Module 002 - Vectors At the end of this module, you are expected to L 2 3. 4 5. Cognitive: Differentiate vector and scalar quantities. Cognitive: Rewrite a vector in component form, Cognitive: Calculate directions and magnitudes of vectors. Paychamotar: Perform addition of vectors in “Affective: Recognize some real life applications of vectars in. infrastructures, structural and technology. Introduction to vectors Mechanics is one of the branches of Physics and it deals with the study of motion. Mechanies was categorized int Kinematics and dynamics. Kinematics refers to the description of ‘motion of particles and bodies, without considering any factors that cause motion. On the other hand, dynamics is the study of mation, with taking into account the factors that cause 4. This modulo extends our knowlodge and skills of kinematics from one dimonsion to two to three dimensions. However, since all theories In Physics requlre evidences to prove thelr validity via mathematical equations, it's important to first understand the mathematics of vectors, gure 2. People NewYork ty are rately abet rave long straight nes o reach ther destnstions. neta hey travel on dlretdirecuone and pathwas making! te danenionl credit MU Caruthers) i Retrieved 09-09-20,Guide Questions: Answer the following to check what you learned from the discussions so far. Checkyour answers from the provided answer key atthe end ofthis module. There is na need to submit your answers t0 OEd, 1. What is the difference between scalar and vector quantity? 2. How to rewrlte a vector in component form? 3. How to find the resultant vector using graphical and analytical methods? Vectors and scalars ‘An understanding of vectors Is a pro-roqulsite to soe physics as a whole. A vector Is a physical quantity that has two aspects--It has both magnitude (size) and a direction. In contrast, there are quantities that have been measured in physics that have only a ‘magnitude: such quantities ave called sealars. Table 2.1 shows some examples of se and vector quantities and Figure 2.2 compares two mare vectars. Scalars ‘Vectors istance (5 km) displacement (5m, East) speed (10 mi/he) ‘velocity (5 m/s, to the right) mass (56 kg) Torce (20N, North) temperature (37°C) acceleration (+8 m/s") ‘igure 22 biferent physical uenises tha were completely described by that magniide (nee) appropriate wuntendcrecienVectors Ie cae orton | ham arm mogitids ham san Acow Takase raged acaMewt ravelon an! erm me, ‘agro 22 comparing Two Veeore Duper gies gor, Retreved 08-07-20, IMPORTANT NOTES (© Vectors are often represented by scaled vector diagrams, It is usually represented using an arrow drawn to scale in a specific direction. The length of the arrow represents the magnitude ofthe vector, while the arrowhead indicates its direction ———}> 3 d ‘igure 25 Repreceraton of Voetrs sf ensphysaccseosmcem/as/eezr/Lasee-1/Veina ad. Deen Retrieved 09-09-20 “Tail” “Head” © Vector’s notation: a vector-valued variable is differentiated from a scalar one by using bold symbol (e.g. A) or draw a small arrow over the symbol when writing It by hand eg3) (© The direction ofa vector is usually expressed as a counter claciavise angle of rotation of the vector about its “tal” from due East.© By applying this convention, a vector with a direction of 60*is a vector which has been ‘rotated 60 degrees in a counter clockwise direction relative to due East. A vectar with 44 direction of 120° is a vector which has been rotated 120 degrees in a counter ‘clockwise direction relative to due East. A vector with a direction of 270 degrees Is a vector which has been rotated 270 degroes in a counter clockwise direction relative +o due East. This is one of the most common conventions for the direction of a vector and will be utilized throughout this module, 4 coumte ascii 240" count docionse a Figure 24 Representation of Vectors on Cartesian Cooninat Mane nip /omophyiesassomcom/ dacs /esar, Lesion ecard Dneion/Retreved 09-09-20 (© As shown in the first example, the vector was rotated 40 degrees. You can perceive of this direction as follows: suppose a vector pointing East had its tail pinned down and, thon the vector was rotated an angle of 40 degrees In the counter-cloclawiso direction. ‘The second example shows a direction of 240 degrees, this moans that the tall of the vector was pinned down and the vector was obviously rotated an angle of 240 degrees In the counter-clockwise direction starting from due East. This kind of rotation is equivalent to rotating the vector through two quadrants (180 degrees) and then an additional 60 degrees into the third quadrant. ‘Vector Addition and Subtraction Different mathematical operations can be applied with vectors. One of these are the addition and subtraction of vectors. Tw vectors ‘component vectors’ can be added together or subtracted to determine the result ‘resultant vectors. This process of adding and subtracting two or more vectors are called vector addition and vector subtraction. Adding and subtracting vectors are the same as adding and subtracting ‘ntogors that studonts have learned In algebra, In which tho directions are representodby signs (+, -) and numerical values are analogous to the magnitude (size) of the vectors, Examples ofthis are given in Figure 2.5 Fuge 25 Simple Example of veer Addon ‘pay /untiaghgceceromacony/ Retieved 09-09-20 Note: These rules can be applied to free-body diagram in order to determine the net force (J, the veetor sum of all the individual forces) and addition of vectors would also be extended to more complicated cases In which the vectors’ directions are not purely vertical or horizontal as shown below. ~yZ + a - om wy an, o ‘Fagure 2 Examples of Vctr Addon for ore compared cas Titans pesaceoomncony Retrieved 09-09-20 Pythagorean Theorem Pythagorean theorem is the most useful method for finding the resultant vector ‘of two component vectors which make a right angle’ to each other: