微甲01-02班

1061微 班期 中 考 解 答 和 評 分 標 準
1. (15 points) Compute each of the following limits if it exists or explain why it doesn’t exist.
(a) (5 points) lim sin ( x12 ) sin x.
x→0
tan x
(b) (5 points) lim √1−cos 3x
.
x→0
2
(c) (5 points) lim(cos x) x2 .
x→0

Solution:
(a) Method 1
(2 points) −1 ≤ sin x12 ≤ 1 ⇒ 0 ≤ ∣ sin x12 ∣ ≤ 1 ⇒ 0 ≤ ∣ sin x sin x12 ∣ ≤ ∣ sin x∣
(2 points) lim sin x = 0 ⇒ lim ∣ sin x∣ = 0 = lim 0.
x→0 x→0 x→0

(1 point) By Squeeze Theorem, lim ∣ sin x sin x12 ∣ = 0 ⇒ lim sin x sin x12 = 0.
x→0 x→0

Method 2 To find the limit as x approaching 0, only to consider x ∈ (−π, π).

(1 point) When x > 0, −1 ≤ sin x12 ≤ 1 ⇒ − sin x ≤ sin x sin x12 ≤ sin x.
(1 point) lim − sin x = 0 = lim+ sin x.
x→0+ x→0

(1 point) When x < 0, −1 ≤ sin x12 ≤ 1 ⇒ sin x ≤ sin x sin x12 ≤ − sin x.
(1 point) lim sin x = 0 = lim− − sin x.
x→0− x→0

(1 point) By Squeeze Theorem, lim+ sin x sin x12 = 0 = lim− sin x sin x12 .
x→0 x→0

Hence, lim sin x sin 1

x2 = 0.
x→0
√ √
(3x)2 (3x)2
(b) (2 points) √ tan x
1−cos 3x
= tan x √ x
x 1−cos 3x
= ( cos1 x sinx x )( 3∣x∣
x
1−cos(3x) ) = 1 1 sin x x
3 cos x x ∣x∣ 1−cos(3x)

for x ≠ 0.
√ √ √
(3x)2
(1 point) tan x
lim+ √1−cos 3x
= lim+ ( 13 cos1 x sinx x ∣x∣
x
1−cos(3x) ) = 13 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 2= 2
3 .
x→0 x→0
√ √ √
(3x)2
(1 point) tan x
lim− √1−cos 3x
= lim− ( 13 cos1 x sinx x ∣x∣
x
1−cos(3x) ) = 13 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 1 ⋅ (−1) ⋅ 2 = − 32 .
x→0 x→0
√ √
(1 point) tan x
lim+ √1−cos 3x
= 3 ≠
2
− 3
2
= lim− √1−cos
tan x
3x
⇒ lim √1−cos
tan x
3x
x→0 x→0 x→0
doesn’t exist.

(c) Observe that

lim 2 ln(cos(x))/x2
lim(cos(x))2/x = lim e2 ln(cos(x))/x = ex→0
2 2
(1 pt).
x→0 x→0

Now since
2 ln(cos(x)) L 2 × − sin(x)/ cos(x)
lim 2
= lim (2 pts)
x→0 x x→0 2x
− sin(x) 1
= lim ×
x→0 x cos(x)
= −1 (1 pt) × 1
= −1 (1 pt),
lim 2 ln(cos(x))/x2
we conclude that lim(cos(x))2/x = ex→0 = e−1 .
2

x→0

Page 1 of 13
2. (10 points)
(a) (5 points) Compute the limit if it exists or explain why it doesn’t exist.
√ √ √ √
lim x + x − x − x.
x→+∞

(b) (5 points) Determine for what values of a, 0 < a < 1, does lim f (x) exist, where
√ √ x→+∞
f (x) = x + xa − x − xa for x ≥ 1.

