JWCL068_AppB_714-718.

qxd 9/23/08 12:07 PM Page 714

APhysical
ppendix B
Properties of Fluids

4.0

2.0

1.0
8 Glycerin
6
Castor oil
4

1 × 10–1
8
6
SAE 30W oil
4
SAE 10W-30 oil
2
SAE 10W oil

1 × 10–2
µ , Dynamic viscosity, N • s/m2

8
6

4
Kerosene

2
Mercury
1 × 10–3
8 Octane Carbon tetrachloride
6
4 Heptane

Water
2

1 × 10–4
8
6
4
Air Carbon dioxide Methane
Helium
2

1 × 10–5
8
6 Hydrogen

–20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Temperature, °C
F I G U R E B.1 Dynamic (absolute) viscosity of common fluids as a function
of temperature. To convert to BG units of lb ⴢ sⲐft2 multiply N ⴢ s Ⲑm2 by 2.089 ⴛ 10 ⴚ2.
(Curves from R. W. Fox and A. T. McDonald, Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, 3rd Ed.,
Wiley, New York, 1985. Used by permission.)

714
JWCL068_AppB_714-718.qxd 9/23/08 12:07 PM Page 715

Appendix B ■ Physical Properties of Fluids 715

1 × 10–2
8
6
4

SA

Gl
yc
E

er
30
1 × 10–3

in
W
8 SA

oil
E
6 10
W
4 –3
0
oi
l
2 Helium

Hydrogen
1 × 10–4
ν , Kinematic viscosity, m2/s

8
6 SA
E
4 10
W
oil Methane
2 Air

1 × 10–5 oxide
8 Carbon di
6
4

Kero
2 sene

Octa Wat
ne er
1 × 10–6
8
6
Heptane
4
Carbon te
trachlor ide
2
Mercury
1 × 10–7
8
–20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Temperature, °C

F I G U R E B.2 Kinematic viscosity of common fluids (at atmospheric pres-

sure) as a function of temperature. To convert to BG units of ft2 Ⲑs multiply m2 Ⲑs by 10.76.
(Curves from R. W. Fox and A. T. McDonald, Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, 3rd Ed.,
Wiley, New York, 1985. Used by permission.)
JWCL068_AppB_714-718.qxd 9/23/08 12:08 PM Page 716

716 Appendix B ■ Physical Properties of Fluids

TA B L E B . 1
Physical Properties of Water (BG Units)a

Specific Dynamic Kinematic Surface Vapor Speed of

Density, Weightb, Viscosity, Viscosity, Tensionc, Pressure, Soundd,
Temperature R G M N S pv c
(ⴗF) (slugsⲐft3) (lbⲐft3) (lbⴢs Ⲑft2) (ft2Ⲑs) (lb兾ft) [lbⲐin .2(abs)] (ft兾s)
32 1.940 62.42 3.732 E⫺5 1.924 E⫺5 5.18 E⫺3 8.854 E⫺2 4603
40 1.940 62.43 3.228 E⫺5 1.664 E⫺5 5.13 E⫺3 1.217 E⫺1 4672
50 1.940 62.41 2.730 E⫺5 1.407 E⫺5 5.09 E⫺3 1.781 E⫺1 4748
60 1.938 62.37 2.344 E⫺5 1.210 E⫺5 5.03 E⫺3 2.563 E⫺1 4814
70 1.936 62.30 2.037 E⫺5 1.052 E⫺5 4.97 E⫺3 3.631 E⫺1 4871
80 1.934 62.22 1.791 E⫺5 9.262 E⫺6 4.91 E⫺3 5.069 E⫺1 4819
90 1.931 62.11 1.500 E⫺5 8.233 E⫺6 4.86 E⫺3 6.979 E⫺1 4960
100 1.927 62.00 1.423 E⫺5 7.383 E⫺6 4.79 E⫺3 9.493 E⫺1 4995
120 1.918 61.71 1.164 E⫺5 6.067 E⫺6 4.67 E⫺3 1.692 E⫹0 5049
140 1.908 61.38 9.743 E⫺6 5.106 E⫺6 4.53 E⫺3 2.888 E⫹0 5091
160 1.896 61.00 8.315 E⫺6 4.385 E⫺6 4.40 E⫺3 4.736 E⫹0 5101
180 1.883 60.58 7.207 E⫺6 3.827 E⫺6 4.26 E⫺3 7.507 E⫹0 5195
200 1.869 60.12 6.342 E⫺6 3.393 E⫺6 4.12 E⫺3 1.152 E⫹1 5089
212 1.860 59.83 5.886 E⫺6 3.165 E⫺6 4.04 E⫺3 1.469 E⫹1 5062
a
Based on data from Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 69th Ed., CRC Press, 1988. Where necessary, values obtained by interpolation.
b
Density and specific weight are related through the equation g ⫽ rg. For this table, g ⫽ 32.174 ft Ⲑs2.
c
In contact with air.
d
From R. D. Blevins, Applied Fluid Dynamics Handbook, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., Inc., New York, 1984.

TA B L E B . 2
Physical Properties of Water (SI Units)a

Specific Dynamic Kinematic Surface Vapor Speed of

Density, Weightb, Viscosity, Viscosity, Tensionc, Pressure, Soundd,
Temperature R G M N S pv c
(ⴗC) (kg Ⲑm3) (kNⲐm3) (NⴢsⲐm2) (m2Ⲑs) (N兾m) [NⲐm2(abs)] (m兾s)

0 999.9 9.806 1.787 E⫺3 1.787 E⫺6 7.56 E⫺2 6.105 E⫹2 1403
5 1000.0 9.807 1.519 E⫺3 1.519 E⫺6 7.49 E⫺2 8.722 E⫹2 1427
10 999.7 9.804 1.307 E⫺3 1.307 E⫺6 7.42 E⫺2 1.228 E⫹3 1447
20 998.2 9.789 1.002 E⫺3 1.004 E⫺6 7.28 E⫺2 2.338 E⫹3 1481
30 995.7 9.765 7.975 E⫺4 8.009 E⫺7 7.12 E⫺2 4.243 E⫹3 1507
40 992.2 9.731 6.529 E⫺4 6.580 E⫺7 6.96 E⫺2 7.376 E⫹3 1526
50 988.1 9.690 5.468 E⫺4 5.534 E⫺7 6.79 E⫺2 1.233 E⫹4 1541
60 983.2 9.642 4.665 E⫺4 4.745 E⫺7 6.62 E⫺2 1.992 E⫹4 1552
70 977.8 9.589 4.042 E⫺4 4.134 E⫺7 6.44 E⫺2 3.116 E⫹4 1555
80 971.8 9.530 3.547 E⫺4 3.650 E⫺7 6.26 E⫺2 4.734 E⫹4 1555
90 965.3 9.467 3.147 E⫺4 3.260 E⫺7 6.08 E⫺2 7.010 E⫹4 1550
100 958.4 9.399 2.818 E⫺4 2.940 E⫺7 5.89 E⫺2 1.013 E⫹5 1543
a
Based on data from Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 69th Ed., CRC Press, 1988.
b
Density and specific weight are related through the equation g ⫽ rg. For this table, g ⫽ 9.807 mⲐs2.
c
In contact with air.
d
From R. D. Blevins, Applied Fluid Dynamics Handbook, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., Inc., New York, 1984.
JWCL068_AppB_714-718.qxd 9/23/08 12:08 PM Page 717

Appendix B ■ Physical Properties of Fluids 717

TA B L E B . 3
Physical Properties of Air at Standard Atmospheric Pressure (BG Units)a

Specific Speed
Specific Dynamic Kinematic Heat of
Density, Weightb, Viscosity, Viscosity, Ratio, Sound,
Temperature R G M N k c
(ⴗF) (slugsⲐft3) (lbⲐft3) (lbⴢsⲐft2) (ft2 Ⲑs) (—) (ft兾s)

⫺40 2.939 E⫺3 9.456 E⫺2 3.29 E⫺7 1.12 E⫺4 1.401 1004
⫺20 2.805 E⫺3 9.026 E⫺2 3.34 E⫺7 1.19 E⫺4 1.401 1028
0 2.683 E⫺3 8.633 E⫺2 3.38 E⫺7 1.26 E⫺4 1.401 1051
10 2.626 E⫺3 8.449 E⫺2 3.44 E⫺7 1.31 E⫺4 1.401 1062
20 2.571 E⫺3 8.273 E⫺2 3.50 E⫺7 1.36 E⫺4 1.401 1074
30 2.519 E⫺3 8.104 E⫺2 3.58 E⫺7 1.42 E⫺4 1.401 1085
40 2.469 E⫺3 7.942 E⫺2 3.60 E⫺7 1.46 E⫺4 1.401 1096
50 2.420 E⫺3 7.786 E⫺2 3.68 E⫺7 1.52 E⫺4 1.401 1106
60 2.373 E⫺3 7.636 E⫺2 3.75 E⫺7 1.58 E⫺4 1.401 1117
70 2.329 E⫺3 7.492 E⫺2 3.82 E⫺7 1.64 E⫺4 1.401 1128
80 2.286 E⫺3 7.353 E⫺2 3.86 E⫺7 1.69 E⫺4 1.400 1138
90 2.244 E⫺3 7.219 E⫺2 3.90 E⫺7 1.74 E⫺4 1.400 1149
100 2.204 E⫺3 7.090 E⫺2 3.94 E⫺7 1.79 E⫺4 1.400 1159
120 2.128 E⫺3 6.846 E⫺2 4.02 E⫺7 1.89 E⫺4 1.400 1180
140 2.057 E⫺3 6.617 E⫺2 4.13 E⫺7 2.01 E⫺4 1.399 1200
160 1.990 E⫺3 6.404 E⫺2 4.22 E⫺7 2.12 E⫺4 1.399 1220
180 1.928 E⫺3 6.204 E⫺2 4.34 E⫺7 2.25 E⫺4 1.399 1239
200 1.870 E⫺3 6.016 E⫺2 4.49 E⫺7 2.40 E⫺4 1.398 1258
300 1.624 E⫺3 5.224 E⫺2 4.97 E⫺7 3.06 E⫺4 1.394 1348
400 1.435 E⫺3 4.616 E⫺2 5.24 E⫺7 3.65 E⫺4 1.389 1431
500 1.285 E⫺3 4.135 E⫺2 5.80 E⫺7 4.51 E⫺4 1.383 1509
750 1.020 E⫺3 3.280 E⫺2 6.81 E⫺7 6.68 E⫺4 1.367 1685
1000 8.445 E⫺4 2.717 E⫺2 7.85 E⫺7 9.30 E⫺4 1.351 1839
1500 6.291 E⫺4 2.024 E⫺2 9.50 E⫺7 1.51 E⫺3 1.329 2114
a
Based on data from R. D. Blevins, Applied Fluid Dynamics Handbook, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., Inc., New York, 1984.
Density and specific weight are related through the equation g ⫽ rg. For this table g ⫽ 32.174 ftⲐs2.
b
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718 Appendix B ■ Physical Properties of Fluids

TA B L E B . 4
Physical Properties of Air at Standard Atmospheric Pressure (SI Units)a

Specific Speed
Specific Dynamic Kinematic Heat of
Density, Weightb, Viscosity, Viscosity, Ratio, Sound,
Temperature R G M N k c
(ⴗC) (kgⲐm3) (N Ⲑm3) (NⴢsⲐm2) (m2 Ⲑs) (—) (m兾s)

⫺40 1.514 14.85 1.57 E⫺5 1.04 E⫺5 1.401 306.2

⫺20 1.395 13.68 1.63 E⫺5 1.17 E⫺5 1.401 319.1
0 1.292 12.67 1.71 E⫺5 1.32 E⫺5 1.401 331.4
5 1.269 12.45 1.73 E⫺5 1.36 E⫺5 1.401 334.4
10 1.247 12.23 1.76 E⫺5 1.41 E⫺5 1.401 337.4
15 1.225 12.01 1.80 E⫺5 1.47 E⫺5 1.401 340.4
20 1.204 11.81 1.82 E⫺5 1.51 E⫺5 1.401 343.3
25 1.184 11.61 1.85 E⫺5 1.56 E⫺5 1.401 346.3
30 1.165 11.43 1.86 E⫺5 1.60 E⫺5 1.400 349.1
40 1.127 11.05 1.87 E⫺5 1.66 E⫺5 1.400 354.7
50 1.109 10.88 1.95 E⫺5 1.76 E⫺5 1.400 360.3
60 1.060 10.40 1.97 E⫺5 1.86 E⫺5 1.399 365.7
70 1.029 10.09 2.03 E⫺5 1.97 E⫺5 1.399 371.2
80 0.9996 9.803 2.07 E⫺5 2.07 E⫺5 1.399 376.6
90 0.9721 9.533 2.14 E⫺5 2.20 E⫺5 1.398 381.7
100 0.9461 9.278 2.17 E⫺5 2.29 E⫺5 1.397 386.9
200 0.7461 7.317 2.53 E⫺5 3.39 E⫺5 1.390 434.5
300 0.6159 6.040 2.98 E⫺5 4.84 E⫺5 1.379 476.3
400 0.5243 5.142 3.32 E⫺5 6.34 E⫺5 1.368 514.1
500 0.4565 4.477 3.64 E⫺5 7.97 E⫺5 1.357 548.8
1000 0.2772 2.719 5.04 E⫺5 1.82 E⫺4 1.321 694.8
a
Based on data from R. D. Blevins, Applied Fluid Dynamics Handbook, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., Inc., New York, 1984.
Density and specific weight are related through the equation g ⫽ rg. For this table g ⫽ 9.807 mⲐs2.
b
JWCL068_AppC_719-720.qxd 9/23/08 12:09 PM Page 719

AProperties
ppendix C
of the U.S.
Standard Atmosphere
TA B L E C . 1
Properties of the U.S. Standard Atmosphere (BG Units)a

Dynamic
Acceleration Density, Viscosity,
Altitude Temperature of Gravity, Pressure, p R M
(ft) (ⴗF) g (ftⲐs2) [lbⲐin.2(abs)] (slugsⲐft3) (lbⴢsⲐft2)

⫺5,000 76.84 32.189 17.554 2.745 E⫺3 3.836 E⫺7

0 59.00 32.174 14.696 2.377 E⫺3 3.737 E⫺7
5,000 41.17 32.159 12.228 2.048 E⫺3 3.637 E⫺7
10,000 23.36 32.143 10.108 1.756 E⫺3 3.534 E⫺7
15,000 5.55 32.128 8.297 1.496 E⫺3 3.430 E⫺7
20,000 ⫺12.26 32.112 6.759 1.267 E⫺3 3.324 E⫺7
25,000 ⫺30.05 32.097 5.461 1.066 E⫺3 3.217 E⫺7
30,000 ⫺47.83 32.082 4.373 8.907 E⫺4 3.107 E⫺7
35,000 ⫺65.61 32.066 3.468 7.382 E⫺4 2.995 E⫺7
40,000 ⫺69.70 32.051 2.730 5.873 E⫺4 2.969 E⫺7
45,000 ⫺69.70 32.036 2.149 4.623 E⫺4 2.969 E⫺7
50,000 ⫺69.70 32.020 1.692 3.639 E⫺4 2.969 E⫺7
60,000 ⫺69.70 31.990 1.049 2.256 E⫺4 2.969 E⫺7
70,000 ⫺67.42 31.959 0.651 1.392 E⫺4 2.984 E⫺7
80,000 ⫺61.98 31.929 0.406 8.571 E⫺5 3.018 E⫺7
90,000 ⫺56.54 31.897 0.255 5.610 E⫺5 3.052 E⫺7
100,000 ⫺51.10 31.868 0.162 3.318 E⫺5 3.087 E⫺7
150,000 19.40 31.717 0.020 3.658 E⫺6 3.511 E⫺7
200,000 ⫺19.78 31.566 0.003 5.328 E⫺7 3.279 E⫺7
250,000 ⫺88.77 31.415 0.000 6.458 E⫺8 2.846 E⫺7
a
Data abridged from U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

719
JWCL068_AppC_719-720.qxd 9/23/08 12:09 PM Page 720

720 Appendix C ■ Properties of the U.S. Standard Atmosphere

TA B L E C . 2
Properties of the U.S. Standard Atmosphere (SI Units)a

Dynamic
Acceleration Density, Viscosity,
Altitude Temperature of Gravity, Pressure, p R M
(m) (ⴗC) g (mⲐs2) [NⲐm2(abs)] (kgⲐm3) ( NⴢsⲐm2)

⫺1,000 21.50 9.810 1.139 E⫹5 1.347 E⫹0 1.821 E⫺5

0 15.00 9.807 1.013 E⫹5 1.225 E⫹0 1.789 E⫺5
1,000 8.50 9.804 8.988 E⫹4 1.112 E⫹0 1.758 E⫺5
2,000 2.00 9.801 7.950 E⫹4 1.007 E⫹0 1.726 E⫺5
3,000 ⫺4.49 9.797 7.012 E⫹4 9.093 E⫺1 1.694 E⫺5
4,000 ⫺10.98 9.794 6.166 E⫹4 8.194 E⫺1 1.661 E⫺5
5,000 ⫺17.47 9.791 5.405 E⫹4 7.364 E⫺1 1.628 E⫺5
6,000 ⫺23.96 9.788 4.722 E⫹4 6.601 E⫺1 1.595 E⫺5
7,000 ⫺30.45 9.785 4.111 E⫹4 5.900 E⫺1 1.561 E⫺5
8,000 ⫺36.94 9.782 3.565 E⫹4 5.258 E⫺1 1.527 E⫺5
9,000 ⫺43.42 9.779 3.080 E⫹4 4.671 E⫺1 1.493 E⫺5
10,000 ⫺49.90 9.776 2.650 E⫹4 4.135 E⫺1 1.458 E⫺5
15,000 ⫺56.50 9.761 1.211 E⫹4 1.948 E⫺1 1.422 E⫺5
20,000 ⫺56.50 9.745 5.529 E⫹3 8.891 E⫺2 1.422 E⫺5
25,000 ⫺51.60 9.730 2.549 E⫹3 4.008 E⫺2 1.448 E⫺5
30,000 ⫺46.64 9.715 1.197 E⫹3 1.841 E⫺2 1.475 E⫺5
40,000 ⫺22.80 9.684 2.871 E⫹2 3.996 E⫺3 1.601 E⫺5
50,000 ⫺2.50 9.654 7.978 E⫹1 1.027 E⫺3 1.704 E⫺5
60,000 ⫺26.13 9.624 2.196 E⫹1 3.097 E⫺4 1.584 E⫺5
70,000 ⫺53.57 9.594 5.221 E⫹0 8.283 E⫺5 1.438 E⫺5
80,000 ⫺74.51 9.564 1.052 E⫹0 1.846 E⫺5 1.321 E⫺5
a
Data abridged from U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
JWCL068_AppD_721-724.qxd 9/23/08 12:10 PM Page 721

ACompressible
ppendix D
Flow Graphs
for an Ideal Gas (k ⫽ 1.4)

0.1 0.5 1.0 5.0 10.0

1.0 10.0

0.9 9.0

T
__
T0
0.8 8.0

ρ
__
ρ0
0.7 7.0

p
__
p0 0.6 6.0
p
__ A
___
T p0 A*
__
T0 A
___
A*
ρ
__ 0.5 5.0
ρ0

0.4 4.0

0.3 3.0

0.2 2.0

0.1 1.0

0.0 0.0
0.1 0.5 1.0 5.0 10.0
Ma
F I G U R E D.1 Isentropic flow of an ideal gas with k ⴝ 1.4. (Graph provided by
Dr. Bruce A. Reichert.)

721
JWCL068_AppD_721-724.qxd 9/23/08 12:10 PM Page 722

722 Appendix D ■ Compressible Flow Graphs for an Ideal Gas (k ⴝ 1.4)

0.1 0.5 1.0 5.0 10.0

5.0 5.0

p
__
p*
4.0 4.0

3.0 3.0

2.0 V 2.0
___
V*

1.0 1.0
f(l* – l)
_______
D

ρ
__
ρ*
T
__
T*

0.0 0.0
0.1 0.5 1.0 5.0 10.0
Ma
F I G U R E D.2 Fanno flow of an ideal gas with k ⴝ 1.4. (Graph provided by
Dr. Bruce A. Reichert.)
JWCL068_AppD_721-724.qxd 9/23/08 12:10 PM Page 723

Appendix D ■ Compressible Flow Graphs for an Ideal Gas (k ⴝ 1.4) 723

0.1 0.5 1.0 5.0 10.0
2.5 2.5

p0
____
p0,a

2.0 2.0

___
a r V
___
1.5 ρ & Va 1.5

1.0 1.0

T0
____
T0,a

0.5 0.5

T
__
Ta

p
__
pa

0.0 0.0
0.1 0.5 1.0 5.0 10.0
Ma
F I G U R E D.3 Rayleigh flow of an ideal gas with k ⴝ 1.4. (Graph provided by
Dr. Bruce A. Reichert.)
JWCL068_AppD_721-724.qxd 9/23/08 12:10 PM Page 724

724 Appendix D ■ Compressible Flow Graphs for an Ideal Gas (k ⴝ 1.4)

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0

1.0 40.0

p0,y
____
0.8
p0,x
p0,y
____
px 30.0

May p
___
y
px
0.6
T
___
y
Tx
May py
___
px ρy
p 20.0 ___
0, y
_____ ρx
p0, x
V
___
x
Vy
0.4
p 0,y
____
px

10.0

0.2

ρ
___y
V
___
x
&
ρx Vy

T
___
y
Tx
0.0 0.0
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
Max

F I G U R E D.4 Normal shock flow of an ideal gas with k ⴝ 1.4. (Graph provided by
Dr. Bruce A. Reichert.)