Circulation and Cardiovascular

Systems
Transports materials

Cardiovascular
systems
 Circulatory System
Functions to move fluid between various parts of the body

❑ Small aquatic animals ❑ No circulatory system –

E diffusion
V
❑ Some Invertebrates O ❑ No circ. System - uses
L coelomic fluid (in body
U cavities)
T
❑ Some Invertebrates I ❑ Open circulatory system -
O uses
N
❑ Closed circulatory
❑ All vertebrates
system
Open vs. Closed Circulatory Systems Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

dorsal tubular
aorta ostia heart
heart

dorsal
ventral blood
blood vessel
vessel
lateral
vessel

ostia
valve
heart
heart

hemolymph

hemocoel capillaries

a. Open circulatory system b. Closed circulatory system

 Circulatory Systems
❖ Two types of circulatory fluids:

❑ Blood - contained within blood vessels

❑ Hemolymph – circulatory fluid that fills the body cavity and
surrounds internal organs

1. Open Circulatory System

➢ Heart pumps hemolymph via vessels

➢ Vessels empty into tissue spaces (hemocoel)
➢ Back to heart via ostia

2. Closed Circulatory System

➢ Heart pumps blood via vessels (arteries & veins) to capillaries

➢ Gases and materials diffuse to and from nearby cells
➢ Vessels return blood to heart without contact between blood
and tissues
 Transport in Vertebrates
❑ All vertebrates have a closed circulatory
system called a cardiovascular system

❑ Vertebrate heart:
➢ Atria of heart receive blood from general circulation
➢ Ventricles of heart pump blood out through blood
vessels

❑ Vertebrate vessels:
➢ Arteries - Carry blood away from heart
➢ Arterioles – Lead to capillaries from arteries
➢ Capillaries - Exchange materials with tissue fluid
➢ Venules - Lead to veins
➢ Veins - Return blood to heart
Anatomy of a Capillary Bed
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

artery

arteriole

O2-rich precapillary
blood flow sphincter

arteriovenous
shunt

venule

O2-poor
blood flow
vein
 Comparison of Circulatory Circuits in Vertebrates

▪ Blood flows ▪ Blood flows in ▪ Blood flows in a

double loop double loop
in single loop ▪ Systemic circuit
▪ Single atrium ▪ Heart divided by
and pulmonary
and single circuit septum into
▪ Two atria with a separate sides
ventricle single ventricle

EVOLUTION
 The Human Cardiovascular System

❑ The human cardiovascular system

includes two major circular pathways:

1. Pulmonary Circuit

➢ Takes oxygen-poor blood to the lungs and

returns oxygen-rich blood to the heart via
pulmonary veins

2. Systemic Circuit

➢ Takes oxygen-rich blood from the heart to

tissues throughout the body and returns oxygen-
poor blood to the heart through the venae cavae
 The Human Cardiovascular System

❑ Structure of the Heart

❑ Septum separates the heart into left & right
sides
❑ Each side has two chambers
❑ Upper two chambers are the atria
❑ Thin-walled
❑ Receive blood from circulation
❑ Lower two chambers are the ventricles
❑ Thick-walled
❑ Pump blood away from heart
 External Heart Anatomy
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
lung sternum
left subclavian artery
left common carotid artery
brachiocephalic artery
superior vena cava
aortic arch
aorta
left pulmonary artery
pulmonary trunk
left pulmonary veins
right pulmonary artery

right pulmonary veins

b. pericardium heart
left atrium
left cardiac vein
right atrium
right coronary artery

left ventricle
right ventricle

Inferior vena cava

apex

a. b: © SIU/Visuals Unlimited
 Internal View of the Heart
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

left subclavian artery

left common carotid artery cardiac
muscle cell
brachiocephalic artery
mitochondrion
superior vena cava
intercalated
aorta disk
left pulmonary artery

pulmonary trunk
left pulmonary veins
right pulmonary artery

right pulmonary veins

semilunar valve
left atrium
right atrium
atrioventricular gap junction
(bicuspid) valve
atrioventricular
(tricuspid) valve

chordae tendineae b.

papillary muscles

right ventricle

septum

left ventricle

inferior vena cava

a. b: © Dr. Don W. Fawcett/Visuals Unlimited;

 Path of Blood Through Heart
❑ Blood returning to heart from systemic circuit

❑ Venae cavae returns blood to the right atrium

❑ Right atrium pumps blood through the tricuspid valve to right
ventricle
❑ Right ventricle pumps blood through the pulmonary semilunar
valve to the pulmonary circuit

❑ Blood returning to heart from pulmonary circuit

❑ Enters left atrium

❑ Left atrium pumps blood through the bicuspid valve to the left
ventricle
❑ Left ventricle pumps blood through the aortic semilunar valve
to the systemic circuit

❑ Oxygen-poor blood never mixes with oxygen-rich

blood (in humans)
 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Path of
CO2
head and arms O2
jugular vein carotid artery
(also subclavian (also subclavian
vein from arms) artery to arms)

Blood CO2 O2
O2
CO2

lungs
pulmonary pulmonary
artery vein
superior
vena cava aorta

RIGHT heart
LEFT
inferior

SIDE vena cava

SIDE
hepatic
vein mesenteric
arteries

liver digestive
hepatic
portal tract
vein renal
artery
renal
vein kidneys
Iliac vein iliac
artery

CO2 O2
trunk and legs
 The Heartbeat
❑ Systole - contraction of heart chambers whereas diastole -
relaxation of heart chambers

❑ Cardiac cycle - Two-part pumping action - takes 0.85 sec

- 70 beats / minute – 52.25 l / minute

1. Blood collects in atria, the atria contract

➢ Pushes blood through tricuspid and mitral valves into the resting
lower ventricles

2. Second part begins after the ventricles fill

➢ Ventricles contract

❖ After blood moves into the pulmonary artery and aorta, the
ventricles & atria relax (diastole)

❑ The pulse is a wave effect passing down the walls of the arterial
blood vessels when the aorta expands and recoils falling
ventricular systole
 Blood Pressure
❑ Contraction of the heart supplies pressure
that keeps blood moving in the arteries
➢ Systolic pressure results from blood forced into
the arteries during ventricular systole

➢ Diastolic pressure is the pressure in the arteries

during ventricular diastole

➢ Normally measured with a sphygmomanometer

on the brachial artery

➢ Expressed in the form: Systolic “over” Diastolic

❖ Eg: 120/80
 Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)
➢ Hypertension - High blood pressure

➢ Atherosclerosis - Accumulation of fatty

materials between the inner linings of arteries

➢ Stroke - Cranial arteriole bursts or is blocked

by an embolus (particle in blood, eg. blood clot)

➢ Heart attack (myocardial infarction) – Coronary

artery becomes completely blocked

➢ Angina pectoris – Painful squeezing sensation

from myocardial oxygen insufficiency due to
partial blockage of a coronary artery
Coronary Arteries and Plaque

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coronary artery ulceration

lumen of vessel

fat
atherosclerotic
cholesterol plaque
crystals

© Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.

Restricted blood flow!

 Blood
❑ Transports substances to and from
capillaries for exchange with tissue fluid

❑ Helps destroy pathogenic microorganisms

❑ Distributes antibodies

❑ Maintains water balance and pH

❑ Regulates body temperature

❑ Carries platelets and factors to promote

clotting and prevent blood loss
 Composition of Blood
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Plasma Formed Elements

55%
Type Function Type Number (per mm 3 blood)

Water Maintains blood volume; Red blood cells

(90–92% of transports molecules (erythrocytes)
plasma)
Transport O2 and help
transport CO2
Plasma proteins Maintain blood osmotic pressure and pH
(7–8% of plasma) 45% 4 million–6 million

Globulins Transport; fight infection Neutrophils Lymphocytes

White blood cells
Fibrinogen Blood clotting
(leukocytes)
5,000–1 1,000
Salts Maintain blood osmotic pressure and pH; Fight infection
(less than 1% of aid metabolism
plasma) 40–70% 20–45%
Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils
Gases Cellular respiration
(O2and CO2)
Nutrients Food for cells
4–8% 1–4% 0–1%
(lipids, glucose,
and amino acids)
Platelets
Wastes End product of metabolism; (thrombocytes)
(urea and excretion by kidneys Aid clotting
uric acid)
Hormones Aid metabolism 150,000–300,000
 Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
❑ Small, biconcave disks

❑ Lack a nucleus and contain hemoglobin

❖ Hemoglobin contains
➢ Four globin protein chains

➢ Each associated with an iron-containing heme

❑ Manufactured continuously in bone marrow of

skull, ribs, vertebrae, and ends of long bones
 Blood
❑ White Blood Cells (WBCs)
❑ Most types are larger than red blood
cells
❑ Contain a nucleus and lack
hemoglobin
❑ Important in inflammatory response
❑ Divided into two categories:
❑ Granular leukocytes
❑ Agranular leukocytes
White Blood Cells (WBCs)
❑ Granular Leukocytes

➢ Contain granules composed of proteins and

enzymes used to help defend the body against
invading organisms

➢ Neutrophils – phagocytize and digest bacteria

➢ Basophil – contain histamine

➢ Eosinophils – involved in fighting parasitic

worms, among other activities
 White Blood Cells (WBCs)
❑ Agranular Leukocytes
➢ Lack granules

➢ Monocytes – migrate into tissues in response

to chronic, ongoing infections

❖ Differentiate into macrophages

o Fight infection, release growth factors
that increase the production of WBCs by
the bone marrow

➢ Lymphocytes
➢ T cells and B cells involved in the immune
response and antibody production
 Platelets
❑ Result from fragmentation of
megakaryocytes

❑ Involved in blood clotting (coagulation)

➢ A blood clot consists of:

o Platelets

o Red blood cells

o Fibrin threads
 Blood Clotting

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red fibrin
blood cell threads

platelet plug fibrin threads

2. Platelets congregate and 3. Fibrin threads form and

1. Blood vessel is punctured. form a plug. trap red blood cells.

© Eye of Science/Photo Researchers, Inc.

 Blood Types
❑ Determined by the presence or absence of
a surface antigen

❑ ABO System
❑ Rh System

❑ Antibodies in the plasma can cause

agglutination

❑ Cross-reactions occur when antigens meet

antibodies
Blood Type
 Blood
❑ During pregnancy, if the mother is
Rh negative and the father is Rh
positive, the child may be Rh
positive.
❑ Rh-positive red blood cells may leak
across the placenta
❑ The mother will produce anti-Rh
antibodies.
❑ Antibodies may attack the embryo in
a subsequent pregnancy