Solution:
(a)
√ √ √ √
√ √ (x + x) − (x − x)
lim x+ x− x− x = lim √ √ √ √ (2 pts)
x→+∞ x→+∞
x+ x+ x− x
√
2 x 2
= lim √ √ √ √ = lim √ √ √ √
x→+∞
x+ x+ x− x x→+∞
x x
1+ + 1−
x x
2 2
= lim √ √ (2 pts) =√ √
x→+∞ 1 1 1+0+ 1−0
1+ √ + 1− √
x x
2
= = 1 (1 pt)
1+1

a− 1
(b) f (x) = √x+xa2x+√x−xa = √1+xa−1
a 2x √2
+ 1−xa−1
∵a − 1 <√0 ∴xa−1√ → 0 as x → 0
Hence 1 + xa−1 + 1 − xa−1 → 2 as x → 0
1
If a > 12 , then xa− 2 → ∞ as x → 0, which implies that limx→∞ f (x) = ∞
If a = 12 , then f (x) = √ √1 2 √ √1 → 1 as x → ∞
1+ x
+ 1− x
a− 12
If a < then limx→∞ x
1
2, = 0 and .t limx→∞ f (x) = 0
Therefore, the answer is 0 < a ≤ 21 .

Page 2 of 13
3. (15 points) Differentiate the following functions.
x
(a) (5 points) f (x) = arcsec(e
1+xe .
)
√
(b) (5 points) f (x) = log2 x + tan−1 (x3 )
(c) (5 points) f (x) = xcos x .

Solution:
+sec−1 (ex )⋅e⋅xe−1
x
(1+xe ) √e
1+xe +e⋅xe−1 e2x −1⋅sec−1 (ex )
√
e2x −1
(a) f ′ (x) = ex
(1+xe )2 = √
(1+xe )2 e2x −1

(b) (Method 1) Simplify f (x) as

1pt
­
ln x
f (x) = + tan−1 (x3 )
2 ln 2
Then
1pt 1pt
³¹¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ·¹¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ µ 1pt ³¹¹ ¹ ·¹¹ ¹ µ
1 « 1
f ′ (x) = + 3x2 ⋅
(2 ln 2)x 1 + x6
(All correct +1pt.)
(Method 2) Differentiate f (x) directly
1pt 1pt 1pt
³¹¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ·¹¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ µ ¬ 1pt ³¹¹ ¹ ·¹¹ ¹ µ
1 1 « 1
f ′ (x) = √ ⋅ √ + 3x2 ⋅
(ln 2) x 2 x 1 + x6
(All correct +1pt.)
(c) (Method 1) Write f (x) as
1pt
³¹¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ · ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹µ
f (x) = ecos x ln x
Then differentiate f (x)
1pt 1pt
³¹¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ·¹¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ µ ³¹¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ·¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ µ
cos x
f ′ (x) = ecos x ln x (cos x ln x)′ = ecos x ln x (− sin x ln x + )
x
(All correct +2pts.)
(Method 2) Use logarithmic differentiation. Write f (x) as
1pt
³¹¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ·¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ µ
ln f (x) = cos x ln x
Differentiate
1pt 1pt
­ ³¹¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ·¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ µ
f ′ (x) cos x
= (− sin x ln x + )
f (x) x
Thus,
cos x
f ′ (x) = xcos x (− sin x ln x + )
x
(All correct +2pts.)
Remark 計算錯誤至少扣2分，答案正確但沒有計算過程或說明扣1分，關鍵過程大致正確但抄寫錯
誤扣1分。

Page 3 of 13
 ⎧
⎪ 1
⎪
4
⎪x 3 cos ( ) , for x ≠ 0
4. (12 points) Let f (x) = ⎨ x
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩0, for x = 0.
(a) (3 points) Is f (x) continuous at x = 0?
(b) (6 points) Compute f ′ (x) for x ≠ 0 and f ′ (0).
(c) (3 points) Is f ′ (x) continuous at x = 0?

