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Chapter -1
Basics to Graphs

Curve

Function Relation

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Curve

Function Relation

A definition that is single A definition that is multi

valued is called as Function. valued is called as Relation.

That means for each and That means for each and
every x we are getting a every x we are getting more
unique y-value. than one y-value.

A B C D

X1 X1 X1 X1
X2 X2 X2 X2
X3 X3 X3 X3
X4 X4 X4 X4

/
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 How to recognize for any curve whenever it is a function

or relation.

Draw the lines parallel to ‘y’ axis cutting the given curve if the line
intersects the given curve at multi-value then definition is relation
otherwise function.

e.g.:- x2 + y2 = α2 y = √ α2 - x2
⇓ ⇓
Relation Always positive function

e.g.:- y = - √a2 – x2 y = -√x

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1.1 Function [On the basis of odd/even]

1.1.1 EVEN FUNCTION [f(x) = f(-x)]

e.g.:- f(x) = x2
x → -x
f(x) = (-x)2 = f(x) ⇒ Symmetric about y-axis
e.g.:-

1.1.1 (A) 1.1.1 (B)

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1.1.2 ODD FUNCTION [f(x) = - f(-x)]

e.g.:- f(x) = x3
x →-x
f(x) = (-x)3 = - f(x) ⇒ Symmetric in opposite quadrant
e.g.:-

(1.1.2) (A) (1.1.2) (B)

1.1.3 NENO FUNCTION [f(x) ≠ f(-x) Or f(x) ≠ - f(-x)]

e.g.:- x3 + x2
x →-x
f(x) = -x3 + x2 = -(x3 - x2) ⇒ Not Symmetric

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FUNCTION (ON THE BASIS

OF ATTACHMENT /
CORRESPONDACE

One-one function Many-one function

F (A->B)

A B A B

X1 Y1 Y1
X1
X2 Y2 Y2
X2
X3 Y3 Y3
X3
X4 Y4

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 How to check whether a function is one-one or many-

one.

Draw the lines parallel to ‘x’ axis cutting the given curve if we are getting multiple
points of intersection that means many-one otherwise one-one.

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FUNCTION (ON THE

BASIS OF MONOTONIC
BEHAVIOURS).

MONOTONIC function NON-MONOTONIC

function

Function which is either Function which is both

increasing/decreasing is increasing/decreasing is
called monotonic called non-monotonic

Always one-one function. Always many-one

function.

1.1.4 MONOTONIC function:

 Function which is either increasing/decreasing is called
monotonic.

Monotonic
function

Strictly Strictly simply simply

increasing. decreasing. decreasing increasing
Function Function

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1.1.4.1 Strictly increasing function.

1.1.4.1 (A)

M-1 if x2 > x 1 ⇒ f(x2) > f(x1)

M-2 f’(x) > 0 ∀ x ∈ R ⇒ using derivative

1.1.4.2 Strictly decreasing function.

1.1.4.2 (A)

M-1 if x2 > x1 ⇒ f(x2) < f(x1)

M-2 f’(x) < 0 ∀ x ∈ R ⇒ using derivative

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1.1.4.3 Simply increasing function / Non-decreasing function.

1.1.4.3 (A)

M-1 if x 2 > x1 ⇒ f(x2) ≥ f(x1)

M-2 f’(x) ≥ 0 ∀ x ∈ R ⇒ derivative approach

1.1.4.4 Simply decreasing function / Non- increasing function.

1.1.4.4 (A)

M-1 if x2 > x1 ⇒ f(x2) ≤ f(x1)

M-2 f’(x) ≤ 0 ∀ x ∈ R ⇒ derivative approach

 Any function is always increasing/decreasing in its domain only.

 For increasing function sign of inequality is reversed.
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1.1.5 Basic Functions

1.1.5.1 xeven power

e.g.: y = x2, x4, …………., x2002 etc.

1.1.5.1 (A) 1.1.5.1 (B) 1.1.5.1 (C)

 We can find our diff when all of them are drawn in one graph.

For x ∈ (0,1) For x ∈ (1,∞)

x8 < x4 < x 2 x8 > x4 > x 2

Always Even function

Domain →x∈R
Range → (0, ∞)
Many-one function

1.1.5.1 (D)

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1.1.5.2 xodd

e.g.: y = x3, x5, x7, …………., x1001

∀ Positive x → positive y ⇒ Curve is lying in 1st and 3rd quadrant

Negative x → negative y

1.1.5.1 (A) 1.1.5.2 (B) 1.1.5.2 (C)

If x2 > x1 If x2 > x1
⇒ f(x2) < f(x1) ⇒ f(x2) > f(x1)
Decreasing function Increasing function

Domain →x∈R
Range → RA

one-one function
Strictly increasing

x ∈ R(0,1)
x > x3 > x5 ………….

x ∈ R(1,∞)
x < x3 < x5 ………….

Smallest → Outermost 1.1.5.2 (D)

Greatest → Innermost
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1.1.5.3 x1/even power

e.g.: y = x1/2, x1/4, x1/6, …………., x1/3002

for any even root function to be defined

inner term of root ≥ 0

x ≥ 0 lies in 1st quadrant only

Domain → [0, ∞ )
Range → [0, ∞ )

One-one function
NENO function
Strictly increasing function

(1.1.5.3) (A)

1.1.5.3 (B)
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1.1.5.4 x1/odd power

e.g.: y = x1/3, x1/4, x1/6, …………., x1/1001

|x| < 1 : x1/3 > x1/5 > x1/7 > …………. > x1/1001

|x| > 1 : x1/3 < x1/5 < x1/7 < …………. < x1/1001

• Nature

Domain →R
Range →R
Odd function
One-one function
Strictly increasing function

(1.1.5.4) (A)

1.1.5.4 (B)

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(1.1.5.5) Y = logax

Base > 0, ≠ 1

0<a<1 a>1

Note: -
If base C – (0,1) the ‘log’ curve is always strictly decreasing function .
If base > 1 then ‘log’ curve is strictly increasing function
For log to be defined argument > 0 ⇒ x > 0

Domain → [ 0, ∞ )
Range →R

NENO function
One-one function
ab = N
b = logaN

(1.1.5.5) (A) (1.1.5.5) (B)

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(1.1.5.6) Y = ax ⇒ always positive

Base ‘a’, ax > 0

0<a<1 a>1

Note: -
If base C – (0,1) the ‘Y = ax’ is always strictly decreasing function

If base > 1 then ‘Y = ax’ is always strictly increasing function

Relation between exponential & log curve

Y = ax → exponential function

Replace, x→y
X = ay
Y = logax } Logarithmic function.

So exponential is anti-logarithmic
& logarithmic is anti exponential
That means both are inverse
function of each other so will form a
mirror image about y = x line.

(1.1.5.6) (A)
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(1.1.5.7) Trigonometric function.

(1.1.5.7.1) y = sinx

• Always passes through origin

• Odd function
• Periodic with T = 2π
• Many-one function]
• Time period is min. length on x-axis often which the graph repeats itself.

Domain =R
Range = [-1, 1]

(1.1.5.7.1) (A)

• Sin ∞ :- oscillating finite value between -1 & 1.

• Limx→0 sin(1/x) will never exist.
• Limx→0 x sin(1/x) will always exist.

(1.1.5.7.2) y = cosx

• always crosses over origin.

• Even function
• Periodic with T=2π
• Many-one function

Domain = R
Range = [-1, 1]

(1.1.5.7.2) (A)
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(1.1.5.7.3) y = tanx

• for tanx to be defined

• Denominator ≠ 0
• Cosx ≠ 0
• X ≠ (2n + 1) π/2
• Odd function
• Periodic with T= π

Domain = R-(2n + 1) π/2

Range = R

(1.1.5.7.3) (A)

(1.1.5.7.4) y = cotx

• tan(π/2-x) = - tan(x-π/2)
• for cotx to be defined
• Denominator ≠ 0
• sinx ≠ 0
• X≠nπ
• Odd function
• Periodic with T= π

Domain = R- n π
Range = R
(1.1.5.7.4) (A)

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(1.1.5.7.5) y = secx

• Denominator ≠ 0
• Secx ≠ 0
• X ≠ (2n + 1) π/2

• Odd function
• Periodic with T= π
• Many-one function

Domain = R-(2n + 1) π/2

Range = R – (-1,1)

(1.1.5.7.5) (A)

(1.1.5.7.6) y = cosecx

• Dr ≠ 0
• Sin θ ≠ 0
• X ≠ nπ

• Odd function
• Periodic with T= π
• Many-one function

Domain = R-nπ
Range = R – (-1,1)

(1.1.5.7.6) (A)

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(1.1.5.7.7) GIF { Greatest integer function }

Any no = integer + its associated fraction

⇓ ⇓

X = [X] + {X}

⇓ ⇓
GIF FPF {Fractional part function

[X] = X - {X}

[X] ≤ X

e.g.:- [2.7] = 2

Domain = R
Range = I

NENO function
Many-one function

(1.1.5.7.7) (A)

Staircase graph of step size ‘1’ unit,

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(1.1.5.7.8) Y = {X} Fractional part function

• Domain = R
• Range :- [0,1}
• NENO function
• Many-one function
• T = ‘1’ unit

{2.7} = 2.7 + [2.7]

= 0.7
{-2.7} = -2.7 - (3)
= 0.3
{-1.65} = 0.35

(1.1.5.7.8) (A)
(1.1.5.7.9) Y = K/X Rectangular hyperbola (eccentricity = √2)

odd function

xy = k

xy – k = 0

0x2 + 0y2 + xy + 0x + 0y – k = 0

a = 0, b = 0, h = 1, c = -1, f = 0, g = 0

h2 = 1/4 , ab = 0, a+b = 0 h2ab

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case – 1 if k > 0 case – 2 if k < 0

y = k/x, k > 0 y = k/x, k < 0

(1.1.5.7.9) (A) (1.1.5.7.9) (B)

y-3 = -6/(x + 3)

(1.1.5.7.9) (C)

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(1.1.5.7.10) Y = K/X2
Even function

(1.1.5.7.10) (A)

Wings curve

Case 1
Y = x2/3

Y = (3√x)2

Domain → R
Range → [ 0, ∞ )
(1.1.5.7.10) (B)
Even function
Many-one function
Case 2
Y = x3/2

Y = (2√x)3

Domain → [ 0, ∞ )
Range → R

Relation

(1.1.5.7.10) (C)
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(1.2) Parabolic curve

Case 1 (y-B)2 = +4a(x-α) { a ∈ R+ }

(1.2.1) Axis:-
⇒ The line about which the given conic forms mirror image with
each other is called axis. So any conic is always symmetric with its axis.

⇒ Equate degree ‘z’ term to zero that will give axis

So equation axis is y=B.

(1.2.2)Tangent at Vertex:-
⇒ Equate degree ‘1’ term to zero that will give axis
So equation axis is T.V.

(1.2.3)Vertex:-
⇒ It is the point where the given conic cuts its axis
Vertex = (α. B)

(1.2.4)Focus:-
⇒ It is a fixed point on which line is in inside region of conic.

(1.2.4) (A)

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PS/PM = e = 1
PARABOLA
PS = PM = a
V is MP of SM

V divides SM internally into the ratio e : 1 from focus side

(1.2.5) Latus rectum

⇒ It is one of the double ordinate passing through focus & ⊥ to axis.

So eqn LR is x = α + a line

(y-B)2 = +4a(α+a-α)

(y-B)2 = 4a2

(y-B) = ±2a2

y = B ± 2a2

so length LR = 4a

(1.2.6) Directfix

⇒ It is a fixed straight line always ⊥ to the axis lying in outside region of given axis.

(1.2.6) (A)

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Case 1 (y-B)2 = 4a(x-α)

(1.2.6) (B)

Case 2 (y-B)2 = -4a(x-α)

(1.2.6) (C)

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Case 3 (x-α)2 = 4a(y-B)

(1.2.6) (D)

Case 4 (x-α)2 = -4a(y-B)

(1.2.6) (E)
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Case 5 ANY GENERAL PARABOLA

⇒Which is neither parallel to x-axis nor parallel to y-axis.

⇒ Will be always found using

Focus directrix property only

Let s ≡ (α,B) → focus

Directrix ≡ lx + my + n = 0

PS2 = PN2

Let P ≡ locus point ≡ (x,y)

(x-α)2 + (y-b)2 = ‫ ׀‬lx + my + n / √ l 2

+ m2 ‫׀‬2
On expanding it will be converted into,
ax2 +by2 + 2hxy + 2qx + 2fx + c = 0

(1.2.6) (F)

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(1.3) ELLIPSE
⇒ Ellipse is the locus of a point which moves in such a way that sum of distance
from two fixed point is always same. These 2 fixed points are called foci.

(1.3.1) (A)

P1s2 = a2e2 + b2
= a2e2 + a2 - a2e2
P1s2 = a2
P1s = a

Ps + Ps’ = 2a (horizontal ellipse)

Ps + Ps’ = 2b (vertical ellipse)

• Horizontal ellipse

(x-α)2/a2 + (y-b)2/b2 = 1 (a>b)

(1.3.1) Axis :- equation of minor axis is x = α and equation of major axis is y = β
(1.3.2) Centre:- (α,B)
(1.3.3) Vertices:- A = (α+a, B) B = (α, B+b)
A’ = (α-a, B) B’ = (α, B-b)
CA = CA’ = a
CB = CB’ = b
(1.3.4) Focus:- CS = CS’ = ae
S = (α+ae, B) S’ = (α-ae, B)
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(1.3.5) Directrix:-

CM = CM’ = a/e

E<1 1/e > 1

a/e > a
CM > CA
Equation of directrires are :
x1 = α ± a/e

Relation between a,b & e (for ellipse)

(smaller)2 = (larger)2 (1-e2)

Vertical ellipse

a2 = b2(1-e2)

Horizontal ellipse

b2 = a2(1-e2)

(1.3.6) LR:-

so equation of LR is x = α ± a/e solving it with Ellipse

(x-α)2/a2 + (y-b)2/b2 = 1
α ± a/e - α / a2 + (y-b)2/b2 = 1

(y-B)2 = b2(1-e2) => (y-B) = ± b√(1-e2)

= b b/a
Y = B ± b2/a
LR = 2 b2/a

(1.3.6) (A)

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(1.4) HYPERBOLA

⇒ Hyperbola is the locus of a point which moves in such a way that absolute diff.
between point term two foci is always constant.

(1.4) (A)

Ps - Ps’ = 2a (For T-hyb)

Ps - Ps’ = 2b (For C-hyb)

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(1.4.1) T hyperbola

(x-α)2/a2 + (y-b)2/b2 = 1

(1.4.1)(A)

e>1
1/e < 1
a/e < a
CM<CA

(1.4.2) C hyperbola

(x-α)2/a2 - (y-b)2/b2 = -1

(1.4.2)(A)

⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒ ♦ ⇐⇐⇐⇐⇐⇐⇐⇐

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Chapter 2
TRANSFORMATION
(2.1) Y = f(x) ± k, for; k = positive and k = negative

Draw the original curve Y = f(x)

 If k>0 ,
Then , shift the original curve by k unit along the positive Y axis (Upward)
 If k<0, then
Shift the original curve by k unit along the negative Y axis (Downward)
For example,

(2.1.1) if Y = |X|

(2.1.2) If Y = sin(X)

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(2.1.3) If Y = ex – 2

(2.2) Y = Kf(X)

Draw the original curve Y=f(X)

 If K>1
Then sketch the original curve Y=f(X) along the Y-axis away from origin
 If 0<K<1
The compress the original curve Y=f(X) along the Y-axis away from origin

(2.2.1) Y1 = sin(X), Y2 = 4sin(X), Y3 = ½sin(X)

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(2.2.2) Y1 = X², Y2 = 2X², Y3 =

/
(2.2.3) Y1 = Y2 = Y3 =

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(2.3) Y = f(X+K)
Draw the original curve Y=f(X)
 If K>0

F(X+K) = 0, so X = -K
Shift the original curve leftward along negative ‘X-axis’
 If K<0
F(X-K) = 0, so X = K
Shift the original curve leftward along positive ‘X-axis’

Examples:-
(2.3.1) Y1 = |X|, Y2 = |X+2|, Y3 = |X-4|
f min at x = 0
h min at x = -2
g min at x = 3

(2.3.2) Cos X = Sin (X + π/2)

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NOTE : If the graph of two different curves

Are known. So, we cannot add, substract,
multiply or divide them graphically.
For Example : Y = Sinx + cosx
Now, we convert this equation
to sinx or cosx form

(2.4) y = f(kx), k>0

Draw the original curve Y = f(X)
 If K > 1
If K > 1 then compress the original Y = f(X) by K times along the X axis
toward the origin.
 If 0< K < 1
The sketch Y = f(X) along X axis by K times away from origin.
Example :
Y1 = sin X, Y2 =sin (2X), Y3 = sin
T1 = 2π. T2 =4 , T3=

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Note :
(i) Y = f(XK) be a periodic function with time period with
(ii) Y = F(x)
(iii)
(iv)

(2.5) Y = K3 f (X

For example : Y=2+

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(2.6) y = f(-x)
Draw the original curve y = f(x)
Take the mirror image of y = f(x) about y axis which is the required curve.

Q. Prove that cos X = cos (-X)

Example: Y1 =

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Example: Y1 = log X, Y2 = log (-X)

Example : Y =
Even function : many one
=
=

(2.7) Y = -f(X)
Draw the original curve Y = f(X) take the mirror of Y = f(X) about c axis which
is required Curve

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Q. Prove that -sin X = Sin (-X)

Example : Y = 3 - |2X +3 |
Y = 3 -2|X + 3/2 |

Q. Find the area bounded by the curve

Y = 3 - | 2X + 3| w.r.t x axis.

Req = Area of ∆
=
=

(2.8) Y = -f (-X)
Draw the original curve Y=f(X)
First find f(-X) &amp; then do -f(-X) which is required curve.

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Example : ½(-X) =>

Example : y =3– 2e-|x|

(2.9)Y = | f(X) |
Draw the original curve Y = -f(X)
Now, select the position of the curve Y = f(X)
which is below the X axis & cut it & take
mirror image of cut out section about X axis.
So, the required curve is the union of original
portion of curve X axis & reflected
portion.

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Example : Y = sin X

Example : Y = =>

Q. Y = =>

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Q. Solve

Solution set = X =

(2.10) Find no. Of solutions of |x2 -3x -10 |-|x+2|-3 = 0

|x2 -3x -10 | = |x+2|+ 3 =>4
Q. Find no. Of solution of
2|sin (x/3)| = |1/2|{in -3π/2,5π}(Ans:4)

(8) Y = f(|X|)

Draw the original curve Y=f(X)

Draw the portion at Y = f(X) along
Positive x-axis & remove the negative
x-axis portion of the above y axis.
So, the requirements is positive x-axis
portion of original curve & negative
x-axis portion of original curve.

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(2.11) Example : Y = sin |X| =>

Y = f(X) is always even function.

Prove that cos |X| = cos X

Example : Y = ln |X| =>

Example :

e.g.: y= x2-5| x |+6

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e.g =>

e.g.: y=

(2.12) y=|f(| x |)|

Draw the original y=f(x)

First draw y=f(|x|) & then do
|f(| x |)| which is the required

e.g.: y=| ln | x ||

e.g.: y=|f(| x |)|

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(Q) y = || e-| x |-1| -5|

(2.13) |y| = f(x)

→ Always a relation
→ Draw the original curve y = f(x)
→ Retain the portion of the original curve
y = f(x) above the xaxis& remove the
portion of the curve below x-axis.
→ Now take the mirror image of the
portion of the curve above x-axis
about x-axis.
→ So the required is the union of the
portion of curve above axis
& its mirror image.

e.g.: | Y | + | X | = 4 =>

Y1 = 4-X
| Y | = 4-X

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e.g.: | Y | = x2-5x+6

Y1 = x2-5x+6

e.g.: Find out points of intersection

| Y | = ln |(x)| & (x-1)2 + y2 = 4

e.g.: | y | = tanx =>

e.g.: | y | = (x-1)(x-2)

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(2.14) y = [f(x)] { y ∈I ∀ x ∈ R}

Note:-
For an increasing original curve y = f(x) always make
[ )(left side point included but right side point not included)
of x interval for y values corresponding to x intervals but for
decreasing curve sign of inequality reversed so always make
( ] (right side point included but left side point not included)
in a graph

e.g.: y = [x]

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If x ∈ I y=[x] will be always

y=x but y=[x]
never touches y=(x-1) line

so y=c is trapped curve

between y=x & y=(x-1) line
so (x-1) < (x-1) ≤ x

∴ so y=[ f(x)] is trapped curve

between y=x & y=(x-1) line

e.g.: y=[x2]

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e.g.: y=[ ] =>

e.g.: y=[2sinx]

e.g.: y = [sinx + cosx ] =>

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y = [ex] =>

(2.15) y = f([x])

Draw the original curve y = f(x)

y = f(x) replace x→[x]

y = f([x])

⇓
[x] ∈ I ⇓
x∈ [0,1), [1,2),[2,3) ...
[-1,0), [-2,-1),[-3,-2) ...

→ Draw the lines parallel to y-axis cutting the given curve at integral values
of x-axis.
→ Select the points of intersection on the given curve & x-axis in the
positive direction of x-axis.
→ & from these points draw parallel line to x-axis in positive direction of x-
axis to meet the right vertical line.
→ which is the require curve.

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e.g.: y = ([x])2
(Not equal to y = [x2])
y = x2 x → [x]

(Q)

e.g.: y=sin[x] =>

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e.g: y = √x
=>x → [x]

e.g.: y = e[x]

e.g.: y = e-[x]
f(x) ≡ e-x
x → [x]

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e.g.: y = e[-x]

y = f(x) = e[x]
x → -x
f(x) = e[-x]

(2.16) y = f({x})

→ Draw the original curve y=f(x)

y = f(x)

x → {x}

y = f(x)

y = f(x) 0≤{x}<1
f(0) ≤ f{x}< f(1)

∴ y={x} is periodic with T = 1 so, y=f{x}is also periodic with T=1

→ Draw the lines x=0 & x=1 cutting the curves & select the portion of the
curve trapped between then make closed interval at x=0 & open interval
at x=1 now repeat it on the entire no. line with T=1 .
→ Which is required

e.g.: y = sin{x}

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e.g.: y = {x}2
y = {x}2 x → {x} y = {x}2
(Q) y = log{x}

(Q) Find the no. of solutions of sin{x} = cos{x} in [o,2 π]

(a)7 (b)6 (c)8 (d)9

⇒ tan{x}= 1

Answer:B)6
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(2.17) y = {f(x)}

→ First draw the original curve

→ Now select the portion of the original curve y=f(x) between y=0 & y=1
→ Make closed interval at y=0 & open interval at y=1 now transfer the
remaining portion of the curve between the intervals
y ∈ [1,2),[2,3) ,[3,4),...
[-1,0), [-2,-1),[-3,-2) ...
On y ∈ [0,1)

e.g.: y={ln x}

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→ Draw the line parallel to x axis at values y=0,+1,+2…..

e.g.: y={sinx}

e.g.: {ex}

e. g.: y={sin-1 }

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Solving equations

(1)

(2)

(3) Y=

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(4)

(5)

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(6)

(7)

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(8)

(9)

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(10)

(11)

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(12)

⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒ ♦ ⇐⇐⇐⇐⇐⇐⇐⇐

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Chapter- 3
Applications
(3.1)CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

(Q) The function f(x) = [x] + |1-x| ,-1≤x≤3 is non-differentiable at

A) 2 points B) 3 points C) 4 points D) 5 points

-1 + (x+1) = -x
0 + (-x+1) = 1-x
F(x) = 1 + x-1 = x
2 + x-1 = x+1
3+ 2 = 5

Discontinuous at 4 points

Therefore Non diff. at 4 points

{at x=0,1,2,3}
Answer:-C)

(Q)Let f(x)= ; then , f(x) is continuous at

A) x = 2 B) x = 1 C) x = -1 D) discontinuous at x=0

Answer:-D)

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(Q) The function f(x) = (x2-1) | x2-3x+2| + cos| x | is non-differentiable at

x=?

A) -1 B) 0 C) 1 D) 2

Y1 = (x2-1) | (x-2)( x-2)|

(x-1)2 (x+1) ( x-2) , if (x-1) < ⇒ x ∈ (- ∞, 1]

Y1 =
- (x2-1) (x+2) ( x-2) , if x ∈ (1, 2)

& cos| x | continuously diff

∴At x=2 , ND((x2-1) | x2-3x+2|) + D(cos| x |) → ND

Answer:- D)

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(Q) Let f : R→R be a function defined by f(x) = max {x, x3} set of all point
where f(x) non differentiable

A) {-1, 1} B) {0, 1} C) {-1, 0} D) {-1, 0, 1}

Answer:-D)

(Q) The function f(x) = || x | - 1 | is differentiable for all Real numbers

except
the points.

A) {-1, 0, 1} B) ±1 C) 1 D) -1

Answer:-A)

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(Q) The function f(x) = sin-1x (cosx) is

A) discontinuous at x = 0
B) continuous at x = 0
C) differentiable at x = 0
D) none of these

Answer:-B)

(Q) A point where function f(x) is discontinuity where f(x) = [sin[x]] in (0,
2 π)

A) (3, 0) B) (2, 0) C) (1, 0) D) (4, -1)

Answer:-D)

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(Q) Let f(x) be defined in [-2, 2] as ,

Max { √4-x2 , √1+x2} -2≤x<0

F(x) =
Min { √4-x2 , √1+x2} 0≤x<2

A) f(x) is continuous at x = ±√3/2 but non diff

B) f(x) is non diff at x = 0
C) f(x) is discontinuous at x = ±√3/2 ,0
D) f(x) is diff ∀ x ∈(-2, 2)

Answers: - A),B)

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(3.2)DOUBLE INTEGRAL

(6) ∫∫(2x-y)2 dA over triangular region R enclose between lies y = -x+1

y = x+1 y=3

y-1 = -x

x = 1- y

Taking x slices
limit t’
y = 1 to 3
x = 1- y to y-1

= 3
1 ∫[(2x-y)3/2(3)] Y-11-Y dy
= 3
1 ∫(2x-2-y)3/6 - (2x-y)3/6 dy
= 1/6{[(y-2)4/4] 31 + [(2-3y)4/3(4)] 31}

= 1/6 [1/4 – 1/4] + [49(49)/12 – 1/12]

= 1/6 [2400/12]

= 100/3

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(7) Evaluate x dA, R is bounded by parabola y2 = 4x, x2 = 4y

Limit:

X :- 0 → 4

Y :- x2/4 → 2√x

(down to up lower curve to upper curve)

= [4 x5/2]40 - [4 x5/2]40

= 4(32)/5 – 64/4

= 32(4) – 16(5) / 5

= 48/5

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(3.3)APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVE

(Q) Find no. of point in (-∞,∞) for which x2-xsinx –cosx = 0

A) 6 B) 4 C) 2 D) 0

⇒ f(x) = x2-xsinx –cosx = 0

= 2x-xcosx-sinx+sinx

f '(x) = 0

x = 0 // cosx = 2

f(π/2), f(0)<0

f(x) =0 has exactly two points

x2 = xsinx + cosx / y

= 2

Answer:- C)2

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(Q) Find the total no. of local max. and local min. of function

