed to numbers of set depending on the data that you
need. Like for example, if we want to know what is common to two boys courting a girl, we need to apply the
operation of intersection with the traits of each boy as the two sets to be compared.

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 Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
Region IV – A CALABARZON
City of Lipa
KOLEHIYO NG LUNGSOD NG LIPA
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
Captivating knowledge Through Education

UNION OF SETS
• Union of two sets is simply the elements resulted from combining the two sets
• Union is denoted by U. (i.e. union of set A and B is written as AUB)

Example:
A = {1,2,3,5,7,11} B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
AUB = {1,2,3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11}

INTERSECTION OF SETS
• Intersection of two sets is simply the elements that are common to the two sets
• Intersection is denoted by the symbol n

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 Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
Region IV – A CALABARZON
City of Lipa
KOLEHIYO NG LUNGSOD NG LIPA
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
Captivating knowledge Through Education

Example:
A = {1,2,3,5,7,11} B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
A B = {2}

DIFFERENCE OF SETS
• The difference of two sets is the elements resulted when the elements common two the two sets are
subtracted from the minuend set.

A-B

B-A

Example:
A = {1,2,3,5,7,11} B = {2,4,6,8,10}

A - B = {1,3,5,7,11}
B - A = {4, 6, 8, 10}

COMPLEMENT (U’)
• Complement of sets is the elements found in the universal set that is not found in any of the subsets
of the universal set.
• The other way of saying this is that U' = U-(A U B)
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 Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
Region IV – A CALABARZON
City of Lipa
KOLEHIYO NG LUNGSOD NG LIPA
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
Captivating knowledge Through Education

Example:
A = {odd numbers less than 15} = {1,3,5,7,9,11,13}
B = {prime numbers less than 15} = {2,3,5,7,11,13}
U = {numbers less than 15} = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14}
U' = {4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14}

EXAMPLE #1

In a class of 50 students, 27 like Math and 32 like Biology and every single student has at least one liked
subject. Answer the following question using the given.

a. Construct the Venn diagram of he given problem?

b. How many students like both Math and Biology?
c. How many students like Math alone?
d. How many students like Biology alone?

Solution:
(a)

Like both
Like MATH Like
MATH and BIOLOGY
Alone BIOLOGY Alone

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 Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
Region IV – A CALABARZON
City of Lipa
KOLEHIYO NG LUNGSOD NG LIPA
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
Captivating knowledge Through Education

 Let us denote the number of students who likes math alone as M, while those who like Biology alone as
B and those who enjoyed both Math and Biology as X
.
 Let us also clarify that the 27 students who like Math is composed of the students who like Math alone
(M) and the students who like both Math and Biology (X). Therefore, we can say in an equation that:

M + X = 27
 . Also, the 32 students who like Biology is composed of the students who like Biology alone (B) and the
students who like both Math and Biology (X). Therefore, we can say in an equation that:

B + X = 32

 Lastly, the total number of students in the class is 50 which is composed of students who likes math
alone (M), those who like Biology alone and those who enjoyed both Math and Biology (X). This
statement can be expressed in an equation as :

M + B + X = 50

(b) Solving for the number of students who like both Math and Biology (X):
Note that: M + X = 27 B + X = 32

Then: (M + X) + (B + X) = 27 +32
M + X + B + X = 59
(M + B + X) + X = 59

But: M + B + X = 50
So: (M+B+X) + X = 59
50 + X = 59
X = 59-50
X=9

Therefore, 9 students like both Math and Biology.

(c) Solving for the number of students who like Math alone (M):
Note that: M + X = 27

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 Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
Region IV – A CALABARZON
City of Lipa
KOLEHIYO NG LUNGSOD NG LIPA
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
Captivating knowledge Through Education

But: X=9

So: M + X = 27
M + 9 = 27
M = 27-9
M = 18

Therefore, only 18 students like Math alone.

(d) Solving for the number of students who like Biology alone (B):
Note that: B + X = 44
But: X=9

So: B + X = 44
B + 9 = 44
B = 44 - 9
B= 35

Therefore, only 35 students like Biology alone,

EXAMPLE # 2
A is a subset of B and B is a subset of C. Identify the following:

a. Draw the diagram of the given condition.

b. Shade the region that describes the expression (B U A)’
c. Shade the region that describes the expression (B A)'
d. Shade the region that describes the expression (B - A)’
e. Shade the region that describes the expression (C - B)'
f. Shade the region that describes the expression (C B)'

Solution:
(a) Note that:
 A is a subset of B. Therefore, all the elements inside A are also inside B.
 B is a subset of C. Therefore, all the elements inside B are also inside C

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 Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
Region IV – A CALABARZON
City of Lipa
KOLEHIYO NG LUNGSOD NG LIPA
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
Captivating knowledge Through Education

C B A

(b) (B U A) is equal to B since A is just a subset of B.

C B A

Therefore, (B U A )' Is B' and is described by the diagram below:

C B A

(c) (B ∩ A) is equal to A since A is a subset of B. Therefore, all the elements of A are in B and all the elements in
A are common to B.

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 Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
Region IV – A CALABARZON
City of Lipa
KOLEHIYO NG LUNGSOD NG LIPA
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
Captivating knowledge Through Education

C B A

Therefore, (B ∩ A)' is equal to A and is described by the diagram below:

C B A

(d) (B - A) is equal to the elements in B that are not found in A and is shown by the figure below:

C B A

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 Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
Region IV – A CALABARZON
City of Lipa
KOLEHIYO NG LUNGSOD NG LIPA
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
Captivating knowledge Through Education

Therefore, (B - A)' is described by the diagram below:

C B A

(e) (C - B) is equal to the elements in C that are not found in B and is shown by the figure below:

C B A

Therefore, (C - B)' is equal to B and is described by the diagram below:

C B A

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 Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
Region IV – A CALABARZON
City of Lipa
KOLEHIYO NG LUNGSOD NG LIPA
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
Captivating knowledge Through Education

(f) (C ∩ B) is equal to B since B is a subset of C. Therefore, all the elements of B are in C and all the elements in
B are common to C.

C B A

Therefore, (C ∩ B)' is equal to B' and is described by the diagram below:

C B A

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