Solution:
(a) Because the cosine of any number lies between −1 and 1, we can write.
1
−1 ≤ cos ( ) ≤ 1
x
4
Any inequality remains true when multiplied by a positive number. We know that x 3 ≥ 0
4
for all x and so, multiplying each side of the inequalities by x 3 , we get
4 4 1 4
−x 3 ≤ x 3 cos ( ) ≤ x 3
x

We know that
4 4
lim x 3 = lim −x 3 = 0
x→0 x→0

By Squeeze Theorem, we obtain

4 1
lim x 3 cos ( ) = 0
x→0 x
Therefore, f (x) is continuous at x = 0.

(b) By definition of differential and pinching theorem,

x 3 cos ( x1 ) − f (0) x 3 cos ( x1 )

4 4
1 1
f (0) = lim
′
= lim = lim x 3 cos ( ) = 0
x→0 x−0 x→0 x x→0 x
′
On the other hand, we consider x =/ 0. By the Product Rule, f ′ (x) = (x 3 ) cos ( x1 ) +
4

x 3 {cos ( x1 )}′ . Now by Chain Rule, {cos ( x1 )}′ = sin ( x1 ) ⋅ x12 . Therefore, we obtain
4

4 1 1 −2 1
f ′ (x) = x 3 cos ( ) + x 3 sin ( )
3 x x

(c) Because lim sup f ′ (x) = ∞ and lim inf f ′ (x) = −∞, lim f ′ (x) does not exist. Therefore, we
x→0 x→0 x→0
can deduce that f ′ (x) is not continuous at x = 0.
[Remark]
In question (b), suppose you know the definition of f ′ (0) = lim f (x)−f
x−0
(0)
. You can get 2 points.
x→0
Suppose you write f ′ (0) = lim f ′ (x). You can not get any point in (b).
x→0

Page 4 of 13
5. (10 points) The figure shows a lamp located 4 units to the right of the y−axis and a shadow created
by the elliptical region x2 + 5y 2 ≤ 6. If the point (−6, 0) is on the edge of the shadow, how far above
the x−axis is the lamp located?
y

0 43 x
._56
x≈+4¥=5
2 + 5y2 = 6

Solution:

1. (Method 1)
By implicit differentiation, we have 2x + 10yy ′ = 0, or, y ′ = − 5y x
(5%)
Suppose the point of tangency is (xo , yo ), then the tangent line is given by y = − 5y
xo
o
(x −
x o ) + yo
Plug in (−6, 0), we have 0 = − 5y
xo
o
(−6 − xo ) + yo , or, x2o + 5yo2 = −6xo .
Also, xo + 5yo = 6, so xo = −1, yo = 1(3%)
2 2

Then the tangent line is y = 51 x + 56 , so y∣ = 2(2%)

x=4

2. (Method 2)
Suppose the lamp is located at (4, h). Then the tangent line is given by y = 10 (x + 6)(4%)
h

Since it’s tangent to the ellipse, the equation

⎧
⎪
⎪ y = 10
h
(x + 6)
⎨
⎪
⎩ x + 5y = 6
⎪ 2 2

should have only one zero(repeated roots), or equivalently, the discriminant of x2 +

2
5 ( 10
h
(x + 6)) = 6 sholud be zero.(4%)
Thus, 36h4 − (20 + h2 )(36h2 − 120) = 0, we have h = 2(2%)
√ 2
3. (Method 3) Suppose the pint of tangency is (xo , 6−x 5 ), and the lamp is located at (4, h)
o
√
6−x2o −0 √
2 30−5x2
Then we have xo −(−6) = 4−(−6)
h−0
5
, or h = xo +6 o (4%)
the condition dh
We can find h by using √ dx = 0(why?)(4%)
√−10xo ⋅(xo +6)−2 30−5x2o ⋅1
30−5x2 −10x2o −60xo −60+10x2o
Thus, 0 = o
(xo +6)2 = √
(xo +6)2 30−5x2o
Hence, xo = −1, yo = 1, and h = 2(2%)

Page 5 of 13
6. (10 points) In the engine, a 7-inch connecting rod is fastened to a crank of radius 3 inches. The
crankshaft(機軸) rotates counterclockwise at a constant rate of 100 revolutions per minute. Find
the velocity of the piston(活塞) when θ = π3 . (Reminder: the angular velocity of a circular motion
at a constant speed of 1 revolution per minute is 2π rad/min.)

Solution:
First, we know dθ dt = 100 ⋅ 2π = 200π (1 point)
(Idea I)
∵72 = 32 + x2 − 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ x cos θ (3 points)
∴0 = 2x dx
dt − 6( dt cos θ − x sin θ dt )
dx dθ

⇒ (6 cos θ − 2x) dxdt = 6x sin θ dt ⇒ dt =√6 cos θ−2x dt (3 points)

dθ dx 6x sin θ dθ

When θ = π3 , then x = 8. ⇒ dx dt = − 13 π. (2 points)

4800 3

(Idea II)
∵72 = 32 + x2 −√2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ x cos θ ⇒ x2 − 6 cos θ − 40 = 0 (3 points)
∴x = 3 cos θ + 9 cos2 θ + 40 (for x > 0) ⇒ dx dt = −3 sin θ dt + 2 ⋅ 9 cos2 θ+40 ⋅ dt (3 points)
dθ 1 −18
√ cos θ sin θ dθ
√
√ √
1 18⋅
1
⋅ 23
when θ = π
3, we have dx
dt = [−3 ⋅ ( 2 ) − 2 √ 9 ] ⋅ 200π
3 2
= − 4800 3
13 π (2 points)
4
+40

(Idea III) √
∵ cos θ = 3 +x (⇒ = + 9 cos2 θ + 40 (for x > 0)) (3 points)
2 2 −72
2⋅3⋅x x 3 cos θ
2x⋅6x dx −6(x2 −40) dx
∴ − sin θ dθ
dt =
dt
36x2
dt
⇒ − sin θ dθ
dt = x2 +40 dx
6x2 dt (3 points) √
When θ = π
3 , then x = 8. ⇒ dx
dt = − sin θ dθ
dt ⋅ x2 +40 ∣
6x2
= − 4800 3
13 π. (2 points)
x=8,θ= π3

(Idea IV) √
√ √
∵x = 3 cos θ + 49 − (3 sin θ)2 (= 3 cos θ + 40 + 9(1 − sin2 θ) = 3 cos θ + 9 cos2 θ + 40) (3 points)
∴ dx
dt = −3 sin θ dt + 2 ⋅
dθ √ sin θ cos θ ⋅ dθ (3 points)
1 −18
2 dt
49−9 sin θ
√
√ √
18⋅ 23 ⋅ 21
when θ = π
3, we have dx
dt = [−3 ⋅ ( 2 ) − 2
3 1√
] ⋅ 200π = − 4800 3
13 π (2 points)
49− 274

(Idea V)
7 sin φ = 3 sin θ ⇒ 7 cos φ dφdt = 3 cos θ dt
dθ

⇒ dφdt = 7 cos φ dt = 49−49 sin2 φ dt = 49−9 sin2 θ dt (2 points)

3 cos θ dθ √ 3 cos θ dθ √ 3 cos θ dθ

√ √
∵x = 3 cos θ + 7 cos φ (= 3 cos θ + 7 1 − 49 9
sin2 θ = 3 cos θ + 7 49 − 9 sin2 θ) (1 point)
∴ dx
dt = −3 sin θ dt − 7 sin φ dt = −3 sin θ dt − 3 sin θ (
dθ dφ dθ √ 3 cos θ dθ
) (3 points)
49−9 sin2 θ dt
√
√ √
18⋅ 23 ⋅ 21
when θ = π3 , we have dx
dt = [−3 ⋅ ( 2 ) − 2
3 1√
] ⋅ 200π = − 4800 3
13 π (2 points)
49− 274