(x+2)3 , -3<x≤-1
F(x) =
x2/3 , -1<x<2

A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) 3

Answer:- C)2

(Q) Find the greatest and least value of | x2-5x+6 | in [0, 5/2]

A) 6, 0 B) 6, 1 C) 4, 1 D) 6, 1/4

x2-5x+6
(x-2)(x-3)

f(0) = 6
f(5/2) = 1/4

least value = 0 & max value = 6

Answer:-A)

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(3.4) Understanding theorems using graphs

[Mean Value Theorem]

(3.4.1) Rolle’s Theorem

⇒ Let y=f(x) be a bounded function in [a, b] such that

(i) Entire continuous in [a, b]

(ii) Entire diff in (a, b)
(iii) If f(a) = f(b) i.e. both bounding value matches
Then Rolle’s theorem is applicable.

Conclusion :-

So, there exist atleast one value of x=c c∈(a, b) such that f’(c)=0

Geometrical it mean there must be atleast one point in the given interval at
which tangent drawn to the given curve must be parallel to the x-axis.

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(3.4.2) LMVT (Lagrange)

⇒ Let y=f(x) be a bounded function in [a, b] such that

(i) Entire continuous in [a, b]

(ii) Entire diff in (a, b)
(iii) If f(a) ≠ f(b)
Then LMVT is applicable.

Conclusion :-

So, there exist atleast one value of x=c c∈(a, b) such that,
f’(c)=f(b)-f(a) / b-a

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(3.4.3)
• Concave function theorem:

Let y=f(x) be a bounded curve in [a, b] such that f ’’> 0

Then,

(1) f(a)+f(b) / 2 ≥ f(a+b/2)

(2) f(a1)+f(a2)+… +f(an) / n ≥ f(a1+ a2+ …+a1/n)

• Convex Function Theorem

Let y=f(x) be a bounded curve in [a, b] such that f ’’< 0

Then,

(1) (f(a)+f(b)) / 2 ≤ f(a+b/2)

(2) f(a1)+f(a2)+… +f(an) / n ≤ f(a1+ a2+ …+a1/n)

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(3.5)AREA

(Q) A point p moves in x-y plane in such a way that greatest integer [|x|] +
[|y|] = 1 then the area of region suspending all position of point p = ?

⇒ [|x|] + [|y|] = 1
⇓
Sym. About both x and y axis

∀ 1st quad [x>0, y>0]

[x] + [y] = 1

If [x] = 0, then [y] = 1 ⇒ 0<x<1 & 1≤y<2

If [x] = 1, then [y] = 0 ⇒ 0<x<1 & 0≤y<1

= 4[2×1]

= 8

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(Q) Find the area bounded by the curve y=x2 & y=2/1+ x2

A) π B) π-1/3 C) π-2/3 D) π+2/3

Area = 2A

={ π-1/3 }

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(Q) If the coordinate x=a divides the area bounded by the curve
y = 1+8/ x2
& the coordinate x=2 & x=4 into two equal parts then

A1=A2

[x+24/x3] a2 = [x+24/x3] 4a

[a+24/a3] – [2+3] = [4+3/8] - [a+24/a3]

2 [a+24/a3] = [9+3/8

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(Q-3) y=x2

Y=√| x |

2A1 =

= 2(1/3)

=2/3

(Q-4) Y = x/4, y=1+√x, y=2/√x

Anet = A1 + A2 + A3

= 1/2 × 1 × 4 + +

= 2+ 10 [2x3/2/3] + [2√x / ½ - x] 41

= 2+ 2/3 [4-3]

= 11/3

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References
Textbook
• E. G. Glagoleva, E E Shnol and I M Gel’fand
Functions and Graphs
Birkhäuser
1990

Web
• https://www.geogebra.org/calculator
• https://en.wikipedia.org

⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒ ♦ ⇐⇐⇐⇐⇐⇐⇐⇐

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