(Idea VI) √
7 sin φ = 3 sin θ ⇒ 7 cos φ dφ dt = 3 cos θ dt , when θ = 3 ⇒ sin φ =
dθ π 3 3
14 , cos φ = 13
14
⇒ dφdt = 7 cos φ dt =
3 cos θ dθ √ 3 cos θ
2 dt =
dθ √ 3 cos θ dθ
2 dt
(2 points)
49−49 sin φ 49−9 sin θ
∵ sin(π−φ−θ)
x
= 7
sin θ ⇒ x = 7 sin θ = 7 sin(θ+φ)
sin(π−φ−θ)
sin θ (1 point)

Page 6 of 13
 cos(θ+φ)⋅( dθ + dφ ) sin θ−cos θ sin(θ+φ) dθ
∴ dx
dt = 7
dt dt
sin2 θ
dt
(3 points)
When θ = π3 ,
√ √ 3 √ √ √
[( 21 )( 13
14
)−( 2
3
)( 3143 )]⋅[ √ 2 27 +1] 2
3 1
− 2 [( 23 )( 14
13
)+( 21 )( 3143 )]
=7 ⋅ 200π
dx 49− 4
we have dt 3
√ √ 4 √ √
⇒ dx
dt = 7 [( 28
4
) ( 16
13
) 2
3
− 56 ] ⋅ 3 π
16 3 800
= 7 ⋅ −9⋅16⋅800
3⋅56⋅13
3π
= − 4800 3
13 π (2 points)
√
4800 3
That is the velocity of the piston is 13 π inch/min. with the direction to the left. (1 point)

Page 7 of 13
7. (10 points) A right circular cone is inscribed in a larger right circular cone so that its vertex is at
the center of the base of the larger one. Denote the height of the large cone by H and the height
of the small one by h. When the large cone is fixed, find h that maximizes the volume of the small
cone and find out this maximum volume in terms of the volume of the large cone. (Hint: The
volume of a right circular cone with height h and base radius r is 13 πr2 h.)

Solution:
We denote the radii of the bases of the larger and smaller cones as R and r, respectively. Then
we have the relation
H −h r
= .
H R
This gives us
R
r= (H − h). (2 points)
H
Hence the volume of the small cone is
1
Vsmall = πr2 h
3
1 R2
= πh ⋅ 2 (H − h)2
3 H
for 0 ≤ h ≤ H (2 points). In order to compute the maximum of Vsmall , we compute

dVsmall πR2
= (H − h)(H − 3h). (2 points)
dh 3H 2
By setting dVsmall
dh = 0 we have h = H or h = H/3 (2 points). Since

V (0) = 0,
V (H) = 0,
H 4
V ( ) = πR2 H > 0,
3 81
we know that when h = H/3, the maximum of Vsmall is
4 4
Vsmall = πR2 H = Vlarge , (2 points)
81 27
where Vlarge = 13 πR2 H is the fixed volume of the larger cone.

註1: h = H3 and Vsmall = 4

27 Vlarge should both be answered. Not answering both of the two will
cost you 2 points.

註2: Assuming H = 2R will cost you 2 points.

Page 8 of 13
8. (18 points) Let f (x) = lnx∣x∣ , x ≠ 0. Answer the following questions by filling each blank below and
give your reasons (including computations). Put None in the blank if the item asked does not
exist.
(a) (3 points) Find all asymptote(s) of the curve y = f (x).
Vertical asymptote(s): .
Horizontal asymptote(s): .
Slant saymptote(s): .
(b) (4 points) f (x) is increasing on the interval(s) .
f (x) is decreasing on the interval(s) .
(c) (2 points) Find all local extreme values of f (x).
Local maximum point(s): (x, f (x)) = .
Local minimum point(s): (x, f (x)) = .
(d) (4 points) f (x) is concave upward on the interval(s) .
f (x) is concave downward on the interval(s) .
(e) (2 points) List the inflection point(s) of the curve y = f (x) ∶ (x, f (x)) = .
(f) (3 points) Sketch the graph of f , and indicate all asymptotes, extreme values, and inflection
points.

Solution:
(a) 1. Vertical asymptote:
Answer : x = 0 (y-axis). Correctness : 0.5 point ; Explanation : 0.5 point.
Solution:
x > 0: limx→0+ f (x) = limx→0+ ( ln(x)
x ) = 0 = −∞
−∞

( means f (x) → −∞ when x → 0+ ).

x < 0: limx→0− f (x) = limx→0− (− ln(−x)
−x ) = 0 = +∞
+∞

( means f (x) → +∞ when x → 0− ).

Note: We can’t use L’Hospital’s Rule to solve this question.
2. Horizontal asymptote:
Answer : y = 0 (x-axis). Correctness : 0.5 point ; Explanation : 0.5 point.
Solution:
1
x > 0: limx→+∞ f (x) = limx→+∞ ( ln(x)
x ) = limx→+∞ ( 1 ) =
x 0
1 =0
( +∞
+∞ type, use L’Hospital’s Rule.)
( means f (x) → 0 when x → +∞).
1
x < 0: limx→−∞ f (x) = limx→−∞ (− ln(−x)
−x ) = limx→−∞ ( 1 ) =
x 0
1 =0
( +∞
+∞
type, use L’Hospital’s Rule.)
( means f (x) → 0 when x → −∞).
3. Slant asymptote:
Answer : N one. Correctness : 0.5 point ; Explanation : 0.5 point.
Solution1:
If a slant asymptote exists, the slope of a slant asymptote can be expressed as
limx→±∞ f (x)
x
.

Page 9 of 13
 1

x = limx→+∞ ( x2 ) = limx→+∞ ( 2⋅x ) =

x > 0: limx→+∞ f (x) ln(x) x 0
+∞ =0
+∞ type, use L’Hospital’s Rule.)
( +∞
(This result is in contradiction, therefore a slant asymptote doesn’t exist).
1

x = limx→−∞ ( x2 ) = limx→−∞ ( 2⋅x ) =

x < 0: limx→−∞ f (x) ln(−x) x 0
−∞ =0
( +∞
+∞ type, use L’Hospital’s Rule.)
(This result is in contradiction, therefore a slant asymptote doesn’t exist).
Solution2:
A slant asymptote of f (x) only occurs when x → ±∞, but limx→±∞ f (x) = 0 from
the above, therefore a slant asymptote doesn’t exist.
(b) Answer : increasing interval:(0, e) ∪ (−e, 0), decreasing interval:(e, +∞) ∪ (−∞, −e).
Correctness : 1 point per question;
Determine f ′ (x) (1 point) + Illustrate f ′ (x) > 0 and f ′ (x) < 0 (1 point).
Solution:
x > 0: f (x) = ln(x)
x , f (x) =
′ 1−ln(x)
x2 (from the Quotient Rule).
f ′ (x) > 0: 1 − ln(x) > 0 ⇒ ln(x) < 1 ⇒ 0 < x < e
(increasing interval).
f (x) < 0: 1 − ln(x) < 0 ⇒ ln(x) > 1 ⇒ x > e
′

(decreasing interval).
x < 0: f (x) = − ln(−x)
−x , f (x) =
′ 1−ln(−x)
x2 (from the Quotient Rule).
f (x) > 0: 1 − ln(−x) > 0 ⇒ ln(−x) < 1 ⇒ −e < x < 0
′

(increasing interval).
f (x) < 0: 1 − ln(−x) < 0 ⇒ ln(−x) > 1 ⇒ x < −e
′

(decreasing interval).
(c) Answer : local maximum point:(e, 1e ), local minimum point:(−e, −1
e ).
Correctness : 0.5 point per question; Explanation : 1 point.
Solution:
Local maximum: Because f (x) is increasing in (0, e) and decreasing in (e, +∞),
local maximum point occurs at (e, f (e)) = (e, 1e ) (f ′ (e) = 0).
Local minimum: Because f (x) is decreasing in (−∞, −e) and increasing in (−e, 0),
local minimum point occurs at (−e, f (−e)) = (−e, −1
e ) (f (−e) = 0).
′

3 3
(d) (4 points) f (x) is concave upward on the interval(s) (−e 2 , 0) ⋃(e 2 , ∞).
3 3
f (x) is concave downward on the interval(s) (0, e 2 ) ⋃(−∞, −e 2 ).

⎧
⎪
−1 2
x −(1−ln x)2x
⎪ f ′′ (x) = x > 0, ⇒ x
= x(−3+2 ln x)
⎨ −1 2
x4 x4 (1)
⎪
⎪
x −(1−ln(−x))2x
⎩ f (x) = x < 0, ⇒ =
′′ x x(−3+2 ln(−x))
x4 x4

f ′′ (x) > 0 ⇒ (concave upward)

⎧
⎪ x(−3+2 ln x)
> 0, x > 0 ⇒ −3 + 2 ln x > 0 ⇒ ln x > 32 ⇒ x
3 3
> e 2 ⇒ choose x > e 2
⎪
⎪
⎪ x4
⎨
3
x(−3+2 ln(−x))
> 0, x < 0 ⇒ −3 + 2 ln(−x) < 0 ⇒ ln(−x) > 23 ⇒ x > −e 2 (2)
⎪
⎪
⎪
x4
⎪
3
⎩ ⇒ choose − e < x < 0
2

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 f ′′ (x) < 0 ⇒ (concave downward)

⎧
⎪
x(−3+2 ln x) 3
> 0, x > 0 ⇒ −3 + 2 ln x > 0 ⇒ ln x > 32 ⇒ x > e 2
⎪
⎪
⎪
x4
⎪
⎪ ⇒ choose 0 < x < e 2
3

⎨ (3)
⎪
3
⎪
⎪
x(−3+2 ln(−x))
> 0, x < 0 ⇒ −3 + 2 ln(−x) < 0 ⇒ ln(−x) > 23 ⇒ x > −e 2
⎪
⎪
⎪
x4
3
⎩ ⇒ choose x < −e 2
score: answer 0.5 point separately, right concept 2 points. ( notify: if the graph of f lies
above all of its tangents on an interval I, then called concave upward. ex: f ′′ (x) > 0 ⇒
concave upward)
if ⋃ write ⋂ lose 0.5 point
3 3
(e) (2 points) List the inflection point(s) of the curve y = f (x) ∶ (x, f (x)) = (e 2 , 3
3 ), (−e 2 , − 3
3 )
2e 2 2e 2

3 3
f ′′ (x) = 0 ⇒ x = e 2 and x = −e 2
3 −3 3 −3
f ′′ (e 2 ) = 32 e 2 and f ′′ (−e 2 ) = − 32 e 2
3
score: answer 0.5 points separately, right concept 1 points. ( notify f ′′ (x) = 0, x = −e 2
−3
and e 2 )

(f) (3 points) Plot the f(x) and indicate asymptote, local point and infection point.

vertical asymptote 0.5point, horiaontal asymptote 0.5point, infection points 0.5point sep-
arately, local points 0.5point spearately.
only mark points(all points must be correct) get 1 point.
only draw image (image must be correct) get 1.5 points

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9. (10 points) f (x) is a differentiable function defined on R. Let g(x) = f (x) ⋅ ∣f (x)∣.
(a) (3 points) Find the domain of g ′ (x) and compute g ′ (x). (Hint: To compute g ′ (x0 ) you may
need to discuss the cases f (x0 ) > 0, f (x0 ) < 0, and f (x0 ) = 0 seperately.)
(b) (4 points) Suppose that f ′ (x) > 0 on the interval (a, b). Show that g(x) has at most one
critical point on (a, b).
(c) (3 points) Suppose that f ′ (x) > 0 on the interval (a, b). Show that g(x1 ) < g(x2 ) for all
a ≤ x1 < x2 ≤ b.

Solution:
(a) For x0 s.t. f (x0 ) > 0, because f (x) is continuous so that there is some open interval I
containing x0 s.t. f (x) > 0 on I.
Hence, g(x) = f (x) ∣ f (x) ∣= f 2 (x) on I.
g ′ (x) = 2f (x) ⋅ f ′ (x) on I. g ′ (x0 ) = 2f (x0 ) ⋅ f ′ (x0 ).

For x0 s.t. f (x0 ) < 0, g(x) = −f 2 (x).

g ′ (x) = −2f (x) ⋅ f ′ (x) on I. g ′ (x0 ) = −2f (x0 ) ⋅ f ′ (x0 ).

For x0 s.t. f (x0 ) = 0, g(x0 ) = 0.

g ′ (x0 ) = limx→x0 g(x)−g(x
x−x0
0)
= limx→x0 f (x)∣f
x−x0
(x)∣
= limx→x0 ∣ f (x) ∣ f (x)−f
x−x0
(x0 )

=∣ f (x0 ) ∣ f ′ (x0 ) = 0
∣ f (x0 ) ∣ ∵ f (x) is continous.
f ′ (x0 ) ∵ f ′ (x0 ) is differentiable.
Therefore, g ′ (x) is defined on R, and g ′ (x) = 2 ∣ f (x) ∣ f ′ (x).

Other Sol.
1
g(x) = f (x)(f 2 (x)) 2 when f (x) = 0
(x)⋅f ′ (x)
g ′ (x) = f ′ (x)⋅ ∣ f (x) ∣ +f (x) 2f 2∣f (x)∣ = 2 ∣ f (x) ∣ f ′ (x) when f (x) ≠ 0

(b) Because g is differentiable on (a,b). Hence the critical numbers of g are numbers on g ′ = 0.
Suppose that f ′ (x) > 0 on (a, b).
Then on (a, b),
g ′ (x) = 2 ∣ f (x) ∣ ⋅f ′ (x) = 0 ⇐⇒ f (x) = 0 (∵f ′ (x) > 0 on(a, b)).

Assume that g has more than one critical point on (a, b).
Then ∃c1 , c2 ∈ (a, b) s.t. g ′ (c1 ) = g ′ (c2 ) = 0.
g ′ (c1 ) = 0 → f (c1 ) = 0
g ′ (c2 ) = 0 → f (c2 ) = 0
∵f is continuous on [c1 , c2 ], f is also differentiable on (c1 , c2 ), and f (c1 ) = f (c2 )
∴ By Rolle’s Theorem, ∃ some c ∈ (c1 , c2 ) ⊂ (a, b) ⇒, which is contradiction the above
assumption.

Other sol.
∵f ′ (x) > 0 on (a, b).
∴f (x) is strictly increasing on (a, b) (, and it is 1-to-1).
Therefore, there is at most one point on (a, b) s.t. f (c) = 0.

(c) Case 1: g has no critical point on (a, b). (1 point)

The g ′ (x) = 2 ∣ f (x) ∣ f ′ (x) > 0 on (a, b).
By the Incresing Test, g(x1 ) < g(x2 ), ∀x1 < x2 , x1 , x2 ∈ (a, b).

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Case 2: g has one critical point c on (a, b). (1 point)
Discuss g(x1 ) < g(c) < g(x2 ) at different boundaries. (1 point)

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